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in JNTU World

ld
OBJECTIVE:
This course is deals with Economic operation of power system, hydrothermal scheduling and modeling
of turbines, generators and automatic controllers. It emphasizes on single area and two area load frequency

or
control and reactive power control.

GROUP-I (SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS)

BLOOMS
COURSE
S.No QUESTION TAXONOMY
OUTCOME
W UNIT-I
LEVEL

Economic Operation of Power Systems-1

Define in detail the following:

i. Control variables
1 Remember 1
TU

ii. Disturbance variables

iii. State variables.

2 Draw incremental fuel cost curve. Understand 1

Explain the significance of equality and inequality constraints in the economic
3 Understand 1
al- location of generation among different plants in a system.
4 What is Production cost of power generated and incremental fuel rate? Remember 1
JN

Write the expression for hourly loss of economy resulting from error in
5 Apply 1
Incremental cost representation

6 Discuss in detail about incremental heat rate curve and cost curve Understand 1
Write the expression for hourly loss of economy resulting from error in
7 Remember 1
incremental cost representation.
What is load factor and loss factor and state the criterion for economic
8 Understand
operation of power system?

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Explain the following terms with reference to power plants: Heat input - power
9 output curve, Heat rate input, Incremental input, Generation cost and Remember 1
Production cost.
What are the methods of scheduling of generation of steam plants? Explain
10 Understand 1
their merits and demerits?
UNIT-II
Economic Operation of Power Systems-2
1 Draw flow chart for economic scheduling without considering line losses.
Understand 2

2 Explain optimal load flow solution without inequality constraints. Remember 2

3 Derive transmission loss formula in terms of B- coefficients. Apply 2

ld
4 Draw the flow chart for economic scheduling neglecting the transmission loss. 2
Remember
5 Explain about economic load dispatch neglecting the losses. Understand 2
6 What is the role of spinning reserve in unit commitment? Understand 2
7 With the help of a flow chart, explain the dynamic programming method in 2
Remember

or
unit commitment
8 What is a ‘‘Load Curve’’? Remember 2
9 Write the equality and inequality constraints considered in the economic 2
Understand
dispatch problem.
10 What is the function of load dispatch centre? Understand 2
UNIT-III
Hydrothermal Scheduling
W
1 Discuss the combined hydro- electric and steam station operation. Remember 2
2 Describe different methods for solving hydro thermal scheduling. Understand 2
What are the requirements of control strategy in integral control? Explain the 2
3 role played by the controller's gain setting in the frequency control. Understand

4 Explain about Hydro thermal co-ordination with necessary equations. Remember 2

TU

Describe the objective function is minimize the cost of generation of hydro 2

5 Understand
thermal scheduling
Explain problem formation and solution procedure of optimal scheduling for 2
6 Understand
hydro thermal plants.
7 Briefly explain about the plant level and the system level controls. 2
Understand

Explain Constant Hydro Generation method 2

8 Remember
JN

9 Explain Constant Thermal Generation method Remember 2

10 Explain Maximum Hydro Efficiency method Remember 2

UNIT-1V
Modeling of Turbines
1 Describe the mathematical model of Speed - Governing System. Apply 3
2 Explain D.C excitation system and A.C excitation system. Remember 3

Derive the model of a speed governing system and represent it by a block 3

3 Apply
diagram.

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Explain the objectives and functions of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) 3
4 Understand
in a power system.
Explain how mathematical model of speed governing system is developed for 3
5 Understand
Automatic Generation Control.
3
6 Distinguish between AVR and ALFC control loops of a generator. Remember

7 What is ‘‘AGC’’? Remember 3

8 What decides the loading of generating stations? Understand 3

9 Explain Selecting frequency control. 3

Remember
10 Explain TIE Line bias control. Understand 3

ld
UNIT-V
Single Area Load Frequency Control
1 Explain the necessity of keeping the frequency constant in a power system. Understand 4

or
2 Explain what is meant by control area. Obtain the transfer function model and Understand 4
explain ALFC of a single area of an isolated power system

3 Write notes on: Remember 4

i) Control area concept. ii) Area control error.
4 Explain Isolated Power system. Remember 4

5
W
Explain the steady state analysis in controlled case. Remember 4
6 Explain the steady state analysis in un-controlled case. Understand 4
7 Explain what are the methods to keep the frequency constant? Remember 4
8 Explain the dynamic response. Understand 4
A 100 MVA synchronous generator operates on full load at a frequency of 50 4
Hz. The load is suddenly reduced to 50 MW. Due to time lag governor system,
9 Apply
TU

the steam valve begins to close after 0.4 sec. Determine the change in
frequency that occurs in this time. Given the initial constant H=5 KW-sec/
KVA.
A control area has total rated capacity of 10000MW. The regulation R for all 4
the units in the area is 2 HZ/P.U, A 1% change in frequency causes a 1%
change in load. If the system operates at half the rated capacity and increases Apply
10
by 2%
JN

i) Find the static frequency drop

ii) If the speed governor loop were open, what will be the frequency
drop? Determine the formula. UNIT-VI
Two-Area Load Frequency Control
Obtain the dynamic response of load frequency controller with integral control 4
1 Understand
action in two area load frequency control system.

Explain the state variable model of two area load frequency controller with 4
2 Remember
integral
3 What are the different states of power system? Explain Remember 4
action.

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4 Explain with relevant diagrams tie line bias control of a two area system. Understand 4

5 Explain two area control system. Remember 4

6 Explain the Pool operation of station. Remember 4
7 Explain the expected load changes. Remember 4
8 Explain the unexpected generator outages. Remember 4
9 Draw and explain composite block diagram of two area system. Understand 4
10 Derive the expression for response of two area system. Apply 4
UNIT-VII
Load Frequency Controllers
1 Explain the state variable model of single area load frequency controller with 4
Understand
integral action.

ld
2 Discuss the importance of combined load frequency control and economic 4
Understand
dispatch control with a neat block diagram.
3 What are the requirements of control strategy in integral control? Explain the 4
Remember
role played by the controller's gain setting in the frequency control.

4 Obtain an expression for steady state response of a load frequency controller 4

or
Apply
with integral control. How it is different from without integral control.

