Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details

Content Standard Performance Standard

The learner demonstrates

The learner independently drafts
understanding of concepts and
mechanical layout and details
underlying principles in drafting
following the job requirements.
mechanical layout and details.

Quarter IV Time Allotment: 24 hrs.

MODULE 7
Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details

Introduction

The objective of architectural design is to create an effective environmental

system. Structural thinking should be introduced at the early stages in the design
process. These will provide buildings and residential dwellings with mechanical and
other environmental subsystems to support horizontal and vertical movement of
men and materials. It also provides functional heating, ventilating, air conditioning
(HVAC) power, water and waste disposal. In addition, acoustical and lighting needs
are often influenced by structural design.
The requirements for provisions of heating, ventilation, air conditioning,
power, water and waste services can be visualized in the form of a tree diagram.
These services usually originate at a centralized location and trace their way
horizontally and vertically throughout the structure to serve the activity spaces.
The designer should be well versed with heating, ventilating, air conditioning
systems, as well as vertical transportation which include escalators and elevators.
This module familiarizes you on how to locate the machines, raceways,
wirings, motors, generations and the like in its proper places.

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Objectives:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:

 draft heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems layout;

 draft mechanical details of conveyor system; and
 draft fire protection systems
*****

At this point, you are

heading into meaningful
activities and learning
encounters. Complete the
exercises and answer the
suggested worksheets to
experience lifelong, practical
learning that awaits at the end
of this module.

ENJOY YOU R JOU RNEY!

Pre- assessment:

You will be challenged to dig deeper into your prior knowledge and previous
experiences about drafting mechanical layout details. This phase will guide you in
assessing yourself by answering questions that relate with the basics of drafting
mechanical lay-out and details.

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer in the
space provided to each number.
______1. It is the ability of materials to resist the transfer of heat.
a. Heat resistivity b. Latent heat c. Sensible heat d. Insulation
______2. Which lifts the car usually 3 to 8 in number and placed in parallel,
fastened to the top of the car?
a. hoist way b. elevator machine c. cables d. elevation
_______3. It is the heat energy required to change the state of a substance.
a. Heat resistivity b. Latent heat c. Sensible heat d. Insulation
______ 4. It turns the sheave and thus lifts or lowers the car.
a. hoist way b. elevator machine c. cables d. elevation

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______ 5. It is the heat in British thermal unit absorbed by a substance in

changing its temperature without its state.
a. Heat resistivity b. Latent heat c. Sensible heat d. Insulation
______ 6. It is typically referred to as a chiller plant.
a. chilled water system c. heat pump
b. window air conditioner d. cooling only packaged system
_______7. It is a material used to stop the transfer of heat.
a. Heat resistivity b. Latent heat c. Sensible heat d. Insulation
_______8. A window air conditioner typically installed in a window or custom
opening in a wall.
a. chilled water system c. heat pump
b. window air conditioner d. cooling only packaged system
_______9. It is the shaft or vertical passageway for the travel of the car and its
counterweights.
a. hoist way b. elevator machine c. cables d. elevation
______10. A special valve in the refrigeration piping that allows the refrigeration
cycle to be operated in reverse.
a. chilled water system c. heat pump
b. window air conditioner d. cooling only packaged system

Skills Evaluation

Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that you must gain
in order to draft a quality floor plan. On the right side of the matrix lists the skills
expected of you to master. Rate yourself by checking “Not much”, if you are not
so familiar yet, “A little” and/or “A lot”, if you are already familiar with the skills. Don’t
feel bad if you checked “Not Much” in all of the skills. Keep in mind that this is
being administered to determine your pre-entry knowledge of and skills on the
lesson to be presented.

Skills in drafting mechanical layout and details Not Much A little A lot
I can draft heating, ventilating and air-conditioning
systems according to Mechanical Code
I can indicate signs and symbols according to
mechanical layout and detail requirements

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Learning Goals and Targets:

After reading the introduction and carefully answering the pre assessment
skills test, you might have ideas of what you will be dealing with in this module.
Now prepare to set your goals and targets for this module by completing the activity
below. Write your answer in your notebook.

My goals are:

Goal 4

Goal 3

Goal 2

My targets are:

Target 1

Target 2

Target 3

Know
Lesson 1: Draft Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning Systems Layout

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) equipment perform

heating and/or cooling for residential, commercial or industrial buildings. The HVAC
system may also be responsible for providing fresh outdoor air to dilute interior
airborne contaminants such as odors from occupants, volatile organic compounds
(VOC’s) emitted from interior furnishings, chemicals used for cleaning, etc.

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Operational Definition of Terms

Adiabatic Saturation is the introduction of water into unsaturated air to
increase its humidity ratio.
Dew Point is the temperature at which an air-water mixture will become
saturated and begin to yield drops of condensed water.
Dry Bulb Temperature is the air-water vapor mixture as measured in the normal
way with a Fahrenheit Thermometer.
Enthalpy is the quantity of British thermal unit per minute in a fluid or gas.
Humidity Ratio is the weight of the actual water vapor in a mixture per pound
of dry air.
Latent Heat is the heat energy required to change the state of a substance.
Relative Humidity is the ratio which indicates the degree of saturation of the
air with water vapor.
Sensible Heat is the heat in British thermal unit absorbed by a substance in
changing its temperature without its state.
Thermal Conductivity is the amount of heat that flows from one face of a
material to another.
Heat Resistivity is the ability of materials to resist the transfer of heat.
Insulation is a material used to stop the transfer of heat.
R Value is a uniform rating of heat resistance that flows through building
materials. The higher the R number, the greater the resistance to heat
flow.

