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EEC 123 Practical PDF

An electromagnet differs from a permanent magnet in the following ways: [1] An electromagnet generates a magnetic field when electric current passes through it, while a permanent magnet's magnetic field exists continuously without the need for an external power source. [2] The strength of an electromagnet's magnetic field can be varied by increasing or decreasing the current passing through it, but a permanent magnet's field strength remains fixed. [3] An electromagnet's magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off, but a permanent magnet maintains its magnetic field even when not near another magnetic material.

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50% found this document useful (2 votes)

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EEC 123 Practical PDF

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You are on page 1/ 91

UNESCO-NIGERIA TECHNICAL &

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
REVITALISATION PROJECT-PHASE II

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL MACHIENS I
COURSE CODE: EEC 123

YEAR I- SEMESTER II

PRACTICAL

Version 1: December 2008

1
Table of Contents

Week 1
1.1 Different types of magnet field.................................................................. 1
1.2 Determine the direction of magnetic field ............................................... 2
1.3 Demonstrate the direction of magnetic field ........................................... 3
Week2
2.1 Disasemble and Reasemble of DC Generator ......................................... 6
2.2 Determine the DC Generator terminals .................................................. 8
2.2.1 Shunt field resistance ...................................... ................................8
2.2.2 Series field resistance ........................................................................... 9
Week 3
1.1 Separatelly DC excited generator ........................................................... 12
1.2 Self excited DC generator ........................................................................ 13
Week 4
2.4 Self excited series DC generator ............................................................. 19
2.5 Relationship between armature voltage and load current................... 20
Week 5
3.1 DC Shunt motor characteristics ............................................................. 25
3.1.1 The relationship between input voltage and motor speed ............. 25
3.1.2 The relationship between the torque and motor speed ................ 25
2.3.3 Commutator structure .................................................................... 6
2.3.4 Brush structure............................................................................... 7
Week 6
3.2 DC Series motor characteristics ............................................................. 30
3.2.1 The relationship between the torque and motor speed ................. 30
Week7
3.3 DC Compound motor characteristics ...................................................... 35
Week 8
3.4 Stating of DC motor using a relay .......................................................... 39
Week 9
3.5 Trouble shooting of a DC machine ......................................................... 42
Week 10
4.1 Split phase induction motor. ................................................................... 45
Week 11
4.2 Capacitor start motor .............................................................................. 50
Week 12
4.3 Capacitor Run motor ............................................................................. 54
Week 13
4.4 Capacitor Run – Capacitor run motor ................................................. 58
Week 14
4.5 Universal motor ....................................................................................... 62
Week 15
4.6 Troubleshooting and repairing of AC machine ................................... 68
Practical Work Week 1

1.1 Different types of magnet field

 Bar Magnet

The lines of magnetic field from a bar magnet form

closed lines. By convention, the field direction is taken
to be outward from the North pole and into the South
pole of the magnet. Permanent magnets can be made
from ferromagnetic materials.

 Magnetic Field of Current

Figure (1-2)
The magnetic field lines around a long wire
which carries an electric current form concentric circles
around the wire. The direction of the magnetic field is
perpendicular to the wire and is in the direction the
fingers of your right hand would curl if you wrapped
them around the wire with your thumb in the direction
of the current. Figure (1-3)

 Magnetic Field of Current Loop

Electric current in a circular loop creates a

magnetic field which is more concentrated in the center
of the loop than outside the loop. Stacking multiple
loops concentrates the field even more into what is
called a solenoid

. Figure (1-4)

1
Practical Work Week 1

 Solenoid

A long straight coil of wire can be used to

generate a nearly uniform magnetic field similar to that
of a bar magnet. Such coils, called solenoids, have an
enormous number of practical applications. The field
can be greatly strengthened by the addition of an iron
core. Such cores are typical in electromagnets

1.2 Determine the direction of the Figure (1-5)

magnetic field

Introduction
When a current carrying wire is in a magnetic field a force is exerted on the wire:
The main point, here, is that these three vectors are all at right angles to one another, as
represented by the "cross product" (Right Hand Rule). If the magnetic field is pointing
down and the current (positive charges) runs left to right the force will be toward the "rear",
as in the photo .

If you reverse the direction of the current, the force on the wire will be toward the
"front". This is shown nicely by the demonstration apparatus we used. A power supply
provides about 20 Amperes of current and the wire is hinged at the top of the support. A
strong magnet provides a field from top to bottom.

 Apparatus
- Power supply
- Different wires length
- Electrical tools

 Procedure

2
Practical Work Week 1

1. Any wire that carries a current will have a magnetic field created around it. For a long
straight wire, the field encircles the wire. If a second wire is next to this wire in the
magnetic field of the first wire and it carries a current, there will be a force on the
second wire proportional to the current it carries and the strength of the magnetic field
of the first wire.
Force on wire 2 = (current in wire 2)(Length of wire 2) x (Magnetic field of wire 1)
Force on wire 1 = (current in wire 1)(Length of wire 1) x (Magnetic field of wire 2)

2. As a cross product, the direction of

the forces will be such that the
wires are ATTRACTED to each
other if the currents are in the same
direction and REPELLED if the
currents are in opposite directions.

