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The document discusses cell structure and organelles found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It compares differences between plant and animal cells and evaluates the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells. The document also discusses cell specialization and adaptations in multicellular organisms.

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Hafidz Sayyid
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89 views

CCCFWFFF

The document discusses cell structure and organelles found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It compares differences between plant and animal cells and evaluates the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells. The document also discusses cell specialization and adaptations in multicellular organisms.

Uploaded by

Hafidz Sayyid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AQA, OCR, Edexcel

A Level

A Level Biology
Cell Structure Questions

Name: Sayyid Hafidzurrahman A.

Total Marks: /33

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Cell Structure

1. a) Figure 1 below shows a eukaryotic cell taken from an animal.

i. Label A and B. (2 marks)

A
Ans:
Fig. 1
a. Aparatus Golgy.
b. Mitochondria.

ii. Organelle B is found in high concentration in muscle. Explain why? (3


marks).
Ans: Because, muscle contraction needs ATP and mitochondria
are involved in aerobic respiration, which generates ATP.

b) Suggest two ways in which a prokaryotic cell would look different to


that shown in figure 1? (2 marks).
Ans: Prokaryotic cells have no bound nucleus, and have smaller
ribosomes, 70S (as opposed to 80S in eukaryotic cells).

c) Identify 3 differences between plant and animal cells. (3 marks).


Ans:
-only Plant cells have cell wall and chloroplast whereas animal cells don’t.
-Animal cells have lysosome whereas plant cells don’t.
-Plant cells have a larger vacuole than animal cells

2. Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells have a number of distinct differences


in their structure. However one theory suggests that Eukaryotic cells have
evolved from endosymbiosis with prokaryotic cells, where smaller

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prokaryotic cells would live in the larger prokaryotic cell and eventually
form the chloroplasts and mitochondria over many years of evolution that
give us today’s eukaryotic cells.

a) By comparing and contrasting prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells,


evaluate this theory? (3 marks)
- Prokaryotes are more basic/primitive/have fewer organelles.
- Smaller ribosomes.
- Mitochondria contain circular DNA.
- Chloroplasts have a double membrane.
- Mitochondria have a double membrane.

b) A lysosome is found in eukaryotic cells.

i. Describe the structure of the lysosome? (2 Marks).


Ans: Lysosome have a single membrane, spherical shape, and contains
enzymes.

ii. What is the function of the lysosome? (1 mark).


Ans: Lysosome have a function as site of digestion of structures within
cells (for waste removal)

3. DNA is the carrier of inheritable genetic information present in almost


every living organism.

a) How is chromosomal DNA stored in prokaryotic cells? (1 mark)


Ans: They are free floating in the cytoplasm.

b) What is a plasmid and what cell type is it found it? (3 marks).


Ans: Plasmid is a circular strand of DNA ,independent of/in addition to
chromosomal DNA, and it is found in prokaryotes

c) Describe the structure of the eukaryotic nucleus. (3 marks).


Ans: An eukaryotic nucleus has a nuclear envelope, a nuclear pore, a
nucleolus, and chromosomes.

4. Years of evolution led to the emergence of multicellular organisms,


which are comprised of specialised cells that are adapted to carry out a
particular function.
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a) How have plant cells adapted so that they do not burst under
hypotonic conditions? (1 mark).
Ans: Because presence of a cell wall.

b) Cells lining the trachea have evolved in such a way that they have cilia
on their surface. What is the purpose of these cilia and why are they
advantageous to the organism? (2mark).
Ans: They remove foreign/harmful objects that have been inhaled into
the trachea and reduce infections/harm to the body.

c) Identify two ways in which a cell from the duodenum may be


different from a cell from a quadriceps muscle and how these
adaptations allow it to carry out its functions. (4 marks).
Ans: A cell from the duodenum has microvilli on the surface to
increase surface area for absorption of nutrients in digestion and
increased number of ribosomes to synthesise enzymes required in
digestion.

d) What is the definition of a tissue? (2 marks).


Ans: Tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a
particular function.

e) The heart is an organ, organs are made up of tissues.


i) Identify two tissues that make up the heart (2 marks)
Ans:
-Cardiac muscle tissue
-Nervous tissue

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