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Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)

Air conditioning
Air conditioning may be defined as the simultaneous control of air
temperature, humidity, motion and purity of air in a confined space.
Air Conditioning Systems
Air conditioning which is the process of controlling the physical properties of
air, maybe divided into 2 general classes:
1. Air Conditioning for human comfort
2. Process air conditioning
Comfort air conditioning is a modern method of controlling the temperature
and humidity of air in an enclosed space so that it will give comfort to the majority
of the occupants of the space.
Process air conditioning is concerned with producing an air condition within
an enclosed space that is most favorable to the manufacturing operation being
conducted in that space.
In general, comfort air-conditioning maybe defined as the simultaneous and
automatic control of temperature humidity, and air motion so that the greatest

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feeling of comfort is produced for the largest number of people. Air conditioning
consists of cooling the air, dehumidifying it, and placing the air in motion. Cooling
the air requires refrigeration, while dehumidifying the air requires either
refrigeration or chemical treatment.

How does an Air Conditioner work?

An air conditioner cools and dehumidifies the air as it passes over a cold
coil surface. The indoor coil is an air-to-liquid heat exchanger with rows of tubes
that pass the liquid through the coil. Finned surfaces connected to these tubes
increase the overall surface area of the cold surface thereby increasing the heat
transfer characteristics between the air passing over the coil and liquid passing
through the coil. The type of liquid used depends on the system selected. Direct-
expansion (DX) equipment uses refrigerant as the liquid medium. Chilled-water
(CW) can also be used as a liquid medium. When the required temperature of a
chilled water system is near the freezing point, freeze protection is added in the
form of glycols or salts. Regardless of the liquid medium used, the liquid is
delivered to the cooling coil at a cold temperature.

Functions of air conditioning systems are:

1. Cooling and dehumidifying air

2. Heating and humidifying air
3. Cleaning of air (Filtration)

Circulation of Air Conditioning Standards

1. Heating and Humidifying
A relative humidity of 30 to 35 percent is found most satisfactory in winter.
With this proportion a temperature from 70˚to 75˚F (21.1˚-23.9˚) is comfortable.

2. Cooling and Dehumidifying

For summer cooling, temperature of 76˚ to 80˚F (24.4˚C-26.6˚C) and 50
percent relative humidity are frequent design average.

3. Air Motion
A gentle motion of air produces a refreshing and stimulating effect. The
velocity should average 15 to 25 ft. per minute measured 36 inches above the floor.

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Upward System of Air Conditioning of Theatre

Here, the advantage

is that there is a
draft air when the
supply air enters
inside which is
inconvenient to the
audience.

This is more
convenient than
upward method
because the supply air
is mixed first to warm
air before reaching the
audience

4. Air Supply
Many codes require about 30 cu. ft. per min. per person. Since the indoor
air is recirculated and reused in air conditioning, a smaller amount of air is required,
5 to 10 cu. ft. per person is sufficient.

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Detailed construction of a centralized air conditioning duct system

(a)

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(b)

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(c)

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(d)

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(e)

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(f)

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(g)

Types of Air Conditioning (AC) systems

Cooling Only Split-System

A split system is a combination of an indoor air handling unit and an outdoor

condensing unit. The indoor air handling unit contains a supply air fan and an air-
to-refrigerant heat exchanger (or cooling coil), and the expansion device. The
outdoor condensing unit consists of a compressor and a condenser coil. Split-
systems are typically found in residential or small commercial buildings.

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These systems have the highest Energy Efficiency Rating (EER) of all the
available AC systems. Manufacturers are required to take the EER rating and
provide a Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating (SEER) for use by consumers. SEER
ratings vary widely and range from 10 to 20. The higher the SEER rating, the more
efficient the AC system operates. If heating is required, an alternate method of
heating the interior of the building must be used, usually in the form of electric or
gas heating.

Cooling Only Packaged System

A cooling only packaged system is a single unit combining all the

components described in the split system. Since the unit is a package, it must be
placed outside the building and indoor air is “ducted” from the building to the
packaged system and back through an air distribution system. These units typically
have SEER rating from 10 to 18. If heating is required, an alternate method of
heating the interior of the building must be used, usually in the form of electric or
gas heating.

Heat Pump

Heat pumps are similar to cooling only systems with one exception. A
special valve in the refrigeration piping allows the refrigeration cycle to be operated
in reverse. It cools the indoor air and ejects heat to the outdoors. A heat pump can
also cool the indoor air, but when the valve is reversed, the indoor air is heated.

Chilled Water System

In a chilled water system, liquid water is pumped throughout the building to

“chilled water coils”. Since the liquid water needs to be at a cold temperature, a
“cooling plant” is required. The plant is typically referred to as a chiller plant. Vapor
compression equipment in the plant, cools the water to a cold temperature and
pump the cold water to air-to-water heat exchangers where needed.