F
i
gure (1-6)
3. You can remember this from the demonstration with a coiled loop of aluminum wire .
When a current of 30 A was passed through the wire, the coil contracted and jumped
up. When the coil left the puddle of mercury at the bottom, the current was cut, the
magnetic fields disappeared and the coil relaxed. Then it touched the mercury, current
flowed again and the coil contracted and jumped.

1.3 Demonstrate the direction of the magnetic field

Introduction
A solenoid is a length of wire wound into a "helix" or a coil. When in this

3
Practical Work Week 1

configuration, the magnetic field INSIDE the coil is very strong and the magnetic field
OUTSIDE the coil is very weak, nearly zero. Also, for a STRAIGHT solenoid, the
magnetic field is independent of where you are inside the solenoid (how far from the
axis) :
 Apparatus
- Power supply
- Different wires length
- Electrical tools
 Procedure
1 This equation is only for a straight
solenoid. If you bend it into an arc or
into a complete "donut", called a
"torroid", the magnetic field is NOT
uniform inside but depends on how
close you are to the inner or outer
edge. (See figure (1-2).
F
igure (1-6)
2 The solenoid has practical applications in such things as mechanical relays, like the
Bendix device that operates the starter on your car. The magnetic field of a solenoid
showed up very nicely when I sprinkled iron filings on a transparent, loosely wound
solenoid through which I passed 20 Amperes of current. Because it is loosely wound
and short, there is some magnetic field outside the solenoid. The magnetic field is zero
outside a long, tightly would solenoid only.

Worksheet 01

Solve the following questions:

1. How does an electromagnet differ from a permanent magnet?

...................................................................................................................................................

4
Practical Work Week 1

2. When a bar magnet is dropped through a vertical length of copper pipe, it falls
noticeably more slowly than when dropped through a vertical length of plastic pipe.
Why?

5
Practical Work Week 1

3. Define the term "magnetic flux density".

6
Practical Work Week 2

2.1 Disassemble and reassemble DC generator

Introduction
DC generators are similar to DC motors in appearance and construction. They have
the same type of armature and field poles and generally identical. For this reason, a DC
generator can easily be converted into a DC motor, likewise a DC motor can easily be
converted into a DC generator, knowing the procedure of assembling and re-assembling the
DC machine gives guidance to their maintenance.
Apparatus
- Toolbox
- DC generator

Procedure :
1. Place the machine to be disassembled on a clear and solid surface (work- bench).
2. Clean the outside surface of the machine, fig. (2.1), to remove dirt and grease with a
dry piece of cloth or a brush with a little amount of kerosene. Water should not be
used.

3. Mark the end plates, fig. (2.1) and the frame of the machine with a file or a marking
pen. This will help in identifying the matching parts and reassembling them
correctly

4. Unscrew all the screws with the right size tool used only for screws, like double
open and wrenches and socket set. Do not use any tool not intended to be used with
screws. If the screws do not move due to rust or any other cause, use rust remover.
5. Open the end plate at the rotor side, on the other side the leads of the field and
armature windings are present. Work carefully, so as not to disconnect any lead.
6. Clean the inside of the machine carefully with compressed air or with a piece of
cloth. A painting brush can be used with a little amount of any liquid intended for
cleaning. Make sure not to allow the liquid to infiltrate into the windings and
damage the insulators.

6
Practical Work Week 2

7. Remove the brushes from the brush holders as shown in fig. (2.1). Inspect the
holding spring for any damage.
8. Remove the armature as shown in (2.1), and place all the pieces in a box for
reassembling the machine.
9. Inspect and clean the various parts.
10. Reassemble the machine in the opposite sequence.

Figure 2-1 A Figure 2-1 B

Figure 2-1 C

7
Practical Work Week 2

2.2 Determine The DC generator Terminals

a. Introduction
A direct – current( DC) machine consist essentially in conductors mounted
on a armature core free to rotate in a magnetic field and a commutator
connecting the conductor with external circuit so that the current will always
flow in the same direction. The conductors and their interconnections is called
armature(rotor) winding. The split ring at one end of the armature is called the
commutator. The brushes make contact with the commutator and connect it with
the external circuit.

The magnetic field is usually produced by electromagnets. The winding of

these magnet is called the field winding and the iron cores upon which they are
wound called the pole pieces (stator). The pole pieces are supported from the
frame of the machine, which forms part of the magnetic circuit.

b. Apparatus
1. One Dc machine
2. One power supply
3. One DC instrumentation group
2.2.1 Shunt Field Resistance
Procedure :
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2-2.
2. Connect the shunt field F1 and F2 to X and Y of the same figure.
3. Turn “ON” the power supply, increase the voltage until the current reaches the
nominal capacity indicated on the winding.
4. Calculate from your readings the resistance of the shunt field :
E=RI R = …………
5. Turn off the power supply are record your results in table 2-1.

8
Practical Work Week 2

2.2.2 Series Field Resistance

Procedure :
1. Connect the shunt field S1 and S2 to X and Y of the same figure.
2. Turn “ON” the power supply, increase the voltage until the current reaches the
nominal capacity indicated on the winding.
3. Calculate from your readings the resistance of the series field :
E=RI R = …………..
4. Turn off the power supply are record your results in table 2-1.

0-220 V dc Supply

V
0-500 mA dc
0-150 V dc Or
A
0-3 A dc

X Y

0.3 A
F1 F2
1.5 A
S1
1.5 A S2

A1 A2
Figure 2-2

E by volt I by Amps R by Ohms

Shunt field
Series field
Armature R1
Armature R2
Armature R3

9
Practical Work Week 2

Armature RM
Table 2-1

Worksheet 02
Solve the following questions:
1. Name the main parts of a direct current machine.
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................