5 Discuss the merits of proportional plus integral load frequency control of a 4

Understand
system with a neat block diagram.
6 What are the various methods of voltage control in transmission system? Remember 4

7
W
Explain the need for voltage and frequency regulation in power system. Remember 4

8 What is the function of Load Frequency Control? Understand 4

9 What is the purpose pf primary ALFC? Understand 4

10 List out the various needs for frequency regulation in power system. Remember 4
TU

UNIT-VIII
Reactive Power control
1 Explain about the losses that occur due to VAR own in power systems. Remember 5

2 Explain how the generators act as VAR sources in a power network. Understand 5
3 Explain how the voltage control is achieved by injection of power at nodes. Understand 5

4 What is voltage instability? Explain the phenomenon of voltage collapse with Understand 5
JN

relevant PV and QV diagram

5 Explain different sources of reactive power generation and absorbers of Remember 5
reactive power in a power system.
6 What is meant by sub synchronous resonance? Briefly explain Remember 5
7 Briefly explain voltage instability and voltage collapse Understand 5
8 What is series compensation? Explain the advantages of series compensation. Understand 5

9 Explain about the generation and absorption of reactive power in an electrical Remember 5
power system.
10 Derive the equations to get the relation between voltage between Apply 5
voltage, power and reactive power at a node.

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GROUP-II (LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS)

UNIT-I
Economic Operation of Power Systems-1
BLOOMS
COURSE
S.No QUESTION TAXONOMY
OUTCOME
LEVEL
Explain in detail the terms production costs, total efficiency,
1 incremental efficiency and incremental rates with respect to thermal Understand 1
power plant.
Explain the diagram the physical interpretation of coordination 1

ld
2 equation. Remember
Give various uses of general loss formula and state the assumptions 1
3 made for calculating Bmn coefficients. Apply
4 Give step by step procedure for computing economic allocation of 1
generation in a thermal station. Remember

or
5 Write assumptions involved in deriving a loss formula coefficients. Apply 1

The fuel cost for a two unit steam power plant are given by 1

C1 = 0.1 P12 + 25 P1 + 1.6 Rupees/hour

C2 = 0.1 P22P+ 32 P2 + 2.1 Rupees/hour Analyze

6
W
Where p's are in megawatt. If there is an error of 1% in the
representation of the input data, and the loss in operating economy for
a load of 250 MW.

A power System consists of two, 125 MW units whose input cost data 1
are represented by the equations :

C1 = 0.04 P12 + 22 P1 + 800 Rupees/hour

TU

Analyze
7
C2 = 0.045 P22 + 15 P2 + 1000 Rupees/hour

If the total received power PR = 200 MW. Determine the load sharing
between units for most economic operation.

100 MW, 150 MW and 280 MW are the ratings of three units located
in a thermal power station. Their respective incremental costs are
JN

given by the following equations:

dc1/dp1 = Rs(0.15p1 + 12);

8 dc3/dp3 = Rs(0.21p3 + 13) Apply 1

dc2/dp2 = Rs(0.05p2 + 14)

Where P1, P2 and P3 are the loads in MW. Determine the economical
load allocation between the three units, when the total load on the
station is 300 MW.

150 MW, 220 MW and 220 MW are the ratings of three units located

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in a thermal power station. Their respective incremental costs are
given by the following equations:

dc1/dp1 = Rs(0.11p1 + 12);

dc3/dp3 = Rs(0.1p3 + 13) Analyze 1

dc2/dp2 = Rs(0.095p2 + 14)

Where P1, P2 and P3 are the loads in MW. Determine the economical
9 load allocation between the three units, when the total load on the
station is

(a) 350 MW

ld
(b) 500 MW.

What is mean by unit commitment problem? Discuss a method for Remember

10 solving the same.

UNIT-II

or
Economic Operation of Power Systems-2
Discuss the dynamic programming method to solve unit commitment
1 Understand 2
problem in power system.
Develop a load flow equation suitable for solutions by Gauss-seidal method 2
2 Remember
using nodal admittance approach.
W
The incremental fuel cost for two plants are 2

dC1 /d PG1 = 0.075 PG1 + 18 Rs./MWh

dC2 / d PG2 = 0.08 PG2 + 16 Rs./MWh

The loss coefficients are given as

3 Apply
TU

B11=0.0015 /MW, B12 = - 0.0004/MW and B22 = 0.0032/MW for R = 25

Rs./MWh.

Find the real power generations, total load demand and the transmission
power loss.
Two power stations A and B operate in parallel. They are interconnected by a 2
short transmission line. The station capacities are 100 MW and 200 MW
JN

respectively. The generators A and B have speed regulations of 3 % and 2 %

respectively. Calculate the output of each station and load on the
interconnector, if, Analyze
4
(a) The load on each station is 125 MW

(b) The load on respective bus bars is 60 MW and 190 MW

(c) The load is 150 MW at station A bus bar only.

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Give algorithm for economic allocation of generation among generators of a 2
thermal system taking into account transmission losses. Give steps for
5 Understand
implementing this algorithm and also derive necessary equations.

Write a short notes on: Remember 2

6
a) Inequality constraints. b) Penalty function.
A power system consists of two 100MWunits whose input cost data are 2
represented by equations below C1 = 0.04 P12 +22P1+800 Rs/hr

C2 = 0.045 P22 +15P2 +1000 Rs/hr Apply

7 If total received power PR = 150 MW. Determine

ld
(a) The load sharing between units for most economic operation

(b) The corresponding costs of operations

Give the computational procedure for optimal power flow without inequality 2
8 Remember
constraints.

or
Discuss optimal power flow problems without and with inequality 2
9 Understand
constraints. How are these problems solved.
Using dynamic programming method, how do you find the most economical 2
Apply
combination of the units to meet a particular load demand?
10
W UNIT-III
Hydrothermal Scheduling
In a two plant operation system, the hydro plant is operation for 10 hrs, 2
during each day and the steam plant is to operate all over the day. The
characteristics of the steam and hydro plants are
TU

CT = 0.04 PGT2 +30 PGT + 10 Rs/hr

Analyze
1 WH =0.12 PGH2+30 PGH m3/ sec

When both plants are running, the power own from steam plant to load is 150
MW and the total quantity of water is used for the hydro plant operation
during 10 hrs is 150x106 m3. Determine the generation of hydro plant and
JN

cost of water used. Neglect the transmission losses.

In a two plant operation system, the Hydro plant is operate for 12 hrs. During 2
each day and the hydro plant is operate all over the day. The characteristics of
the steam and hydro plants are
2 Analyze
CT = 0.3 PGT2+20 PGT + 5 Rs/hr

WH =0.4PGH2+20 PGH m3/ sec

When both plants are running, the power own from steam plant to load is 300

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MW and the total quantity of water is used for the hydro plant operation
during 12 hrs is 180x106 m3. Determine the generation of hydro plant and
cost of water used.

