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A Review of Classical and Operant Conditioning

Classical and operant conditioning are two types of learning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response, while operant conditioning associates behaviors with consequences. Both involve acquisition of behavior, extinction when the stimuli or consequences stop, and spontaneous recovery after rest. Generalization and discrimination are also important concepts. Reinforcement encourages behavior through rewards, while punishment discourages behavior. Schedules of reinforcement like fixed and variable ratios impact behavior. Observational learning involves imitating behaviors observed.

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59 views

A Review of Classical and Operant Conditioning

Classical and operant conditioning are two types of learning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response, while operant conditioning associates behaviors with consequences. Both involve acquisition of behavior, extinction when the stimuli or consequences stop, and spontaneous recovery after rest. Generalization and discrimination are also important concepts. Reinforcement encourages behavior through rewards, while punishment discourages behavior. Schedules of reinforcement like fixed and variable ratios impact behavior. Observational learning involves imitating behaviors observed.

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A Review of Classical and Operant Conditioning

Types of Learning:
Classical​ = an association is made between two stimuli

Operant​ = an association made between a behavior and a consequence

Observational​ = behavior is the result of imitation or experience

A comparison of classical and operant conditioning

Classical Conditioning: (PAVLOV)

Acquisition​: Learning begins with an association between a CS and a UCS


(The bell introduces the food and the dog salivates to the bell only)

Extinction​: The behavior stops when the CS no longer introduces the UCS.
(The dog no longer salivates to the sound of the bell since no food is presented with the
bell)

Spontaneous The behavior resumes when the CS again is presented with the UCS after
​Recovery: extinction and a rest period.
(The dog again salivates to the bell alone)

Generalization​: A CR occurs to any stimulus that is similar to the original CS.


(The dog responds to any bell similar to the one first presented).

Discrimination:​ A CR only occurs to a certain stimuli even if similar to the original CS


(The dog only responds to certain bells or the first one presented)

Operant Conditioning: (SKINNER)

Acquisition​: Learning occurs when a behavior is rewarded or punished.


(A child is given a dollar for a good grade.)

Extinction​: The behavior stops when the consequences stop


(The child stops making good grades since there is no reward.)

Spontaneous The behavior resumes after extinction and a rest period when a consequence is again
Recovery​: presented with the behavior.
(The child resumes making good grades fro getting a dollar.)

Generalization​: The behavior occurs to any reward similar to the original reward.
(The child makes good grades for a dollar or a quarter)

Discrimination:​ The behavior occurs only to the original reward.


(The child makes good grades for a dollar, but not for a quarter)
Important terms associated with Operant Conditioning:

Shaping

Latent Learning

Cognitive Maps

Overjustification Effect

A COMPARISON OF REINFORCEMENT VS. PUNISHMENT

Reinforcement (encourages a Punishment (discourages a


behavior) behavior)
Positive (giving A piece of candy for buckling A spanking for ​not ​buckling
something) seatbelt your seatbelt
Negative (taking The buzzing sound stops when Losing car access for ​not
something away) you buckle your seatbelt buckling your seatbelt

Consequences can be ​primary​ (innately satisfying; chocolate) or ​secondary​ (learned to be satisfying,


money). It can also be ​continuous​ or ​partial​ (intermittent)

Partial Schedules of Reinforcement

Ratio schedules (numbers) vs. _ Interval schedules (timing​)

Fixed ratio​: rewards offered after a set number of responses.


(Being paid per item you sew, factory quotas)

Variable ratio: rewards offered after an unpredictable number of responses


(slot machines, hitting in a batting cage)

Fixed interval: rewards offered after a fixed time period.


(semester grades, monthly paychecks)

Variable interval:​ rewards offered after varying time periods.


(pop quizzes, arrival of the mail, fishing)

Observational Learning (BANDURA)

Prosocial Behavior​: imitating positive behaviors (role modeling)

Antisocial Behavior:​ imitating negative behaviors (Bobo Doll Experiment)

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