Window Air Conditioners

A window air conditioner is typically installed in a window or custom opening

in a wall. The Window AC can only cool small areas and are not intended to provide
cooling to multiple rooms or zones. These air conditioners are manufactured as
cool only or can provide both cooling and heating.

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Packaged Terminal Heat Pump

Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHP) are similar to a window-mounted air

conditioner. These units are typically installed in a sleeve passing through the
outdoor wall of an apartment, hotel, school classroom, etc. PTHPs are completely
self contained and require only an electrical connection in addition to the opening
in the building shell. They use the outdoor air as the heat source in winter and as
a heat sink in summer. They can also provide ventilation air. Flexibility and lower
installed cost are the primary advantages of the PTHP. Disadvantages include in-
room maintenance, higher operating cost, relatively short life, imprecise "on-off"
temperature control, and they can be rather noisy.

Controlling humidity with an AC system

Humidity is becoming more of a concern to building operators and owners.

High indoor humidity leads to mold and mildew growth inside the building. There
are several methods of controlling indoor humidity. The simplest (and most
expensive) method is to connect a humidistat to an electric heater. When the
humidity inside the building rises above the humidistat set point, the heater is
turned on. The additional heat causes the air conditioning system to run longer and
remove more moisture.

Comfort requires more than just providing warmth in rainy season or

coolness in summer. True comfort means a correct temperature, correct humidity
or amount of moisture in the air, and clean, fresh, odorless air.

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Process

Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions.

1. What is HVAC?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

2. How does an AC work?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

3. What are the Air Conditioning Standards?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

4. What types of AC systems are available?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

5. How is humidity controlled with an AC system?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.

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Test I. Direction: Fill in the blanks with the correct answers and write it on a
separate sheet of paper.

1._______________ is defined as the simultaneous control of air temperature,

humidity, motion and purity of air in a confined space.
2. A relative humidity of ____________ percent is found most satisfactory in
winter.
3. A gentle motion of ______________ produces a refreshing and stimulating
effect.
4. For summer cooling, temperature of _______ (24.4˚C-26.6˚C) and ______
percent relative humidity are frequent design average.
5. The indoor air is recirculated and reused in _______________, a smaller
amount of air is required, 5 to 10 cu. ft. per person is sufficient.

Test II. Direction: Give the entities being asked:

1-2 Kinds of air conditioning system

3-7 Elements of the central system of air-conditioning

8-10 Functions of air conditioning system

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Know

Air Conditioning Equipment and Controls

An air conditioning system has the following equipment and controls

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1. Compressors
Compressors used are of two types:
a. Reciprocating is commonly referred to as piston type
b. Centrifugal refers to two rotary type compressors
For up to 100 tons, reciprocating units are used because centrifugal
compressors are not manufactured in these sizes.

2. Condensers
Condensers used for liquefying have three general designs:
a. Air cooled condensers
Air cooled condensers are seldom used for capacities
above 3 tons of refrigeration unless an adequate water supply
is extremely difficult to obtain. The principal disadvantages of
this kind are the high power cost and the reduction of capacity
on hot days.
The conventional air-cooled condenser consists of the
condenser coil, compressor, and condenser fan with motor,
crankcase, heater, controls, service valves and filter drier.
b. Water-Cooled condensers
Water cooled condensers are of three types:
1. Double pipe condenser

Also double-tube type consists of two tubes, one

inside the other. Water is supplied through the inner
tube. The refrigerant is passed through a tube that
encloses the inner tube. Refrigerant flows in the
opposite direction than water.

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2. Shell and tube condensers – Shell-and-tube

condensers are the
largest power version
with a water-cooled
condensers with a
capacity from 10 up to
10 000 tons. They work
on the same principle of
" Shell-and-Coils,
capacitors; i.e., with
water flowing inside the pipes refrigerant flows
outside the tube. You could tell these types that
the water on the side of the tube condensers,
while the refrigerant in the shell side

3. Shell and coil condensers - Shell-and-Coils,

capacitors
have a welded
or flanged
outer shell with
a coil inside
are made of
ribbed water
tube. Coil
inside the shell
is continuous. Water flows through pipes of the
coil, while the refrigerant flows above and
beyond. The outer surface of the heat
exchanger tubes and fins are in contact with the
refrigerant. This is a vertical Shell-and-the
condenser Coil. This can also be done in a
horizontal position.

Water cooled condensing units are provided

with cooling towers usually located on the roof of the
building
c. Evaporative Condensers
This type of condenser makes use of both air and water
for cooling and is available in sizes up to 100 tons or more. It
is applicable in areas where there is a high cost of water for
condenser purposes. However, it uses only 3 to 5 percent of
the amount if the condenser is entirely water cooled.