3 Briefly explain control area concept and control area error. Remember 2

Explain proportional plus integral control for load frequency control for a Understand 2
4 single area system.
Two generators rated 300 MW and 400 MW are operating in parallel. The 2
droop characteristics of their governors are 4% and 6% respectively from no
Apply
load to full load. The speed changers of the governors are set so that a load of
5
400 MW is shared among the generators at 50 HZ in the ratio of their ratings.

ld
What are the no load frequencies of the generators.
6 Explain load frequency control problem. Remember 2

A two plant hydro-thermal system with negligible losses has the following 2
characteristics. Fuel cost as a function of active power generated at the

or
thermal plant is F = (2p1=0.01p22) RS/hr. The optimal water conversion co-
efficient is found to be 12.01RS/MCF. The load on the system is
Duration (b) 9 15 Analyze

7 DD (MW) 700 350

W
Compute the optimal active thermal and hydro power generations (in MW) in
each of the subintervals and the allowable volume of water at the hydro plant.
A 3-phase single circuit, 220kV, line runs at no load. Voltage at the receiving 2
end of the line is 205kV. Find the sending end voltage, if the line has
8
resistance 21.7ohms, reactance of 85.2ohms and the total susceptance of Apply
-4
5.32X10 mho. The transmission line is to be represented by Pie-model.
TU

9 Explain the problem of scheduling hydro thermal power plants. What are the 2
Understand
constraints in the problem?
Explain clearly the mathematical formulation of optimal scheduling of 2
10 Understand
hydrothermal system with a typical example.
UNIT-IV
Modeling of Turbines
JN

Explain the hydro thermal co- ordination in brief.

1 Understand 3
Explain the co- ordination for Run-Off river and steam plan 3
2 Remember
Draw the block diagram of a power system showing the governor, turbine 3
and Synchronous generator, indicating their transfer functions. For a step
disturbance of PD, obtain the response of increment in frequency", making
3 suitable assumptions. Understand

(a) Without proportional plus integral controller and

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(b) With proportional plus integral control.

Derive general mathematical formulation of long term hydro thermal 3

4 scheduling. Apply

Derive general mathematical formulation of Short term hydro thermal 3

5 scheduling Apply

Explain the problem discretization principle. 3

6 Remember
Solution of short term hydro thermal scheduling problems by Kirchamayers 3
7 method. Understand

ld
Advantages of operation of hydro thermal combination. 3
8 Remember
Give a typical block diagram for a two area system interconnected by a tie 3
line and explain each block. Also deduce relations to determine the frequency
9 Understand
of oscillations of the tie line power and static frequency drop. List out

or
assumptions made.

Write short notes on area control error. 3

10 Remember
UNIT-V
Single Area Load Frequency Control
Explain the governor characteristics of a single generator. Understand
1
W 4
What is the nature of the steady state response of the uncontrolled LFC Remember 4
2 of a single area?

State briefly how the time response of the frequency error depends Remember 4
3 upon the gain setting of the integral control.
TU

What are the basic requirements of a closed loop control system Understand 4
4 employed for obtaining the frequency constant?

What is the nature of the generator load frequency characteristic? Remember 4

5

With a neat block diagram explain the load frequency control for a Understand 4
6
single area system.
JN

Draw and explain complete block diagram representation of single area 4

having a turbo-generator supplying an isolated load for load frequency
7 Remember
problem. Discuss the response of the system for a sudden change in
load demand.

Give a brief account on tie line bias bar control. Remember 4

8

Explain speed governing mechanism in two generators or machines Understand 4

9
system.
Develop and explain the load frequency control of a single area system Understand 4
10
of an uncontrolled case drive the transfer function of each block.

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UNIT-VI
Two-Area Load Frequency Control
Two areas of a power system network are interconnected by a tie-line, whose 4
capacity is 250MW, operating at a power angle of 450. If each area has a
capacity of 2000 MW and the equal speed regulation of 3 Hz/Pu MW,
determine the frequency of oscillation of the power for step change in load.
1 Apply
Assume that both areas have the same inertia constants of H = 4 sec. If a step
load change of 100MW occurs in one of the areas determine the change in
tie-line power.

Two power systems, A and B, having capacities of 3000 and 3000 MW, 4

ld
respectively, are interconnected through a tie-line and both operate with
frequency-bias-tie-line control. The frequency bias for each area is 1 % of the
2 Apply
system capacity per 0.1 Hz frequency deviation. If the tie-line interchange for
A is set at 100 MW and for B is set (incorrectly) at 200 MW, calculate the

or
steady state change in frequency.

Two control areas have the following characteristics: 4

Area-1: Speed regulation = 0.02 pu ,Damping coefficient = 0.8 pu ,Rated

MVA = 1500
W
Area-2: Speed regulation = 0.025 pu, Damping co-efficient = 0.9 pu, Rated
3
MVA = 500 Apply

Determine the steady state frequency change and the changed frequency
following a load change of 120MW occurs in area-1. Also find the tie-line
power flow change.
TU

The two area system has the following data:

Capacity of area 1, Pr1 =1000 MW,

Capacity of area 2, Pr2 =2000 MW,

Nominal load of area 1, PD1=500 MW

Analyze
JN

4
Nominal load of area 1, PD1=1500 MW
4

Speed regulation of area 1=4%

Speed regulation of area 2=3%

Find the new steady state frequency and change in the line ow for a load
change of area 2 by 125 MW. For both the areas each percent change in
frequency causes 1 percent change in load. Find also the amount of additional

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frequency drop if the interconnection is lost due to certain reasons.

Explain the state variable model of two area load frequency controller with 4
integral action. Two control areas connected by a tie line have the following
characteristics.

Area 1 Area 2

R=0.01 pu R=0.02 pu

5 Apply
D=0.8 pu D=1.0 pu

Base MVA=2000 Base MVA=500

ld
A load change of 100 MW (0.2 pu) occurs in area 1. What is the new steady
state frequency and what is the change in the tie own? Assume both areas
were at nominal frequency (60 Hz) to begin.

or
Two generators rated 250 MW and 500 MW are operating in parallel. The 4
Analyze
droop characteristics are 4% and 6% respectively. Assuming that the
6
generators are operating at 50 HZ at no load, how a load of 750 MW would
be shared. What is the system frequency? Assume free governor action
Draw the block diagram of load frequency control of 2- area control systems Understand 4
7
with gain blocks.
W Remember 4
8 What is area control error? What are the control strategies?

Explain proportional plus integral control for load frequency control for a Remember 4
9
single area system.
Give a typical block diagram for a two area system interconnected by a tie 4
line and explain each block. Also deduce relations to determine the frequency
Understand
TU

10
of oscillations of tie line power and static frequency drop. List out
assumptions made.
UNIT-VII
Load Frequency Controllers
What is load frequency control problem? Why is it essential to maintain 4
1 Remember
constant frequency in an inter connected power system?
JN

Explain the power frequency characteristics of an interconnected power 4

2 Remember
system.
Explain load frequency control problem, and derive an expression for steady 4
3 state change of frequency and tie-line power transfer of a two area power
Understand
system.
With a first order approximation explain the dynamic response of an isolated 4
4
area for load frequency control.
Understand
Derive the transfer function of an uncontrolled load frequency control of a 4
Apply
5 single area system and derive the expression for static error following a step
load change.