2. Why is the shunt field resistance greater than the series field resistance?
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................
3. Why are the brushes of the DC machine made of carbon?
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................

10
Practical Work Week 2

4. What is the function of the commutator on the armature?

...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................

...................................................................................................................................................
........................................

5. List the five names from nameplate information motor?

...................................................................................................................................................
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.........................................
6. Describe how could you measure the series and shunt resistance of DC
generator?
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................

11
Practical Work Week 2

12
Practical Work Week 3

1.1 Separately – Excited DC Generator

 Introduction
The purpose of the generator is to convert mechanicals power to electrical
power. A separately excited generator is one that receives the current for
exciting its field from some source outside of the machine. The conventional
wiring diagram represent the connection of the separately-exciter generator is
shown in figure 2- 3.
The value of electromotive force generated as the armature its directly
proportional to the excitation flux and the speed of the generator. It may be
adjusted by means of a field rheostat.
The output polarity of the generator may be reverted by reversing its rotation or
by reversing the current direction in the field

 Apparatus
1. One Dc machine
2. One power supply
3. One DC instrumentation group
4. One motor as prime mover
5. One resistive load
Task
No-Load characteristic
Procedure :
1. Couple the dc generator to the prime mover.
2. Connect the dc generator as in figure 2-3
3. Turn on the prime mover
4. Adjust the generator field rheostat for minimum resistance, increase the field current
in steps of 0.05amp. until the armature output.
5. Record your readings in each step.
6. Turn off the equipment.

12
Practical Work Week 3

Supply 0 - 300 V dc

A 0-500 mA dc

F1 F2

S1 S2

A1 A2

Prime Mover

V 0-3A dc

Figure (2-3)

1.2 Self – Excited Shunt DC Generator

 Characteristic

13
Practical Work Week 3

A self-excited generator is one that receives the current for its field from the
armature of the machine it self there are several different types of self excited
generators, depending on the connections of the armature sand the field
winding. In the shunt generator, when the external circuit is closed, the armature
current divides, a small parts passing through the shunt field winding and the
and the reminder through the external circuit in these type of generator its
desired to have the field current of a relatively small value. The field winding
therefore consists of a large number of turns of small wires the connection of the
self excited shunt generator and its conventional wiring diagram are shown in
figure 2. in this diagram, there is a rheostat in series with the field winding so as
to vary the field current if desired.
 Apparatus
1. One Dc machine
2. One power supply
3. One DC instrumentation group
4. One motor as a prime mover
5. One resistive load
Task
Procedure :
1. Couple the dc generator to the synchronous motor.
2. Connect the dc generator as in figure 2-4, and the motor as in figure 1(make sure the
resistance switches are at their no-load position.
3. Adjust the generator field rheostat to its maximum resistance, and make sure the
generator is not loaded.
4. Start the motor and adjust its rheostat for synchronous speed .
5. Keeping the field resistance constant, load the generator in ten steps of 0.125 Amp.
From no-load to 125% of rated capacity.
6. Record your readings in each step.
7. Turn off the equipment.

14
Practical Work Week 3

F2
F1

S1 S2

A1
A2

Prime Mover

0-300V dc
A 0-2.5A dc

Figure (2-4)

If E
(Amp) (Volts)

15
Practical Work Week 3

Worksheet 03
Solve the following questions:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2-3, Operate,
record your results in Table 2-2 and plot the graph (If VS
E)

Table(2-2)

Graph 2-2 : the relationship (If VS E)

16
Practical Work Week 3

2. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2-4, Operate, record your results in
table(2-3) and plot the graph (ILVS E)
IL E Pout
(Amp) (Volts) (Watts)

Table(2-3)

Graph 2-2 : The relationship (IL VS E)

3. Calculate the voltage regulation of the generator:

17
Practical Work Week 3

% Regulation =
E (no-Load) – E(Full-load)X 100
E(Full-load)

...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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4. Calculate the power in each steps and record in the table(2-3)

5. How is the output voltage varied in a shunt generator?

18
Practical Work Week 3

19
Practical Work Week 4

2.4 Self – Excited Series DC Generator

 Introduction
A series generator is one in which the field winding is connected directly with the
armature and the external circuit, so that the same current passes through the armature,
the series winding and the external circuit.
Since the series field carried the load current , the induced voltage will be
proportional to the load current. Because its voltage varies with the load, the series
generator has had, up to now, very few applications.
 Apparatus
1. One Dc machine
2. One power supply
3. One DC instrumentation group
4. One prime mover
5. One resistive load
Task
Procedure :
1. Couple the dc generator to the synchronous motor.
2. Connect the dc generator as in figure 2-4, and the motor as in figure 1(make sure the
resistance switches are at their no-load position.
3. Switch On any prime mover .
4. Load the generator in eight steps of 0.125Amp. to 200% of nominal capacity.
5. Record your readings in each step.
6. Output voltage
7. Load current
8. Turn off the equipment.