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 Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details

3. Evaporation and Coolers

A conventional evaporator of an air-conditioning system includes a
evaporator coil, blowers, motors, control and filter.
There are several methods used for cooling in air conditioning:
a. Direct evaporative cooling - (open circuit) is used to lower the
temperature of air by using latent heat of evaporation, changing liquid
water to water vapor. In this process, the energy in the air does not
change. Warm dry air is changed to cool moist air.
b. Indirect evaporative cooling - (closed circuit) is similar to direct
evaporative cooling but uses some type of heat exchanger. The cooled
moist air never comes in direct contact with the conditioned air.
c. Hybrid - Direct and Indirect cooling has been combined with vapor-
compression or absorption air conditioning to increase the overall
efficiency and /or to reduce the temperature below the wet-bulb limit.

4. Air cleaning equipment

Air may contain large quantities of dust, cinders, soot, smoke, fumes, pollen,
grit, bacteria and odor. These contaminating elements in the air are removed by
filtration and by air washing.
Air-conditioning filters are of different types:
a. Dry-filter consists of wire frames or panels, enclosing felt, cotton, batting,
cellulose pockets through which the air is screened.
b. Viscous filters consists of a series of metal deflecting plates or screens
coated with viscous oil coming in contact with these surfaces. The air flow
is abruptly changed in direction and the dust is trapped in the oil film and
remains there.
c. Automatic viscous filters. It is a system consisting of two endless vertical
filter curtains with a denser front curtain and passes downward through an
oil reservoir with the rear curtain catching entrained oil in the air.
d. Electric precipitators. Consists of a positive electric field and negative
grounded tubes which serves to remove from the air the fine dusts, mists,
unburned particles in smoke and other matters which would pass through
the dry and viscous filters.

5. Fans - Fans used in Air-Conditioning are of two tubes:

a. Centrifugal Fans (Radial Type of Fan)
The air enters at one side near the axis of the wheel
and is discharged radially through the outlet placed at a
tangent to the wheel.
b. Propeller Fans (Axial Type of Fan)
The air enters at the rear of the fan and emerges at the
front in a line parallel to the axis of rotation.
6. Air Outlets - An important step in efficient space comfort conditioning is the
proper selection of air outlets. This section presents generalized descriptions and
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characteristics of the types of grilles, registers and diffusers commonly used in

commercial air distribution applications today.
a. Grilles and Registers - The term grille is commonly
applied to any air outlet or intake that consists of a square or
rectangular face and neck and whose facial appearance is made
up of stationary or adjustable louvers which may be used to
deflect the air. A register is simply a grille which incorporates an
integral damper for air volume control. Supply grilles and
registers usually have adjustable louvers and are available in
single or double deflection models.
b. Linear Bar Grille - The linear bar grille is normally used
where an architectural blend of the grille to its surroundings is
required.
c. Linear Slot Diffuser - Linear slot diffusers incorporate
adjustable pattern controllers in a multi‑slot configuration. Slot
sizes are available in ½ in. [13 mm], ¾ in. [19 mm] or 1 in. [25
mm] widths with a choice of one to ten slots. Adjustable pattern
controllers allow horizontal left, horizontal right or vertical
discharge for maximum flexibility.
d. Round Ceiling Diffuser - Round ceiling diffusers
consist of several concentric cones suspended below the ceiling
line by an outer cone.
e. Square Ceiling Diffuser - Square ceiling diffusers
consist of several concentric square cones and a round neck.
f. Louver Face Diffuser - Louver face diffusers are
available with a square or rectangular face composed of a fixed
modular core.
g. Round Plaque Diffuser - Round plaque diffusers
consist of a plaque mounted inside an outer frame with a round
inlet.
h. Square Plaque Diffusers - Square plaque diffusers
are comprised of a square plaque situated in a backpan with a
round inlet.
i. Perforated Ceiling Diffuser - Perforated ceiling
diffusers are available with a square or rectangular face supplied
through a round or square neck.
j. Radial/Twist Diffusers - Radial/twist diffusers consist
of a circular or square face with multiple air vanes, either fixed or
adjustable, and a round neck.
k. Plenum Slot Diffuser - These diffusers consist of a
factory fabricated plenum with integral pattern controllers for
vertical or horizontal air pattern adjustment.

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Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details

l. Light Troffer Diffuser - Light troffer diffusers are

designed to integrate with commercially available light fixtures in
suspended ceiling systems.

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7. Control Equipment
Air conditioning equipment and devices are of different kinds. These maybe:
a. Sensing Device. Consists of the following:
1. Thermostats
2. Humidistats
3. Pressure Regulations
b. Actuating Devices
1. Dampers
2. Control Valves
3. Relays
c. Indicators

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Air Conditioning Symbols

The air-conditioning layout is drafted on plans. The following are the
approved acronyms:

ACRONYM MEANING
ACCU Air- cooled condensing unit.
WCCA Water-cooled
CT Cooling Tower
ATC Automatic Temperature Control
CAC Central Air Conditioner
FCU Fan Coil Unit
AHU Air Handling Unit
HVAC Heating and Ventilating Air Conditioner
PAC Package Air Conditioner
RAC Room – Air-Conditioner
TR Tons of Refrigeration

Process

Test I. Form the pool of words below, label each of the equipment and controls in
an air conditioning system.
condenser evaporation and coolers air cleaning equipment air outlets
control equipment Fans compressor condenser coil
evaporator coil blower partition front grille
adjustable louvers thermostat sensor control panel

1. 2. 3
4
5

12

11 7

10 9 370 8
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Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details

Test II. Write the functions of each part.