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6 Explain the proportional plus integral control of single area. Remember 4

Derive the expression for analysis of integral control or steady state response. Apply 4
7

Explain load frequency control and economic dispatch control. Understand 4

8

What are the requirements of control strategy? Remember 4

9
Find the expression for dynamic response of change in frequency for a step
change
10 in load for a single area control system with integral control action. Assume
Apply 4
that
Tg=0; Tt=0 and damping constant.

ld
UNIT-VIII
Reactive Power control
1 Explain about the losses occurred due to VAR flow in power system. Remember 5
Explain how the generators are acted as VAR sources in a power network. Remember 5
2

Write short notes on compensated and uncompensated transmission lines. Remember 5

or
3

Explain briefly about the shunt and series compensation. Understand 5

4

What is load compensation? Discuss its objectives in power systems Understand 5

5
The load at receiving end of a three-phase, over head line is 25.5 MW, power 5
factor 0.8 lagging, at a line voltage of 33 kV. A synchronous compensator is
W
situated at receiving end and the voltage at both the ends of the line is
6 Analyze
maintained at 33 kV. Calculate the MVAR of the compensator. The line has a
resistance of 4.5 ohms per phase and inductive reactance (line to neutral) of
20 ohms per phase.

What is load compensation? Discuss its objectives in power system. Remember 5

7
TU

A long transmission line has the constants A=0.971<2°, B=<75°, find the 5
additional reactive power requirement at the receiving end to meet a load of
8 Apply
63 MW at 0.8 p.f. lagging, when both the sending end and receiving end
voltages are to be maintained at 132 KV.
Explain the reason for variations of voltages in power systems and explain Understand 5
9
any one method to improve voltage pofile.
JN

Explain clearly what you mean by compensation of line and discuss briefly Understand 5
10
different methods of compensation.

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GROUP-III (ANALYTICAL QUESTIONS)

BLOOMS PROGRA
QUESTIONS
S.No TAXONOMY MOUTCO
LEVEL ME
UNIT-I
Economic Operation of Power Systems-1
Incremental fuel cost is Rs/MWhr for a plant of a two units.

ld
dc1/dpg1=0.25 pg1+40; dc2/dpg2=0.3 pg2+30
Assume that both the units are operating at all times and total load varies
1
from 40 MW to250 MW. How will the load be shared for a load of 200 MW?
Apply 1
What is the corresponding value of plant incremental cost? Also determine
the saving in the fuel cost in Rs/hr for one optimum scheduling of 250 MW as

or
compared to equal distribution of same load between two plants.
The incremental fuel cost in rupees per MWhr for a plant consisting of two 1
units are
2
dC1/dPG1 =0.20 PG1+40.0; dC2/dPG2 =0.25 PG2+30.0 Assume that both
Analyze
units are operating at all times and total load varies from 40 MW to 250 MW
W
and maximum and minimum loads on each unit are to be 125 MW and
20MW respectively .How will the load be shared between the units as the
system varies over full range? What are the plant incremental costs?
The fuel inputs per hour of plants 1 and 2 are given as 1
F1 =0.2 P1
2+40 P1+120 Rs per hr.
TU

3 F2 =0.25 P22+30 P2+150 Rs per hr.

Determine the economic operating schedule and the corresponding cost of
generation if the maximum and minimum loading on each unit is 100 MW
Apply
and 25 MW,the demand is 180 MW and transmission losses are neglected. If
the load is equally shared by both the units, determine the saving obtained by
loading the units as per the incremental production cost.
JN

Let us consider a generating station that contains a total number of three 1

generating units. The fuel costs of these units are given by

4
Rs./h

Rs./h Analyze

Rs./h

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The generation limits of the units are

The total load that these units supply varies between 90 MW and 1250 MW.
Assuming that all the three units are operational all the time, we have to
compute the economic operating settings as the load changes.
Consider two generating plant with same fuel cost and generation limits. 1
These are given by

ld
Analyze

5 For a particular time of a year, the total load in a day varies as shown in Fig.
5.2. Also an additional cost of Rs. 5,000 is incurred by switching of a unit
during the off peak hours and switching it back on during the during the peak

or
hours. We have to determine whether it is economical to have both units
operational all the time

The fuel inserts per all of plants I and II are given as 1

F1= 0.1P21 + 40 P1+120 Rs/Hr
F2= 0.25P 2
2+30P2+150
W
Rs/Hr. Determine the economic operating schedule
6
and corresponding cost of generation if the max and min loading on each unit
is 100 MW and 25 MW and the demand is 180 MW and transmission losses Apply
are neglected. If the load is equally shared by the both the units, determine
the saving obtained by loading the units as per equal incremental products
and cost.
TU

A power system network with a thermal power plant is operating by four 1

generating units. Determine the most economical unit to be committed to a
7
load demand of 8 MW. Also prepare the UC table for the load. The min and
Apply
max generating capacities and cost curve parameters of the units listed in a
tabular form are given.
A power system network with a thermal power plant is operating by four 1
JN

8 generating units Determine the most economical unit to be committed to a

Analyze
load demand of 10 MW. Also prepare the UC table for the load changes in
steps of 1 MW starting from the min and max generating capacities and cost
curve parameters of the units listed in a tabular form are given.
A power system network with a thermal power plant is operating by four 1
generating units Determine the most economical unit to be committed to a
9
load demand of 20 MW. Also prepare the UC table for the load changes in
Analyze
steps of 4 MW starting from the min and max generating capacities and cost
curve parameters of the units listed in a tabular form are given.

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A power system network with a thermal power plant is operating by four 1
generating units Determine the most economical unit to be committed to a
10 Apply
load demand of 30 MW. Also prepare the UC table for the load changes in
steps of 8 MW starting from the min and max generating capacities and cost
curve parameters of the units listed in a tabular form are given.
UNIT-II
Economic Operation of Power Systems-2
For the system shown in figure, with bus 1 as reference bus with a voltage of
1.0V<00 pu, find the loss formula co-efficient if the branch currents and
impedances are: Ia=1.00+j0.15 p.u; Za=0.02+j0.15 p.u Ic =0.20-j0.05pu; Zc
=0.02+0.25pu If the base is 100 MVA, what will be the magnitudes of B –

ld
coefficients in reciprocal MW?