19
Practical Work Week 4

F1 F2

S1 S2

A1 A2

Prime Mover

0-300 V dc A 0-2.5A dc

Figure (2-4)

2.6 Relationship Between output (armature) voltage and load

current
Load characteristic
 Characteristic
The value of electromotive force generated as the armature its decrease by increased the
load current, its result of increasing of E.M.F back with the load (armature) current
 Apparatus
1. One Dc machine
2. One power supply
3. One DC instrumentation group
4. One motor as a prime mover
5. One resistive load

20
Practical Work Week 4

 Procedure :
1. Connect the generator as separately excited Dc generator as figure (2-5).
2. Switch on the prime mover.
3. Adjust the generator field current to produce 180 volts at the armature.
4. Load the generator in ten steps of 0.0625Amp. to 125% of rated capacity.
5. Record your readings in each step.
 Armature voltage
 Load current
6. Turn off the equipment.

Supply 0 - 300 V dc

A 0-500 mA dc

F1 F2

S1 S2

A1 A2

Prime Mover

Figure 2-5
Worksheet 04
IL E Pout
(Amp) (Volts) (Watts)

21
Practical Work Week 4

Solve the following questions:

1- Connect the circuit as shown in figure
2-4, Operate, record your results in
table(2-4) and plot the graph (ILVS E)

Table(2-4)

Graph 2-3 : The relationship (IL VS E)

IL E Pout
(Amp) (Volts) (Watts)

22
Practical Work Week 4

2- Connect the circuit as shown in figure

2-5, Operate, record your results in
table(2-5) and plot the graph (ILVS E)

Table(2-5)

Graph 2-4 : The relationship (IL VS E)

3. Calculate the voltage regulation of the generator:

E (no-Load) – E(Full-load)
E(Full-load)
23
Practical Work Week 4

% Regulation = X 100

...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................

4. Calculate the power in each steps and record in the table(2-5)

24
Practical Work Week 4

5. How is the output voltage varied in a Series generator?

25
Practical Work Week 5

3.1 DC Shunt Motor Characteristics

 Introduction
A shunt motor has its field winding connected across its armature terminals. The speed
can be varied by placing a variable resistance in series with the shunt field. The starting
torque of a shunt motor is lower than that of a series motor. However, it s speed is relatively
constant under .variable load. The shunt motor is used on machine-tools, ventilators etc...
 Apparatus
1. One Dc machine
2. One power supply
3. One DC instrumentation group
4. One tachometer
5. One prony brake
3.1.1 The relationship between input voltage and motor speed
PROCEDURE

a) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 3-1.

b) Adjust the field rheostat at its minimum, turn "ON". The power supply and increase
the voltage in 5 steps to 220 volts.
c) Record your readings for each step.
d) The voltage being adjusted at 220 volts,, vary the field rheostat to its maximum and
note the effect on the speed.
e) Bring down the voltage and note the motor rotation.
f) Turn "OFF" the power supply and inverse connections A1 and A2.
g) Turn "ON" the power supply, increase the voltage slowly and note the motor
rotation.
h) Turn "OFF" the power supply.

3.1.2 The relationship between the torque and motor speed

PROCEDURE:

25
Practical Work Week 5

a) Couple the Prony brake to the DC shunt motor.

b) Start the motor and make sure its rotation is in the "right direction for the scale of
the Prony brake.
c) Adjust the field rheostat for nominal speed ( 1500RPM),
d) Load the motor in five steps to 125% of rated capacity (It will be necessary to adjust
the field rheostat to maintain 1500 RPM).
e) Record your readings in Table 2 for each step,
f) Turn "OFF" the power supply.

F1 F2
+ A

Supply
0- 220 V 0-300Vdc S1 S2
Vdc

A1 A2
-

Figure 3-1

Worksheet 05

Input Voltage Motor Speed

(volts) (rpm)

26
Practical Work Week 5

Solve the following questions

1) Record the results in the following table 3-1
and plot the graph the (input voltage VS
speed) load curve.

Table 3-1

Graph(3-1)
2) Record the results in the following table 3-2 and plot the graph the (speed VS
torque) load curve.

27
Practical Work Week 5

Current Motor Speed Torque Voltage

(amp) (rpm) (ounces-Inches) (volts)

Table 3-2

Graph(3-2)
3) Calculate the input power for the maximum load recorded in Table 3-4.

Pin = E X I = ……………..

28
Practical Work Week 5

4) Convert your results in horsepower

Pin
HP (Input) =
746
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................

5) Calculate the mechanical output power for the same load.

T X 2 π X rpm
HP (output) =
33000
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29
Practical Work Week 5

6) Calculate the percentage efficiency of the motor:

Output HP
Efficiency = X 100 = %
Input HP
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................

30
Practical Work Week 6

3.2 DC Series Motor Characteristics

 Introduction
A series motor has its winding connected in series with the armature winding. This
motor is known as a varying-speed motor and has a very high no-load speed. The speed
regulation is very much higher than for a shunt or compound motor. At no- load, the motor
literally races. Large DC motors will usually race to distraction if not loaded, but
fractional-horsepower DC series motors generally are designed to withstand these high
speed.
Apparatus
1. One Dc machine
2. One power supply
3. One DC instrumentation group
4. One tachometer
5. One prony brake
3.2.1 The relationship between input voltage and motor speed
PROCEDURE

a) Connect the circuit shown in Figure 3-2.

b) Turn "ON" the power supply and increase the voltage in five step's to 220V,
c) Record your readings in Table 3-3 for each step.
d) Decrease the voltage and note the direction of. rotation.
e) Turn "OFF" the power supply.
f) Inverse connections on series field S1, S2
g) Turn "ON" the power supply and increase the voltage slowly and note the direction of
rotation.
h) Turn "OFF" the power supply.