1. Compressor
2. Condenser
3. Evaporation and Coolers
4. Air cleaning equipment
5. Fans
6. Air Outlets
7. Control Equipment

Test III. Direction: Give the meaning of the following acronyms/symbols.

Write the answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. HVAC -
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________

2. FCU -
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________

3. CAC -
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________

4. CT -
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________

5. ACCU -
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________

Test II. Enumeration: Enumerate the methods used for cooling in air
conditioning and describe each briefly.

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HVAC Conventions

Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning equipment is drawn on floor plans

using symbols. They show the location and tube of equipment, movement of hot
and cool air and water. The location of horizontal ducts is shown by outlining the
position of the duct. The flow of air through the ducts is indicated by an arrow. Air
flow coming from the heating-cooling unit is shown by an arrow pointing out from
the diffusers. Return air is indicated by an arrow pointing into the duct.

Climate Control Methods and Heat Transfer

Heat is transferred from a warm to a cool surface by:

1. Radiation is the heat that flows to a cooler surface through space in the
same manner light travels.
2. Convection is a warm surface that heats the air, the warm air rises and cool
air moves in to take its place causing a convection current
3. Conduction is the heat that moves through a solid material, the denser the
material the better it will conduct heat.

Heat loss or gain is the amount of heat that passes through the exterior
surface of a building. Thermal conductivity is the amount of heat that flows from
one face of a material, through the material, and to the opposite face. It is defined

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also as the amount of heat transfer through a 1-Sq.Foot area, 1 inch thick with a
temperature difference of 1 degree Fahrenheit.
The unit of measurement for heat is Btu (British thermal unit) which is the
unit of heat needed to raise the temperature on 1 pound of water 1 degree
Fahrenheit.
Resistivity is the ability of materials to resist the transfer of heat while
insulation is the material used to stop the transfer of heat, block moisture, stop
sound, resist fire and resist insects.

Some kinds of insulating materials are:

1. Flexible Bat
2. Flexible Blanket
3. Loose Fill Reflective Material
4. Rigid Board
5. Additives
6. Spray on
7. Corrugated Paper
8. Surface Air Film

Conventional Heating Systems

The two most efficient types of heating systems are:

1. Perimeter heating refers to the heat outlets that are located on the outside
walls of the rooms.
2. Radiant heating functions by heating an area of the wall, ceiling or floor.

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Sample of Heating Ventilating Air conditioning System Layout

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Sample Residential HVAC System Layout

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Reflect and Understand

Direction: Draft a residential HVAC Layout from the floor plan specified in below
and give details on the following:
a. Dimensions
b. Specification of materials to be used

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Transfer
I. Direction: Draw a diagrammatic Air conditioning layout based on the specified
floor plan on given above. Be sure to include specifications such as:
a. Bill of Materials
b. Time Schedule

II. Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer and write it on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. It is the heating of an area of the wall, ceiling or floor.
a. radiant heating b. perimeter heating c. solar heating
2. It is the heating through outlets located on the outside walls of the rooms.
a. radiant heating b. perimeter heating c. solar heating
3. It is the unit of measurement for heat.
a. BTU b. watts c. kilowatts
4. It is the material used to stop the transfer of heat,
blocks moisture, stops sound, resists fire and insects.
a. conductor b. conduit c. insulation
5. It is the ability of materials to resist the transfer of heat.
a. friction b. resistivity c. insulation
6. The heat that flows to a cooler surface through space in the
same manner light travels.
a. conduction b. convection c. radiation
7. The heat that moves through a solid material, the denser he material, the
better it will conduct heat.
a. conduction b. convection c. radiation
8. Warm surface heats the air on it, as the warmed air rises the cool air moves
in to take its place.
a. conduction b. convection c. radiation
9. The amount of heat that passes through the exterior surface of
a building.
a. heat loss or heat gain b. Btu c. watts
10. The amount of heat that flows from one face of a material,
through the material, and to the opposite face
a. friction b. resistivity c. thermal conductivity
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Know
Lesson 2: Draft Mechanical Details of Conveyor Systems

A conveyor system is often the lifeline to a company’s ability to effectively

move its product in a timely fashion. The steps that a company can take to ensure
that it performs at peak capacity, include regular inspections, close monitoring of
motors and reducers, keeping key parts in stock, and proper training of personnel.
Increasing the service life of your conveyor system involves: choosing the
right conveyor type, the right system design and paying attention to regular
maintenance practices.
A conveyor system that is designed properly will last a long time with
proper maintenance. Here are six of the biggest problems to watch for in
overhead type conveyor systems including I-beam monorails, enclosed track
conveyors and power and free conveyors.

Assessment Criteria:

1. Elevators, escalators, dumbwaiter and moving ramps systems are drawn

in accordance with the Mechanical Code of the Philippines
2. Drawing details are drawn according to architectural requirements

SKILLS EVALUATION

Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that you must gain
in order to draft a quality floor plan. On the right side of the matrix lists the skills
expected of you to master. Rate yourself by checking “Not much”, if you are not
so familiar yet, “A little” and/or “A lot”, if you are already familiar with the skills. Don’t
feel bad if you checked “Not Much” in all of the skills. Keep in mind that this is
being administered to determine your pre-entry knowledge of and skills on the
lesson to be presented.