1 2
Analyze

or
(i) A generating station has a maximum demand of 50,000 kW.
Calculate the cost per unit generated from the following data.
2

Capital cos
W
Annual load factor = 40%
Annual cost of fuel
2 Analyze

Interest and
TU

Depreciation = 12%.
(ii) (1) Define ‘‘diversity factor’’.
(2) Define ‘‘Plant use factor’’
The fuel cost functions in Rs/hr for two thermal plants are given by 2
C1 =420+9.2P1+0.004P22 ; C2=350+8.5P2+0.0029P 2
2

3 Where P1, P2 are in MW. Determine the optimal scheduling of generation if Apply
the load is 640.82 MW. Estimate value of ʎ=12 Rs/MWhr. The transmission
JN

power loss is given by the expression PL(p.u) =0.0346P21(p.u) +0.00643P22(p.u)

The fuel cost functions in Rs/hr for two thermal plants are given by 2
C1 =420+9.2P1+0.004P22, 100<P2<200 ; C2=350+8.5P2+0.0029P22,
150<P3<500 Where P1, P2 are in MW. Determine the optimal scheduling of
Apply
4 generation if the load is 640.82 MW. Estimate value of ʎ=12 Rs/MWhr. The
transmission power loss is given by the expression PL(p.u) =0.0346P21(p.u)
+0.00643P22(p.u)
The IFC for two plants are 2
5
dC1/dPG1=0.075 Pg1+18 Rs/hr ; dC2/dPG2=0.08PG2+16 Rs/hr

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The loss coefficients are given as B11=0.0015/MW, B12= -0.00004/ MW, B22
= 0.0032/ MW for ʎ=25 Rs/MWhr. Find the real power generations, total
Analyze
load demand, and the transmission power loss.
A system consists of two power plants connected by a transmission line. The 2
total load located at a plant-2 is as shown in below. Data of evaluating loss
coefficients consists of information that a power transfer of 100 MW from
station-1 to station-2 results in a total loss of 8 MW. Find the required
6
Analyze
generation at each station and power received by the load when ʎ of the
system is Rs. 100/MWhr. The IFCs of the two plants are given by
dC1/dPG1=0.12PG1+65 Rs/MWhr ; dC2/dPG2=0.25PG2+75 Rs/MWhr

ld
For above problem with 212.5 MW received by the load, find the savings in 2
7 Rs/hr obtained by co-coordinating the transmission losses rather than Analyze
neglecting in determining the load division between the plants
Determine the incremental cost of received power and the penalty factor of 2

or
8 the plant shown, if the incremental cost of production is Apply
dC1/dPG1=0.1PG1+3.0 Rs/MWhr.
Assume that the fuel input in Btu per hour for units 1 and 2 are given by 2
2 2
C1 =(8PG1+0.024P G2+80)10^6 ; C2=6PG!+0.04P G2+120)10^6

9 The maximum and min loads on the units are 100 and 10 MW, respectively. Apply
Determine the min cost of generation when the following load is supplied.
W
The cost of fuel is Rs.2 per million Btu.
Two power plants are connected together by a transmission line and load at 2
plant-2. When 100 MW is transmitted from plant-1, the transmission loss is
10 100 MW. The cost characteristics of two plants are Apply

C1 =0.05P\2G1+13PG1; C2=0.06P2G2+12PG2
Find the optimum generation for ʎ=22,ʎ=25 and ʎ=30.
TU

UNIT-III
Hydrothermal Scheduling
In a two plant operation system, the hydro plant is operation for 10 hrs,
during each day and the steam plant is to operate all over the day. The
characteristics of the steam and hydro plants are

CT = 0.04 PGT2 +30 PGT + 10 Rs/hr

JN

1 WH =0.12 PGH2+30 PGH m3/ sec Apply 3

When both plants are running, the power own from steam plant to load
is 150 MW and the total quantity of water is used for the hydro plant
operation during 10 hrs is 150x106 m3. Determine the generation of
hydro plant and cost of water used. Neglect the transmission losses.

In a two plant operation system, the Hydro plant is operate for 12 hrs. 3
During each day and the hydro plant is operate all over the day. The
Apply
2 characteristics of the steam and hydro plants are

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CT = 0.3 PGT2+20 PGT + 5 Rs/hr

WH =0.4PGH2+20 PGH m3/ sec

When both plants are running, the power own from steam plant to load
is 300 MW and the total quantity of water is used for the hydro plant
operation during 12 hrs is 180x106 m3. Determine the generation of
hydro plant and cost of water used.

A two plant system having a steam plant near the load center and 3
hydro plant at a remote location. The load is 500 MW for 16 hr a day
and 350 MW for 8 hr a day.
The characteristics of the units are
3 Analyze
C1=120+45PGT+0.075P2GT; w2=0.6PGH+0.002P2GH m^3/s. Loss

ld
coefficient B22=0.001MW-1. Find the generation schedule, daily water
used by the hydro plant and daily operating cost of the thermal plant
for ɤj = 85.5 Rs/m^3-hr
A two plant system having a steam plant near the load center and 3
hydro plant at a remote location. The load is 400 MW for 14 hr a day

or
and 200 MW for 10 hr a day.
The characteristics of the units are
Analyze
4 C1=150+60PGT+0.1P2GTRs/hr; w2=0.8PGH+0.000333P2GH m^3/s. Loss
coefficient B22=0.001MW-1. Find the generation schedule, daily water
used by the hydro plant and daily operating cost of the thermal plant
for ɤj = 77.5 Rs/m^3-hr
W
Two generators rated 300 MW and 400 MW are operating in parallel. 3
The droop characteristics of their governors are 4% and 6%
respectively from no load to full load. The speed changers of the Apply
5
governors are set so that a load of 400 MW is shared among the
generators at 50 HZ in the ratio of their ratings. What are the no load
frequencies of the generators.
A two plant system having a steam plant near the load center and 3
TU

hydro plant at a remote location. The load is 600 MW for 12 hr a day

and 450 MW for 5 hr a day.
The characteristics of the units are
6 Analyze
C1=130+55PGT+0.5P2GT; w2=0.6PGH+0.0002P2GH m^3/s. Loss
coefficient B22=0.001MW-1. Find the generation schedule, daily water
used by the hydro plant and daily operating cost of the thermal plant
for ɤj = 95.5 Rs/m^3-hr
A two plant hydro-thermal system with negligible losses has the 3
JN

following characteristics. Fuel cost as a function of active power

generated at the thermal plant is F = (2p1=0.01p22) RS/hr. The optimal
water conversion co-efficient is found to be 12.01RS/MCF. The load
on the system is
7 Duration (b) 9 15 Analyze

DD (MW) 700 350

Compute the optimal active thermal and hydro power generations (in
MW) in each of the subintervals and the allowable volume of water at
the hydro plant.

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A 3-phase single circuit, 220kV, line runs at no load. Voltage at the 3
receiving end of the line is 205kV. Find the sending end voltage, if the
8 line has resistance 21.7ohms, reactance of 85.2ohms and the total Apply
susceptance of 5.32X10-4 mho. The transmission line is to be
represented by Pie-model.