3.2.2 The relationship between the torque and motor speed

PROCEDURE:

30
Practical Work Week 6

a) Couple the prony to the DC machine.

b) Connect the circuit shown in Figure 3-2.
c) Turn "ON" the power supply and make sure the rotation is right for the scale of the
Prony brake.
d) Keep the voltage constant and increase the load to 240 ounces-inches.
e) Torque = Load in ounces multiplied by torque arm which is 4 inches.
f) Decrease the load in 5 steps as listed in Table 3-4
g) Record your readings in Table 2 for each step.
h) Turn "OFF" the power supply.

F1 F2

0-2.5 A dc
S1 S2
+ A

Supply
0- 220 V 0-300Vdc
Vdc

A1 A2
-

Figure 3-2

Worksheet 05

Input Voltage Motor Speed

(volts) (rpm)

31
Practical Work Week 6

Solve the following questions

1) Record the results in the following table 3-3
and plot the graph the (input voltage VS
speed) load curve.

Table 3-3

Graph(3-3)
2) Record the results in the following table 3-4 and plot the graph the (speed VS
torque) load curve.

32
Practical Work Week 6

Current Motor Speed Torque Voltage

(amp) (rpm) (ounces-Inches) (volts)

Table 3-4

Graph(3-4)
3) Is the starting torque of a shunt motor the same as that of a series motor ?

33
Practical Work Week 6

4) Calculate the input power for the maximum load recorded in Table 3-2.

Pin = E X I = ……………..

5) Convert your results in horsepower

6) Calculate the mechanical output power for the same load.

34
Practical Work Week 6

7) Calculate the percentage efficiency of the motor:

35
Practical Work Week 7

3.3 DC Compound Motor Characteristics

Introduction
A compound motor is .like a shunt motor except that it has a series field as well as a
shunt field. The shunt field is connected across the line while the series field is connected
in series with the armature. The series field is so connected that it strengthens the shunt
field when armature current is drawn from the line; such a motor is a cumulative-compound
motor. If the series field is connected so as to oppose the shunt field, it is known as a
differential-compound motor; the latter is rarely used and it is not recommended for its
speed characteristics tend to be unstable. The compound motor works like, and has
operating characteristics similar to those of a shunt motor except that the speed regulation
and locked-rotor torque of the compound motor are greater.

Apparatus
1. One Dc machine
2. One power supply
3. One DC instrumentation group
4. One tachometer
5. One prony brake

PROCEDURE

a) Couple the Prony brake to the DC machine.

b) Connect the DC machine as a cumulative compound motor as in Figure 3-3.
c) Adjust the field rheostat for minimum resistance, turn "ON" the power supply and
increase the voltage to 220 volts.

d) Adjust the field rheostat for nominal speed and make sure the rotation is right for the
scale of the Prony brake.
e) Maintain the voltage at 220 volts and load the motor in five steps as listed in Table 3-5
f) Record your readings in Table 3-5or each step.

35
Practical Work Week 7

g) Turn "OFF" the power supply.

0-2.5 A dc
F1 F2
+ A

Supply
0- 220 V 0-300Vdc S1 S2
Vdc

A1 A2
-

Figure 3-3
Note:
the speed characteristics tend to be unstable under load, it is because the motor is
connected as a differential-compound. If so, turn "OFF" the power supply and inverse the
series field connections S1 , S2

Worksheet 07
Solve the following questions
Current Speed Torque
(amp) (rpm) (ounces-Inches)

36
Practical Work Week 7

1) Record the results in

the following table 3-5
and plot the graph the
(speed VS torque) load
curve.

Table 3-5

Graph(3-5)
3) What are the different between the cumulative and differential compound motor ?

37
Practical Work Week 7

4) Calculate the input power for Torque of 144 ounces-Inches in Table 3-5.

Pin = E X I = ……………..

5) Convert your results in horsepower

6) Calculate the mechanical output power for the same load.

38
Practical Work Week 7

7) Calculate the percentage efficiency of the motor:

39
Practical Work Week 8

3.4 Starting of dc Motor using a relay starter

Introduction
Since manual-starters are dependant on the user for their correct-operation, they
were subject to the problem of human error. They have almost entirely been replaced in
new installations by automatic starter circuits.

Fig.(3-4), shows a shunt motor with a starting resistor in series with its armature.
Contacts A1, A2 and A3 shot out portions of the starting resistor when they close according
to the orders given by the control circuit.

Apparatus
1. One Dc machine
2. One power supply
3. One DC instrumentation group
4. One tachometer
5. One Relay Starter

PROCEDURE

a) Connect the control circuit as shown in figure (3-5a)

b) Connect the power circuit as shown in figure (3-5b)
c) Switch on the supply
d) Press the start button for the circuit.
e) Vary the resistance (rheostat) gradually.
f) Measure and record the starting and running currents for the motor.
g) Record the speed at starting and running conditions.
h) Turn the power off, disconnect apparatus.

39
Practical Work Week 8

A1 A2 A3
Dc
Ea Supply

Figure 3-4
Safety note:
Make sure to connect the starter to full resistance arrangement at starting, to avoid high
starting current at starting which could damage or burn the armature.
Don't operate the starter before having the circuit wiring checked by the instructor.