Skills in drafting mechanical details of Not Much A little A lot

conveyor system
 I can layout draw elevator, escalators,
dumbwaiter and moving ramp systems
according to Mechanical Code
 I can draw details of mechanical conveyor
system according to mechanical layout and
details requirements

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Learning Goals and Targets:

After reading the introduction and carefully answering the pre assessment
instrument, you might have ideas of what you will be dealing with in this module.
Now prepare to set your goals and targets for this module by completing the activity
below. Write your answer in your notebook.

My goals are:

Goal 4
Goal 3
Goal 2
Goal 1

My targets are:

Target 1

Target 2

Target 3

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Know

Escalators, Conveyors, and Elevators

An escalator is a moving stairway, thus it is sometimes called a moving

stairway or an electric stairway. There are two classes of escalators available – the
32 inches and 48 inches. The normal speed is 90 Ft/Min. (FPM) the 120 FPM
speed is used for express escalators. Angle of inclination is normally 30˚.

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Components of an Escalator Installation

The major components of an escalator installation are:
a. Truss is a welded steel frame which supports the moving stairway
equipment.
b. Track refers to steel angles attached to the truss on which the step rollers
are guided, thus controlling the motion of the steps.
c. Controller consists of contactors, relay and a circuit breaker.
d. Sprocket Assemblies, Chains and Machine provide the motive power for
the unit.
e. Handrail is driven by two sheaves and is powdered from the top sprocket
assembly.
f. The balustrade assembly.

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Arrangements of Escalators
There are generally two types of arrangements employed in an escalators
design.

a. Parallel Arrangement
b. Crisscross Arrangement

The crisscross arrangement is generally favored because of lower cost,

minimum floor space occupied and lower structural requirement.

Moving Walks and Ramps

Moving walks and ramps are different from moving stairways. While moving
stairways(Escalators) have the primary function of moving a large number of
people vertically, moving walk or ramp serves a dual function, that is, horizontal
transportation only, or a combined function of horizontal and vertical transportation
not only of people but also of wheeled vehicles and large parcels.

By definition, a moving walk is one with an inclination not exceeding 5

degrees, where the principal function is horizontal motion and inclined motion is
incidental to the horizontal.

A moving ramp is a device with an inclination limited to 15 degrees where

vertical motion is as important, or more so, than the horizontal component.

Elevators
An elevator or lift (in British English) is a vertical transport vehicle that
efficiently moves people or goods between floors of a building. They are generally
powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables and counterweight
systems, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston.

Lifts began as simple rope or chain hoists. A lift is essentially a platform that
is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern day lift consists of
a cab (also called a "cage" or "car") mounted on a platform within an enclosed
space called a shaft or sometimes a "hoist way". In the past, lift drive mechanisms
were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons. In a "traction" lift, cars are
pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly
called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced with a
counterweight. Sometimes two lifts always move synchronously in opposite
directions, and they are each other's counterweight. The friction between the ropes
and the pulley furnishes the traction which gives this type of lift its name.

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Passenger Elevators
Passenger elevators are used to carry passenger traffic in buildings where
several peak periods occur each day. Residential elevators may be small enough
to only accommodate one person while some are large enough for more than a
dozen. Wheelchair, or platform lifts, a specialized type of elevator designed to
move a wheelchair 6 ft (1.8 m) or less, often can accommodate just one person in
a wheelchair at a time with a load of 1000 lb (455 kg).

The elements of an electrical elevator installation are:

1. Hoistway is the shaft or vertical passageway for the travel of the car and its
counterweights.
2. Elevator Car is a cage of light metal supported on a structural frame to the
top member of which the cables are fastened. The car is fixed on its vertical
travel in the shaft by means of rail shoes on the guide rails.
3. Cables which lift the car usually 3 to 8 in number are placed in parallel, the
weight of the car is being equally distributed over the cables which are
fastened to the top of the car by cables sockets.
4. Elevator Machine turns the sheave and thus lifts or lowers the car. In most
modern installations, the electric driving motor receives its energy from a
separate motor- generator set.
5. Machine Room is the place where the elevators machine is housed, usually
directly above the elevator shaft or hoistway.
6. Counterweights are rectangular blocks of cast iron stacked in one frame
which is supported at the opposite ends of the cables to which the car is
fastened.
7. Guide Rails are the vertical tracks that guide the car and its counter weight.
8. Control Equipment is a combination of push buttons contacts, relays, cams
and devices which are operated manually or automatically to initiate door
opening, starting, acceleration, leveling and stopping of the car.
9. Safety Devices include:
a. Main Brake is mounted directly on the shaft of the elevator machine.
b. Safety System is controlled by the speed governor mounted on or
near the elevator machine.
c. Electrical Final Limit Switches de-energize the traction motor and
set the main brake if the car over travels.
d. Oil or Spring Buffers are always placed in the elevators pit. Their
purpose is not to stop a falling car but to bring it to a partially
cushioned stop if it over travels the lower terminal.