A 3-phase single circuit, 220kV, line runs at no load. Voltage at the 3

receiving end of the line is 215kV. Find the sending end voltage, if the
9 line has resistance 25ohms, reactance of 100 ohms and the total Apply
susceptance of 5.32*10 -6 mho. The transmission line is to be
represented by Pie-model.

A 3-phase single circuit, 440kV, line runs at no load. Voltage at the 3

ld
receiving end of the line is 400kV. Find the sending end voltage, if the
10 line has resistance 60 ohms, reactance of 150 ohms and the total
Analyze
susceptance of 5.72X10-4 mho. The transmission line is to be
represented by Pie-model.

UNIT-IV

or
Modeling of Turbines
Determine the primary ALFC loop parameters for a control area with the 3
following data:

Total generation capacity = 2500 MW

1 Apply
W
Normal operating load =1500 MW

Inertia constant=5 kW-seconds per kVA; Load damping constant, B=1 %;

frequency, f=50 Hz; and Speed regulation, R=2.5 Hz / p.u MW.

A 100 MVA Synchronous generator operates at 50 Hz, runs at 3000 rpm 3

under no- load. A load of 25 MW is suddenly applied to the machine. Due to
TU

the time lag in the governor system the turbine commences to open after 0.6
2 sec. Assuming inertia constant H= 5 MW- sec per MVA of generator
Apply
capacity, calculate the frequency of the system before steam own commences
to increase to meet the new load.

Two generating stations 1 and 2 have full load capacities of 200 MW and 100 3
JN

MW respectively at a generating frequency of 50 Hz. The two stations are

interconnected by an induction motor and synchronous generator with a full
load capacity of 25 MW. The speed regulation of station 1, station 2 and
Analyze
induction motor and synchronous generator sets are 4 %, 3.5% and 2.5%
3 respectively. The load on respective bus bars is 75 MW and 50 MW
respectively. Find the load taken by the motor generator set.
Two turbo alternators rated for 110 MW and 220 MW have governor drop 3
characteristics of 5% from no load to full load. They are connected in parallel
4
to share a load of 250 MW. Determine the load shared by each machine Apply
assuming free governor action.

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Two generating stations 1 and 2 have full load capacities of 300 MW and 200 3
MW respectively at a generating frequency of 50 Hz. The two stations are
interconnected by an induction motor and synchronous generator with a full
5 load capacity of 50 MW. The speed regulation of station 1, station 2 and Apply
induction motor and synchronous generator sets are 45%, 4% and 3%
respectively. The load on respective bus bars is 70 MW and 60 MW
respectively. Find the load taken by the motor generator set.
Two turbo alternators rated for 150 MW and 250 MW have governor drop 3
characteristics of 8% from no load to full load. They are connected in parallel
6 Analyze
to share a load of 300 MW. Determine the load shared by each machine
assuming free governor action.

ld
Two generators rated 200MW and 400MW are operating in parallel. Draw the 3
characteristics of their governors are 4% and 5% respectively from no load to
full load. Assuming that the generators are operating at 50 Hz at no load, how
Analyze
7 would a load of 600MW be shared between them? What will be the system

or
frequency at this load, Assume free governor operation, repeat the problem if
both governors have drop of 4%.
Two generators rated 400MW and 700MW are operating in parallel. Draw 3
the characteristics of their governors are 6% and 8% respectively from no
load to full load. Assuming that the generators are operating at 50 Hz at no
8 Analyze
load, how would a load of 900MW be shared between them? What will be
W
the system frequency at this load, Assume free governor operation, repeat
the problem if both governors have drop of 7%.
Determine the primary ALFC loop parameters for a control area with the 3
following data:

Total generation capacity = 3500 MW

TU

9 Apply
Normal operating load =2500 MW

Inertia constant=25 kW-seconds per kVA; Load damping constant, B=2 %;

frequency, f=50 Hz; and Speed regulation, R=3.5 Hz / p.u MW
A 400 MVA Synchronous generator operates at 50 Hz, runs at 3000 rpm
under no- load. A load of 50 MW is suddenly applied to the machine. Due to
JN

the time lag in the governor system the turbine commences to open after 0.6
10 Apply 3
sec. Assuming inertia constant H= 9 MW- sec per MVA of generator
capacity, calculate the frequency of the system before steam own commences
to increase to meet the new load.
UNIT-V
Single Area Load Frequency Control
A 125 MVA turbo alternator operates on full load at 50 Hz. A load of
1 50MWis suddenly reduced on the machine. The steam valves to the turbine
commence to close after 0.5 seconds due to the time lag in the governor Apply 4
system. Assuming inertia constant H= 6 kW - sec per kVA of generator

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capacity, calculate the change in frequency that occurs in this time.

The single area control system has the following data: TP=10 sec, Tg = 0.3 4
sec, Tt=0.2 sec, KP =200 Hz/pu MW, R=6 Hz/pu MW, PD=0.5 pu MW,
Ki=0.5. Compute the time error caused by a step disturbance of magnitude
2
Analyze
0.5 pu (as given above). Prove, in particular, that the error is reduced by
increasing the given Ki. Express the error in seconds and cycles if the system
frequency is 50 Hz.

A single area consists of two generators with the following parameters: 4

Generator 1 = 1200 MVA; R=6 % (on machine base) Generator 2 = 1000
MVA; R=4 % (on machine base) The units are sharing 1800 MW at normal

ld
3 frequency 50 Hz. Unit supplies 1000 MW and unit 2 supplies 800 MW. The
load now increased by 200 MW. Analyze

(a) Find steady state frequency and generation of each unit if B=0.

or
(b) Find steady state frequency and generation of each unit if B=1.5.

A single area consists of two generating units with the following 4

unit Rating in MVA Speed regulation R (p.u on unit MVA base)

1 600 6%
W
2 500 4%
Apply
characteristics. The units are operating in parallel, sharing 900 MW at a
nominal frequency. Unit 1 supplies 500 MW and unit 2 supplies 400 MW at
60 Hz. The load is increased by 90 MW.
TU

(a) Assume there is no frequency dependent load i,e., B=0. Find the steady
4
state frequency deviation and new generation on each unit.

(b) The load varies 1.5 % for every 1 % change in frequency i.e., B= 1.5. Find
the steady state frequency deviation and new generation on each unit.

A Generator in single area load frequency control has the following 4

JN

parameters: Total generation capacity = 2500 MW Normal operating load

=1500 MW Inertia constant=5 kW-seconds per kVA; Load damping constant,
B=1 %; fre- quency, f=50 Hz; and Speed regulation, R=2.5 Hz / p.u MW. If
5 there is a 1.5 % increase in the load, find the frequency drop Analyze

(a) without governor control

(b) With governor control.