+
-

F1 F2

START
M2

STOP

FL M3 1TD2

Figure 3-5a
OL

M 1TD 2TD 3TD

40
Practical Work Week 8

2 S1

3 F2 F1

8 M1
4 R adj
1- Line Voltage
2- Main Switch
1TD1
3- Fuses
5 RF 2TD1 9 4- Variable resistor
3TD1 5- Field resistor
6- Field line relay
6 FL 7- Field coil
10 EA 8- 12-N.O contacts
9- Resistance
10- Armature
11 11-Overload relay
7

12 M1

Figure 3-5b

Worksheet 08
Solve the following questions

41
Practical Work Week 8

1) What is the reason for used starting methods?

2) State the methods of starting DC machine.

3) Explain by drawing the relay starting methods

42
Practical Work Week 8

43
Practical Work Week 9

3.5 Trouble diagnosis for direct-current machines

1) The motor fails to start
Probable causes
a) Improper line connections.
b) No voltage or low voltage.
c) Incorrect setting of brushes.
e) Short-circuited winding.
f) Open winding.
g) Excessive load.
2) Overload device trips
Probable causes
a) Improper line connections.
b) Open or short-circuited winding.
c) Exce s s ive load.
d) Improper ventilation.
e) Defective brush lifter.
f) Grounded winding.
3) The motor runs too fast-or too slow
Probable causes
a) Improper winding connections.
b) Wrong line voltage.
c) Winding partially short-circuited
d) Open winding.
e) Low line voltage.
f) Incorrect brush setting.

4) Sparking at commutator
Probable causes
a) Excessive load.

42
Practical Work Week 9

b) High mica, rough commutator.

c) Dirty or oily commutator.
d) Open or short-circuited winding.
e) Incorrect brush setting.
f) Loose-fitting brushes.
g) Incorrect spring tension.

5) Motor runs hot

Probable causes
a) Excessive load.
b) Poor soldering to commutator necks
c) Rotor rubbing stator.
d) Failure of ventilation.
e) Ambient temperature too high.
f) Bearing trouble.
g) Improper line connections.

Worksheet 09
Solve the following questions

1) if the motor run with an open circuit the speed is ……………………. And the
winding temperature is ………………………

43
Practical Work Week 9

2) grounding in the armature may occur in either by ……………………..

or………………….

3) What happened if the motor operates, but is noisy?

4) What happened if the motor operate properly but it is hot?

44
Practical Work Week 9

45
Practical Work Week 10

4.1 Split-Phase Induction Motor

4.2Introduction
The split-phase motor is a single-phase motor consisting of a main and an auxiliary
or starting winding in series with a centrifugal switch. Both windings are connected in
parallel to the terminals of the power supply line. The two windings are positioned at right
angles to each other.

Because of the higher resistance in the auxiliary winding, the current lags the
voltage by a smaller angle than in the main winding. This difference in phase is sufficient
to start the motor and bring it up to speed. When this point is reached, the centrifugal
switch disconnects the starting winding from the line and the motor operates on the main
winding only. Applications for split-phase motors fall into two general classes:
1) Those which require frequent starting and a relatively large total running
time per year; oil burners and domestic refrigerators.
2) Those requiring infrequent starting and a relatively small total running
time; home-laundry equipment, home workshops, cellar drainers.

Apparatus
1. One split-phase induction motor
2. One power supply
3. One single-phase wattmeter
4. One AC instrumentation group
5. One tachometer
6. One prony brake

45
Practical Work Week 10

0-2.5 A dc Main Winding

A
Auxiliary
Supply Winding
0- 220 V 0-250Vac W
W
Vac

Figure 4-1

PROCEDURE1

a) Connect the circuit shown in Figure 4-1.

b) Adjust the voltage at 220 volts and start the motor.
c) Decrease the voltage to values given in Table 4-1.
d) Record your readings in Table 4-1 for each step.
e) Stop the motor.

E I P RPM p.f R HP

Table 4-1
PROCEDURE: 2
a) Couple the Prony brake to the split-phase motor.

46
Practical Work Week 10

b) Adjust the voltage at 220 volts and start the motor.

c) Maintain the voltage constant and load the motor in 5 steps as listed in
Table 4-2.
d) Record your readings in Table 2 for each step
e) Stop the motor.

Torque
(ounces- E I P RPM p.f R HP
Inches

Table 4-2

PROCEDURE: 3
a) Start the motor and adjust the Prony brake at 192 ounces-inches.
b) Stop the motor.
c) Restart the motor and quickly measure the starting torque:

Torque = ………………ounces-inches

d) Stop the motor.

Worksheet 10
Solve the following questions
1) Using data recorded in Table 4-1, calculate for each step: a) Apparent power

b) Real power

47
Practical Work Week 10

c) Reactive power

d) Power factor

e) Efficiency

2) From Table 2, calculate for each step:

a) Apparent power

b) Real power

c) Reactive power

d) Power factor

e) Efficiency

48
Practical Work Week 10

3) From data recorded in Table 4-2, plot on Graph 4-1, the curve (speed VS load
torque).

Graph(4-1)
5) Can a split-phase start without using the auxiliairy winding ?

49
Practical Work Week 10

.........................................

6) Name two types of applications for the split-phase induction motor.