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Elevators Machines
Two types of elevator machines
a. Gearless Traction Machine
b. Geared Traction Machine.

Systems of Elevator Operation and Supervision

There are three systems of operation involved with elevators. These are:
a. Single Automatic Push Button Control. This is the simplest since it
handles only one call at a time, providing for an uninterrupted trip for each
call.
b. Collective Control. It is arranged to collect all waiting “up” calls on the trip
up and all waiting “Down” calls on the trip down, the control system “store”
all calls until they are answered and automatically reverses the direction of
travel at the highest and lowest calls.
c. Electronic Group Supervisory Dispatching and Control. Under this
system, the entire group or bank of cars in a given group of elevators is in
automatic operation at peak periods; and automatically shuts down
successively as the number of car passengers become very low and
electronic control system performs all commands, thus no operator is
needed.

Kinds of Elevators
There are different kinds of elevations as to their purpose these are:
1. Freight Elevators. They are of two types.
a. General Purpose Freight Elevator
b. Light Duty Freight Elevators
c. Sidewalk Elevators
2. Dumbwaiters – they are small freight for the transport of relatively small
articles between levels.
3. Plunger Elevators. These are oil – hydraulic elevators which are raised
and lowered by means of a movable rod rigidly fixed at the bottom of the
car. The system is hydraulic and operates the same as a hydraulic jack

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Standard Bed Elevators

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Process

Test I. Multiple Choice.

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. It is sometimes called a moving stairway or an electric stairway.
a. elevator b. escalator c. conveyor
2. It is used to carry passenger traffic in buildings.
a. elevator b. escalator c. conveyor
3. It is the standard angle of inclination of an elevator.
a. 30˚ b. 60˚ c. 90˚
4. Normal speed of an escalator
a. 90 Ft/Min. (FPM) b. 100 Ft/Min. (FPM) c.80 Ft/Min. (FPM)
5. A vertical transport vehicle that efficiently moves people or goods between
floors of a building.
a. elevator b. escalator c. conveyor

Test II. Enumeration.

Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1-3 Systems of Elevator Operation and Supervision
4-5 Types of elevator machines

Reflect and Understand

Direction:
a. Draft the existing illustrated sample plan on:
1. Standard Bed Elevator
2. Elevator Hoist way Roof Detail
3. Elevator Hoist way Corner Detail
4. Elevator Vertical Wall Joint Detail
5. Elevator Hoist way Flashing Detail
5. Section View for Hole less Jack System

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Transfer

Summative Test
I. Practice Activity: Direction: Perform the following:
a. Draft a standard a Sample Bed Elevator as shown below:

b. Create a draftsman portfolio for the following:

1. Standard Bed Elevator
2. Elevator Hoist way Roof Detail
3. Elevator Hoist way Corner Detail
4. Elevator Vertical Wall Joint Detail
5. Elevator Hoist way Flashing Detail
6. Section View for Hole less Jack System
- with suggested improvement on the design and efficiency.

Know

Lesson 3. Draft Fire Protection Systems

An objective conceptual planning is to create an environment in which the
user can be as safe as possible. Many of the accidents that frequently occur in
homes, schools, offices and elsewhere are due to the facility design and to user
errors. Safety considerations applicable to all architectural systems must be
considered such as fire protection and alarm system. The provision of fire sprinkler
and alarm as embodied in the National Building Code and Fire Code of the
Philippines should be implemented.

Skills Evaluation

Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that you must gain
in order to draft a quality floor plan. On the right side of the matrix lists the skills
expected of you to master. Rate yourself by checking “Not much”, if you are not
so familiar yet, “A little” and/or “A lot”, if you are already familiar with the skills. Don’t
feel bad if you checked “Not Much” in all of the skills. Keep in mind that this is
being administered to determine your pre-entry knowledge of and skills on the
lesson to be presented.

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Skills in drafting fire protection system Not Much A little A lot

 I can draw fire sprinkler plan according to Fire
Code
 I can draw signs and symbols of fire protection
systems according to fire protection
requirements

Learning Goals and Targets:

After reading the introduction and carefully answering the pre assessment
instrument, you might have ideas of what you will be dealing with in this module.
Now prepare to set your goals and targets for this module by completing the activity
below. Write your answer in your notebook.

My goals are:
Goal 4

Goal 3
Goal 2

Goal 1

My targets are:

Target 1

Target 2

Target 3

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Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details

Know

Requirements for fire safety:

a. There must be at least two means of exit in every residential room
(such as a doorway or window).
b. Exit doors must be at least 0.60 m wide.
c. Occupied rooms must be accessible.
d. All door locking devices must be easily disengaged from the inside by
quick release catches.
e. The path of travel from any room to an exit must not be through
another room subject to locking.
f. Passages from sleeping rooms to exits must be at least 0.90 wide.
g. Stairs must be at least 0.90 m wide.
h. Every sleeping room must have at least a window which
can be easily opened from the inside.
i. Storm windows, screens, burglar guards must have quick
opening devices.
j. Combustion heaters and stoves must not be located to
block escape in case of malfunction.

Building Classifications
Building code requirements vary as to such factors as type of occupancy,
building contents, type of construction, location and fire extinguishing system. The
code permits “trade offs” between these classifications with the goal of obtaining
public safety as can.