A250MVA synchronous generator is operating at 1500 rpm, 50 Hz. A load of 4

50 MW is suddenly applied to the machine and the station valve to the

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6 turbine opens only after 0.35 sec due to the time lag in the generator action.
Calculate the frequency at which the generated voltage drops before the
Apply
steam flow commences to increase to meet the new load. Given that the valve
of H of the generator is 3.5 KW-s per KVA of the generator energy.
Two Generating Stations A And B have full load capacities of 250 and 4
100MW, respectively. The interconnector connecting the two stations has an
induction motor/synchronous generator of full load capacity 30 MW;
7
Analyze
percentage changes of speeds of A, B and C are 4, 3 and 2 respectively.
Determine the load taken by plant C and indicate the direction of the power
flow.
A 750 MW generator has a speed regulation of 3.5%. If the frequency drops 4

ld
by 0.1Hz with an Unchanged reference, determine the increase in turbine
8 Analyze
power. And also find by how much the reference power setting should be
changed if the turbine power remains unchanged
A500MVA synchronous generator is operating at 1500 rpm, 50 Hz. A load of 4

or
100 MW is suddenly applied to the machine and the station valve to the
turbine opens only after 0.5 sec due to the time lag in the generator action.
Apply
9 Calculate the frequency at which the generated voltage drops before the
steam flow commences to increase to meet the new load. Given that the valve
of H of the generator is 5 KW-s per KVA of the generator energy.
Two Generating Stations A And B have full load capacities of 350 and 4
W
500MW, respectively. The interconnector connecting the two stations has an
10
induction motor/synchronous generator of full load capacity 40 MW;
Apply
percentage changes of speeds of A, B and C are 5, 4 and 2 respectively.
Determine the load taken by plant C and indicate the direction of the power
flow
TU

UNIT-VI
Two-Area Load Frequency Control
Two areas A and D are interconnected. The generating capacity of area A is 4
36000 MW and its regulating characteristic is 1.5% of capacity per 0.1 Hz.
1 Area D has a generating capacity of 400 MW and its regulating characteristic
Apply
is 1% of capacity per 0.1 Hz. Find each area's share of a +400 MW
disturbance (increase in load) occurring in area D and the resulting tie- line
JN

flow.
Find the static frequency drop if the load is suddenly increased by 25 MW on 4
2 a system having the following data:
Analyze
Rated capacity Pr=500MW ; operating load PD=250 MW
Inertia constant H=5s ; Governor regulation R=2 Hz p.u.MW
Frequency f= 50 Hz. Also find the additional generation.

Two areas of a power system network are interconnected by a tie-line, whose 4

capacity is 250MW, operating at a power angle of 450. If each area has a

capacity of 2000 MW and the equal speed regulation of 3 Hz/P.u MW,
3

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determine the frequency of oscillation of the power for step change in load.
Assume that both areas have the same inertia constants of H = 5 sec. If a step
Analyze
load change of 100MW occurs in one of the areas determine the change in tie-
line power.

Two power systems, A and B, having capacities of 3000 and 2000 MW, 4
respectively, are interconnected through a tie-line and both operate with
frequency-bias-tie-line control. The frequency bias for each area is 3 % of the
Apply
system capacity per 0.1 Hz frequency deviation. If the tie-line interchange for
4
A is set at 100 MW and for B is set (incorrectly) at 200 MW, calculate the
steady state change in frequency.

ld
Two control areas have the following characteristics: 4

Area-1: Speed regulation = 0.2 p.u ,Damping coefficient = 0.8 p.u ,Rated
MVA = 1500

or
5 Area-2: Speed regulation = 0.25 p.u, Damping co-efficient = 0.9 p.u, Rated Apply

MVA = 500

Determine the steady state frequency change and the changed frequency
following a load change of 120MW occurs in area-1. Also find the tie-line
power flow change.
W
The two area system has the following data: 4

Capacity of area 1, Pr1 =1000 MW,

Capacity of area 2, Pr2 =2000 MW,

TU

Nominal load of area 1, PD1=500 MW

Nominal load of area 1, PD1=1500 MW

Speed regulation of area 1=4% Analyze

6 Speed regulation of area 2=3%

Find the new steady state frequency and change in the line ow for a load
JN

change of area 2 by 125 MW. For both the areas each percent change in
frequency causes 1 percent change in load. Find also the amount of additional
frequency drop if the interconnection is lost due to certain reasons.

Explain the state variable model of two area load frequency controller with 4
integral action. Two control areas connected by a tie line have the following
characteristics.
Analyze
7 Area 1 Area 2

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R=0.01 p.u R=0.02 p.u

D=0.8 p.u D=1.0 p.u

Base MVA=2000 Base MVA=500

A load change of 100 MW (0.2 p.u) occurs in area 1. What is the new steady
state frequency and what is the change in the tie own? Assume both areas
were at nominal frequency (60 Hz) to begin.

Two generators rated 250 MW and 500 MW are operating in parallel. The 4
8 droop characteristics are 4% and 6% respectively. Assuming that the
generators are operating at 50 HZ at no load, how a load of 750 MW would

ld
Apply
be shared. What is the system frequency? Assume free governor action
Two control areas have the following characteristics: 4

Area-1: Speed regulation = 0.04 p.u ,Damping coefficient = 0.6 p.u ,Rated
MVA = 1300

or
9 Area-2: Speed regulation = 0.03 p.u, Damping co-efficient = 0.85 p.u, Rated Apply
MVA = 500

Determine the steady state frequency change and the changed frequency
following a load change of 150MW occurs in area-1. Also find the tie-line
power flow change.
W
Two areas of a power system network are interconnected by a tie-line, whose
capacity is 350MW, operating at a power angle of 450. If each area has a
10 capacity of 3000 MW and the equal speed regulation of 6Hz/P.u MW,
determine the frequency of oscillation of the power for step change in load.
TU

Assume that both areas have the same inertia constants of H = 5 sec. If a step Apply 4
load change of 120MW occurs in one of the areas determine the change in
tie-line power.
UNIT-VII
Load Frequency Controllers
1 A 210 MVA, 50 Hz Turbo Alternator operates at no load at 3000 rpm. A load 4
of 75 MW is suddenly applied to the machine and the steam valves to the
JN

turbine commence to open after 1 sec due to the time lag in the governor
Apply
system. Assuming Inertia Constant H of 5Kw-sec per kVA of generator
capacity. Calculate the frequency to which the generated voltage drops before
the steam flow commences to increase to meet the new load.
2 The data pertaining to a single area power system with linear load-frequency 4
characteristics are as follows:
Rated Capacity = 2000 MW System Load = 1000 MW
Analyze
Inertia Constant = 5 sec Speed regulation = 0.03 pu
Load damping factor = 1 pu Nominal Frequency = 50 Hz