50
Practical Work Week 11

4.2 Capacitor Start Motor

Introduction
The construction of a capacitor-start motor is similar to that of" the split -phase

motor except that a capacitor is connected in series with the auxiliary winding to split the

phase. The starting torque of this type of motor is considerably greater than in the split-

phase motor of the same rating. The dry-type electrolytic capacitors used with these motors

are designed for use on alternating current and for intermittent service only.

Apparatus
1. One capacitor start motor
2. One power supply
3. One single-phase wattmeter
4. One AC instrumentation group
5. One tachometer
6. One prony brake

Main Winding

L A
Auxiliary
Supply Winding
0- 220 V 0-250Vac W
W
Vac

N
30 μF

Figure 4-3
PROCEDURE1

a) Couple the Prony brake to the capacitor-start motor.

50
Practical Work Week 11

b) Connect the circuit shown in Figure 4-2.

c) Adjust the voltage at 220 volts and start the motor.
d) Increase the load in five steps as listed in Table 4-3.
e) Record your readings in Table 1 for each step
f) Stop the motor.
Torque
(ounces- E I P RPM p.f R HP
Inches
0 220
48
96
144
192
240
Full load

Table 4-3
PROCEDURE: 2
a) Start the motor and adjust the Prony brake at 240 ounces inches.
b) Stop the motor.
c) Restart the motor and quickly measure the starting torque:

Torque =………….. ounces-inches

d) Stop the motor.

Worksheet 11
Solve the following questions
1) Using data recorded in Table 4-3, calculate for each step:
a) Apparent power

b) Real power

51
Practical Work Week 11

c) Reactive power

d) Power factor

e) Efficiency

2) From data recorded in Table 4-3, plot on Graph 4-2, the curve (speed VS load
torque).

Graph(4-2)

3) What are the general applications of the capacitor-run motor ?

52
Practical Work Week 11

4) Compare the starting torque of the capacitor-run motor with the split-phase and the
capacitor-start motor. Discuss your result.

...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
........................................

53
Practical Work Week 11

...................................................................................................................................................
........................................

5) Using data recorded in Table 4-3, plot on Graph4-2, the curve speed VS load
torque and compare it to the curves of the two preceding experiments.

...................................................................................................................................................
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.........................................
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54
Practical Work Week 11

55
Practical Work Week 12

4.3 Capacitor Run Motor

Introduction
The capacitor-run motor is similar to the capacitor-start motor except that the
starting switch is omitted and the capacitor stays permanently connected across the line.
The effect of adding this capacitor improves the power factor and reduces the noise under
full-load operating conditions.

However, the starting torque of this motor is quite low. The capacitor-run motors
are generally used for special-purpose applications such as shaft-mounted fans, blowers,
instruments and servomotors.
Apparatus
1. One capacitor start motor
2. One power supply
3. One single-phase wattmeter
4. One AC instrumentation group
5. One tachometer
6. One prony brake

0-2.5 A dc Main Winding

L A
Auxiliary
Supply Winding
0- 220 V 0-250Vac W
W
Vac

N
30 μF

Figure 4-3
PROCEDURE1

54
Practical Work Week 12

a) Couple the Prony brake to the capacitor- run motor.

b) Connect the circuit shown in Figure 4-3.
c) Adjust the voltage at 220 volts and start the motor.
d) Load the motor in five steps as listed in Table 4-4.
e) Record your readings in Table 1 for each step.
f) Stop the motor.

Torque
(ounces- E I P RPM p.f R HP
Inches
0 220
48
96
144
192
240
Full load

Table 4-4
PROCEDURE: 2
a) Start the motor and adjust the Prony brake at 240 ounces-inches.
b) Stop the motor.
c) Restart the motor and quickly measure the starting torque:

Torque =………….. ounces-inches

d) Stop the motor.

Worksheet 12
Solve the following questions
1) Using data recorded in Table 4-4, calculate for each step:
a) Apparent power

55
Practical Work Week 12

b) Real power

c) Reactive power

d) Power factor

e) Efficiency

2) What are the general applications of the capacitor-run motor ?

56
Practical Work Week 12

...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................

4) Using data recorded in Table 4-4, plot on Graph 4-3, the curve speed VS load
torque and compare it to the curves of the two preceding experiments.

57
Practical Work Week 12

Graph(4-3)

58
Practical Work Week 13

4.4 Capacitor Run - Capacitor Run Motor

Introduction

Capacitor start / capacitor run motors are more efficient and require less running
current than motors with start capacitors only. These motors have two capacitors in series
with the main stator winding .Start capacitors have a high capacity while the run capacitors
do not. One optimizes starting torque while another optimizes running characteristics.
Throughout both starting and operation all the windings in the motor remain energized.

Apparatus
1. One capacitor start- capacitor run motor
2. One power supply
3. One single-phase wattmeter
4. One AC instrumentation group
5. One tachometer
6. One prony brake

0-2.5 A dc Main Winding

L A
Auxiliary
Supply Winding
0- 220 V 0-250Vac W
W
Vac

N
30 μF

30 μF

Figure 4-4
PROCEDURE1
a) Couple the Prony brake to the capacitor- run motor.
b) Connect the circuit shown in Figure 4-4.

58
Practical Work Week 13

c) Adjust the voltage at 220 volts and start the motor.

d) Load the motor in five steps as listed in Table 4-5.
e) Record your readings in Table 4-5 for each step.
f) Stop the motor.