Classification by Occupancy
1. Assembly
2. Educational
3. Institutional
4. Residential
5. Mercantile
6. Offices
7. Industrial
8. Storage

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Classification by Content
1. Ordinary Hazard Content
2. Extra Hazard Content
3. Light Hazard Content

Classification by construction type

Type I – Fire resistive construction
Type II – Heavy timber construction
Type III – Non combustible construction
Type IV – Ordinary construction
Type V – Wood frame construction

Classification by location
Buildings constructed in closely packed communities are threat to the
general public than buildings located in an open area. Thereof, building codes
establish fire limits or fire zones within the limits of a fire zone. All buildings must
be designed so that a fire will remain contained.

Fire Extinguishing System

Building codes often require automatic water-sprinkler systems, for they
give excellent fire protection in all types of buildings.

A sprinkler system consists of a network of piping placed under the ceiling.

It is provided with a number of nozzles called sprinklers when activated, the
sprinklers spray water in a hemispherical pattern.

Types of Sprinkler Systems

1. Fixed Temperature System is classified into two kinds:
a. Wet Pipe refers to when water is stored in the piping
b. Dry Pipe refers to when no water is in the pipe
2. Rate-of-Rise Sprinkler System. Detectors open valves upon any abnormal
increase of temperature. It is also classified as:
a. Deluge System is used for extra hazard condition
b. Pre – Action System is used to reduce the possibility of accidental
water damage

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Sprinkler Layout
The layout of a sprinkler system is classified into three types:
1. Light hazard is where protection area per sprinkler does not exceed 200
sq.ft.
2. Ordinary hazard is where protection area per sprinkler does not exceed
130 sq. ft.
3. Extra hazard is where protection area per sprinkler does not exceed 90
sq.ft.

Standpipes are vertical water pipes with fire-hose outlets at each floor. They
are located so that any fire can be reached by a stream from not more 75’ of small
hose or 100’ of large hose.

Process
Test I. Direction: Write A if the statement is correct and write B if is not. Use a
separate sheet of paper.
1. There must be at least two means of exit in every residential room.
2. Exit doors must be at least 0.30 m wide.
3. Passages from sleeping rooms to exits must be at least 0.40 m wide.
4. Every sleeping room must have at least a window which can be easily
opened from the inside.
5. Storm windows, screens, burglar guards must have quick opening
devices.

Test II. Direction: Group each of the words from the pool below to classify
them according to:

Fire Resistive Industrial

Educational Heavy timber
Ordinary Hazard Residential Offices
Extra Hazard Non-combustible Ordinary

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Content Occupancy Construction

Type
__________ __________ __________
__________ __________ __________
__________ __________ __________
__________ __________
__________

Reflect and Understand

Part I. Drafting the fire protection systems.

Direction: Using the only one floor plan floor plan, draft each of the fire
protection systems with color coding suggested below:

a. Fire sprinkler system – RED

b. Fire standpipes system – GREEN
c. Diagram connecting fixtures – YELLOW
d. Diagram connecting water source – BLUE

Transfer

Summative Test
I. Drafting Fire Protection Systems
Directions. Locate/indicate the following and draft Fire Protection System based
on the floor plan specified below:
1. Fire sprinklers.
2. Standpipes
3. Finalize the fire sprinkler system by drawing a diagram connecting the
fixtures.
4. Finalize the fire protection system by drawing a diagram connecting the
fixtures from the water source.

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Post-Assessment

Answer the post assessment below to determine whether

there is significant increase in your understanding of Drafting
Mechanical Layout and Details. The feedback to this post
assessment is appended on page ____
Good Luck!

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer in the
space provided to each number.
______1. It is the ability of materials to resist the transfer of heat.
a. Heat resistivity b. Latent heat c. Sensible heat d. Insulation
______2. Which lifts the car usually 3 to 8 in number and placed in parallel,
fastened to the top of the car?
a. hoist way b. elevator machine c. cables d. elevation
_______3. It is the heat energy required to change the state of a substance.
a. Heat resistivity b. Latent heat c. Sensible heat d. Insulation
______ 4. It turns the sheave and thus lifts or lowers the car.
a. hoist way b. elevator machine c. cables d. elevation
______ 5. It is the heat in British thermal unit absorbed by a substance in
changing its temperature without its state.
a. Heat resistivity b. Latent heat c. Sensible heat d. Insulation
______ 6. It is typically referred to as a chiller plant.
a. Chilled water system c. Heat pump
b. Window air conditioner d. Cooling only packaged system

_______7. It is a material used to stop the transfer of heat.

a. Heat resistivity b. Latent heat c. Sensible heat d. Insulation
_______8. A window air conditioner typically installed in a window or custom
opening in a wall.
a. Chilled water system c. Heat pump
b. Window air conditioner d. Cooling only packaged system

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_______9. It is the shaft or vertical passageway for the travel of the car and its
counterweights.
a. hoist way b. elevator machine c. cables d. elevation
______10. A special valve in the refrigeration piping that allows the refrigeration
cycle to be operated in reverse.
a. Chilled water system c. Heat pump
b. Window air conditioner d. Cooling only packaged
system

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