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Governor Time constant = 0 sec Turbine time constant = 0 sec
For a sudden change in load of 20 MW, determine the steady state frequency
deviation and the change in generation in MW and reduction in original load
in MW
3 The data pertaining to a single area power system with linear load-frequency 4
characteristics are as follows:
Rated Capacity = 1200 MW System Load = 600 MW
Analyze
Inertia Constant = 4 sec Speed regulation = 4%
Load damping factor = 0.85 pu Nominal Frequency = 50 Hz Governor Time
constant = 0 sec Turbine time constant = 0 sec For a sudden change in load of
40 MW, determine the steady state frequency deviation

ld
A two area power system has two identical areas with parameters are given 4
below:
Rated Capacity of the area = 3000 MW Nominal Operating load = 1500 MW
4
Inertia Constant = 4 sec Speed regulation = 4%

or
Load damping factor = 1 pu Nominal Frequency = 50 Hz Analyze
Governor Time constant = 0.06 sec Turbine time constant = 0.3 sec
A load increase M2 = 30 MW, occurs in area 2 Determine i) the steady state
frequency
deviation ii) ΔP12s
The single area control system has the following data: 4
W
TP=10 sec, Tg = 0.3 sec, Tt=0.2 sec, KP =200 Hz/pu MW, R=6 Hz/p.u MW,
PD=0.5 p.u MW, Ki=0.5.
5 Apply
Compute the time error caused by a step disturbance of magnitude 0.5 p.u (as
given above). Prove, in particular, that the error is reduced by increasing the
given Ki. Express the error in seconds and cycles if the system frequency is
50 Hz.
TU

Determine the frequency of oscillations of the tie-line power deviation for a 4

two identical area system given the following data:
Apply
6 R=3.0 Hz/p.u ; H=5 s ; f0=60 Hz
The tie-line has a capacity of 0.1 p.u and is operating at a power angle of 45 0.
Two interconnected Area-1 and Area-2 have the capacity of 2000 and 500 4
MW, respectively. The incremental regulation and damping torque
JN

coefficient for each area on its own base are 0.2 p.u and 0.8 p.u respectively.
7 Apply
Find the steady state change in system frequency from a nominal frequency
of 50 Hz and the change in steady state tie-line power following a 750 MW
change in the load of Area-1
8 Solve the above problem without governor control action. Apply 4

Find the nature of dynamic response if the two areas of the above problem are 4
of uncontrolled type, following a disturbance in either area in the form of a
Analyze
step change in electric load. The inertia constant of the system is given as
9
H=3s and assume that the tie line has a capacity of 0.09 p.u and is operating

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at a power angle of 300 before the step change in load.
10 Two control areas have the following characteristics
Area-1: Speed regulation=0.02 p.u
Damping coefficient=0.8 p.u
Rated MVA = 1500
Area-2: Speed regulation =0.025 p.u Analyze 4
Damping coefficient = 0.9 p.u
Rated MVA = 500
Determine the steady state frequency change and the changed frequency
following a load change of 120 MW, which occurs in Area-1. Also find the
tie-line power flow change.

ld
UNIT-VIII
Reactive Power control
Briefly explain the different methods of reactive power injection in the power
system. 10 In a radial transmission system shown in figure, all p.u values are

or
referred to the voltage bases shown and 100 MVA. Determine the power
factor at which the generator must operate.
1 Apply 5
W
Find the rating of synchronous compensator connected to the tertiary winding 5
TU

of a 132 kV star connected, 33 kV star connected, 11 kV delta connected

three winding transformer to supply a load of 66 MW at 0.8 p.f. lagging at 33
Analyze
2 kV across the secondary. The equivalent primary and secondary winding
reactances are 32 ohms and 0.16 ohms respectively while the secondary
winding reactance is negligible. Assume that the primary side voltage is
essentially constant at 132 kV and maximum of nominal setting between
transformer primary and secondary is1.1.
JN

A 3-phase single circuit, 220kV, line runs at no load. Voltage at the receiving 5
end of the line is 205kV. Find the sending end voltage, if the line has
3 Apply
resistance of 21.7ohms, reactance of 85.2ohms and the total susceptance of
5.32X10-4 mho. The transmission line is to be represented by Pie-model.

Design a static VAR compensator for a low voltage distribution system with 5
the following specifications:
Apply
4 System voltage = 440 V

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System frequency = 50 Hz

Coil inductance, L=5.37 mH

The inductor saturates at 950 A and settles to a value of 1.8 mH at 1800 A.

Compensation is required over a range of -80 kVAR to +30 kVAR per phase.

The load at receiving end of a three-phase, over head line is 25.5 MW, power 5
factor 0.8 lagging, at a line voltage of 33 kV. A synchronous compensator is
situated at receiving end and the voltage at both the ends of the line is Analyze
5
maintained at 33 kV. Calculate the MVAR of the compensator. The line has a
resistance of 4.5 ohms per phase and inductive reactance (line to neutral) of

ld
20 ohms per phase.

A 3-ph transmission line has resistance and inductive reactance of 25 and 90 5

respectively. With no load at the receiving end a synchronous compensator
there takes a current lagging by 900, the voltage at the sending end is 145 kV

or
Analyze
and 132 kV at the receiving end. Calculate the value of the current taken by
the compensator. When the load at the receiving end is 50 MW, it is found
6
that the line can operate with unchanged voltages at sending and receiving
ends, provided that the compensator takes the same current as before but now
leading by 900. Calculate the reactive power of the load.
W
A 440V, 3-Ø distribution feeder has a load of 100 KW at lagging p.f. with 5
the load current of 200A. If the p.f. is to be improved, determine the
7
following: Apply

i) Uncorrected p.f. and reactive load

ii) New corrected p.f. after installing a shunt capacitor of 75 KVAR.

TU

A synchronous motor having a power consumption of 50 KW is connected in 5

8 parallel with a load of 200KW having a lagging p.f. of 0.8. If the combined
load has a p.f. of 0.9, what is the value of leading reactive KVA supplied by Apply
the motor and at what p.f. is it working?
A 400V, 50Hz, 3-Ø supply delivers 200KW at 0.7 p.f. lagging. It is desired to 5
9 bring the line p.f. to 0.9 by installing shunt capacitors. Calculate the
Apply
capacitance if they are (a) Star connected and (b) Delta connected.
JN

A 3-Ø, 500HP, 50Hz, 11KV star connected induction motor has a full load 5
efficiency of 85% at lagging p.f. of 0.75 and is connected to a feeder. If the
p.f. of load is desired to be corrected to 0.9 lagging, determine the following:
Analyze
(a) Size of the capacitor bank in KVAR and
10
(b) Capacitance of each unit if the capacitors are connected in delta as
well as in star.

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