Torque
(ounces- E I P RPM p.f R HP
Inches
0 220
48
96
144
192
240
Full load

Table 4-5
PROCEDURE: 2
a) Start the motor and adjust the Prony brake at 240 ounces-inches.
b) Stop the motor.
c) Restart the motor and quickly measure the starting torque:

Torque =………….. ounces-inches

d) Stop the motor.

Worksheet 13
Solve the following questions
1) Using data recorded in Table 4-5, calculate for each step:
a) Apparent power

b) Real power

59
Practical Work Week 13

c) Reactive power

d) Power factor

e) Efficiency

2) What are the general applications of the capacitor-start-capacitor run motor ?

60
Practical Work Week 13

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...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................

4) Using data recorded in Table 4-5, plot on Graph 4-4, the curve speed VS load
torque and compare it to the curves of the two preceding experiments.

61
Practical Work Week 13

Graph(4-4)

62
Practical Work Week 14

4.5 Universal Motor

Introduction
Universal motors are also known as series AC motors because they are actually
series wound DC motors which can operate on alternating current. The main advantage of
these motors is in the high speed (which can reach 5,OOO to 25,OOO RPM) under no-load.
The starting torque of" this motor is considerably high, however its speed decreases rapidly
under load. Small motors of universal type are used business machines, vacuum cleaners,
sewing machines food mixers, electric drills etc...
Apparatus
1. One Universal motor
2. One power supply
3. One single-phase wattmeter
4. One AC instrumentation group
5. One tachometer
6. One prony brake

0-3 A dc
L A

Supply
0- 220 V 0-250Vac W
W
Vac

Figure 4-5

62
Practical Work Week 14

0-5 A dc
L A

Supply
0- 220 V 0-300Vac W
W
Vac

Figure 4-6

PROCEDURE1
a) Couple the Prony brake to the universal motor.
b) Connect the circuit shown in Figure 4-5.
c) Start the motor and increase the load in five steps as listed in Table 4-6.
d) Record your readings in Table 4-6 for each step.
e) Leave the load adjusted at 24O ounces-inches and stop the motor.
f) Start the motor and quickly measure the starting torque.
Torque = …………….. ounces-inches
g) Stop the motor.

Torque
(ounces- E I P RPM p.f R HP
Inches

63
Practical Work Week 14

0
48
96
144
192
240

Table 4-6
PROCEDURE: 2
a) Connect the motor to the DC supply as in Figure 4-6.
b) Start the motor and load it in five steps as listed in Table 4-7.
c) Record your readings in Table 4-7 for each step.
d) Leave the load adjusted at 240 ounces-inches and stop the motor.
e) Start the motor and quickly measure the starting torque:
Torque = ………… ounces-inches
f) Stop the motor.
Torque
(ounces- E I P RPM p.f R HP
Inches
0
48
96
144
192
240

Table 4-7
Worksheet 14
Solve the following questions
1) From recorded data, complete Tables 4-6 and Tables 4-7.

64
Practical Work Week 14

2) Calculate the efficiency of the motor from data recorded in Table 4-6 .
...................................................................................................................................................
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3) Calculate the efficiency of the motor from data recorded in Table4-7.

65
Practical Work Week 14

4) From data of Table 4-6, plot on Graph 4-5, the curve speed VS load torque.

66
Practical Work Week 14

Graph(4-5)

5) From data of Table 4-7, plot on the same graph4-5, the curve speed VS load
torque.

67
Practical Work Week 14

Graph(4-6)

68
Practical Work Week 15

4.6 Troubleshooting and repairing of AC machines

Introduction;
An ac machine has two main pans: Stator and .Rotor. For a three-phase machine, there
are three windings in the stator. For a single-phase machine there are two windings, run
winding and start winding.
In a synchronous machine (generator/motor) there is a field winding in the rotor. For an
induction motor (single phase and three phase) there are two types of rotors; Wound type
and Squirrel cage type.
Most of the testing and troubleshooting actions are common for AC machine and DC
machine.

Apparatus
1. Synchronous Motor with control and protection equipment,
2. Three-phase Induction Motor with control and protection equipment.
3. DC supply(120V)
4. Test lamp.
4. Multimeter (Ohmrneter).
5. Growler.
6. Rubber hammer.
7. Open end and box wrenches
8. Screw driver set.
9. Puller.
10. Grease/oil.

4.6.1 Split-phase, capacitor-start, capacitor-run motors

The motor fails to start or The motor runs hot

68
Practical Work Week 15

Probable causes
a) Open or short-circuited winding.
b) Improper line connections.
c) Excessive load.
d) Worn bearings.
e) Faulty starting switch.
f) Defective capacitor.
g) Failure of ventilation.
h) Too frequent starting
i) Grounded winding or grounded switch.

4.6.2 Universal motor

Probable causes for general troubles:

a) Same as DC machine.
b) Worn brushes.
c) Excessive load.
d) Rough commutator.
e) Dirty commutator.
f) Load too small.
g) Motor not properly aligned with mechanical load
h) Mechanical failure in load.

Worksheet 15
Solve the following questions
1) Name the four major faults in electric motors?
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................

69
Practical Work Week 15

2) What is the maintenance work plan?

70
Practical Work Week 15

3) What is the causes of overheating, vibration and brush sparking?

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71
Practical Work Week 15

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