EVIDENCE FOR A

YOUNG WORLD
D. Russell Humphreys, Ph.D.

Here are a dozen natural phenomena which conflict with the evolutionary idea that the universe is
billions of years old.
The numbers I list below in bold print (often millions of years) are maximum possible ages set by each process,
not the actual ages. The numbers in italics are the ages required by evolutionary theory for each item. The point is
that the maximum possible ages are always much less than the required evolutionary ages, while the biblical age
(6,000 to 10,000 years) always fits comfortably within the maximum possible ages. Thus the following items
are evidence against the evolutionary time scale and for the biblical time scale.
Much more young-world evidence exists, but I have chosen these items for brevity and simplicity. Some of the
items on this list can be reconciled with an old universe only by making a series of improbable and unproven
assumptions; others can fit in only with a young universe. The list starts with distant astronomic phenomena
and works its way down to earth, ending with everyday facts.

1 Galaxies wind themselves up too fast

The stars of our own galaxy, the Milky Way, rotate about the galactic center with different speeds, the
inner ones rotating faster than the outer ones. The observed rotation speeds are so fast that if our galaxy
were more than a few hundred million years old, it would be a featureless disc of stars instead of its
present spiral shape.1
Yet our galaxy is supposed to be at least 10 billion years old.
Evolutionists call this ‘the winding-up dilemma,’ which they
have known about for fifty years. They have devised many
theories to try to explain it, each one failing after a brief period
of popularity. The same ‘winding-up’ dilemma also applies
to other galaxies.
For the last few decades the favored attempt to resolve the
dilemma has been a complex theory called ‘density waves.’ 1 The
theory has conceptual problems, has to be arbitrarily and very
finely tuned, and lately has been called into serious question by the
Hubble Space Telescope’s discovery of very detailed spiral structure
in the central hub of the ‘Whirlpool’ galaxy, M51.2

2 Comets disintegrate too quickly

According to evolutionary theory, comets are supposed to be the same age as the solar system, about 5 billion
years. Yet each time a comet orbits close to the sun, it loses so much of its material that it could not survive much
longer than about 100,000 years. Many comets have typical ages of 10,000 years.3
Evolutionists explain this discrepancy by assuming that (a) comets come from an unobserved spherical
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‘Oort cloud’ well beyond the orbit of Pluto, (b) improbable
gravitational interactions with infrequently passing stars often
knock comets into the solar system, and (c) other improbable
interactions with planets slow down the incoming comets often
enough to account for the hundreds of comets observed.4 So
far, none of these assumptions has been substantiated, either by
observations or realistic calculations.
Lately, there has been much talk of the ‘Kuiper Belt,’ a disc of
supposed comet sources lying in the plane of the solar system
just outside the orbit of Pluto. Even if some bodies of ice exist
in that location, they would not really solve the evolutionists’
problem, since according to evolutionary theory the Kuiper Belt
would quickly become exhausted if there were no Oort cloud to supply it.

3 Not enough mud on the sea floor

Dust & Mud

25 billion tons entering per year
Ocean
Continent 400 meters of mud
Subducting plate
Less than 1 billion tons leave per year

Each year, water and winds erode about 25 billion tons of dirt and rock from the continents and deposit it
in the ocean.5 This material accumulates as loose sediment (i.e., mud) on the hard basaltic (lava-formed)
rock of the ocean floor. The average depth of all the mud in the whole ocean, including the continental
shelves, is less than 400 meters.6
The main way known to remove the mud from the ocean floor is by plate tectonic subduction. That is, sea
floor slides slowly (a few cm/year) beneath the continents, taking some sediment with it. According to secular
scientific literature, that process presently removes only 1 billion tons per year.6 As far as anyone knows,
the other 24 billion tons per year simply accumulate. At that
rate, erosion would deposit the present amount of sediment in
less than 12 million years.
Yet according to evolutionary theory, erosion and plate subduction
have been going on as long as the oceans have existed, an alleged
3 billion years. If that were so, the rates above imply that the
oceans would be massively choked with mud dozens of kilometers
deep. An alternative (creationist) explanation is that erosion
from the waters of the Genesis flood running off the continents
deposited the present amount of mud within a short time about
5000 years ago.

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 4 Not enough sodium in the sea

Every year, rivers7 and other sources9 dump over 450

million tons of sodium into the ocean. Only 27% of this
sodium manages to get back out of the sea each year. 8,9
As far as anyone knows, the remainder simply accumulates in
the ocean. If the sea had no sodium to start with, it would have
accumulated its present amount in less than 42 million years
at today’s input and output rates.9 This is much less than the
evolutionary age of the ocean, 3 billion years. The usual reply to
this discrepancy is that past sodium inputs must have been less
and outputs greater. However, calculations which are as generous
as possible to evolutionary scenarios still give a maximum age of
only 62 million years.9 Calculations10 for many other sea water
elements give much younger ages for the ocean.

5 The earth’s magnetic field is decaying too fast

The total energy stored in the earth’s magnetic field has steadily decreased by a factor of 2.7 over the past 1000
years.11 Evolutionary theories explaining this rapid decrease, as well as how the earth could have maintained its
magnetic field for billions of years, are very complex and inadequate.
A much better creationist theory exists. It is straightforward, based on sound physics, and explains many
features of the field: its creation, rapid reversals during the Genesis flood, surface intensity decreases and
increases until the time of Christ, and a steady decay since then.12 This theory matches paleomagnetic, historic,
and present data.13 The main result is that the field’s total energy (not surface intensity) has always decayed at
least as fast as now. At that rate the field could not be more than 10,000 years old.14

6 Many strata are too tightly bent

In many mountainous areas, strata thousands of feet thick are bent and folded into hairpin shapes. The
conventional geologic time scale says these formations were deeply buried and solidified for hundreds of millions
of years before they were bent. Yet the folding occurred without cracking, with radii so small that the entire
formation had to be still wet and unsolidified when the bending occurred. This implies that the folding
occurred less than thousands of years after deposition.15
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 7 Injected sandstone shortens geologic ‘ages.’

Strong geologic evidence16 exists that the Cambrian Sawatch sandstone—formed an alleged 500 million years
ago—of the Ute Pass fault, west of Colorado Springs, was still unsolidified when it was extruded up to
the surface during the uplift of the Rocky Mountains, allegedly 70 million years ago. It is very unlikely
that the sandstone would not solidify during the supposed 430 million years it was underground. Instead,
it is likely that the two geologic events were less than hundreds of years apart, thus greatly shortening
the geologic time scale.

8 Fossil radioactivity shortens geologic ‘ages’ to a few years.

Radiohalos are rings of color formed around microscopic bits

of radioactive minerals in rock crystals. They are fossil evidence
of radioactive decay.17
‘Squashed’ Polonium-210 radiohalos indicate that Jurassic,
Triassic, and Eocene formations in the Colorado plateau were
deposited within months of one another, not hundreds of
millions of years apart as required by the conventional time
scale.18 ‘Orphan’ Polonium-218 radiohalos, having no evidence
of their mother elements, imply either instant creation or drastic
changes in radioactivity decay rates.19,20

9 Helium in the wrong places

All naturally occurring families of radioactive elements generate

helium as they decay. If such decay took place for billions of
years, as alleged by evolutionists, much helium should have
found its way into the earth’s atmosphere. The rate of loss of
helium from the atmosphere into space is calculable and small.
Taking that loss into account, the atmosphere today has only
0.05% of the amount of helium it would have accumulated in
5 billion years.21 This means the atmosphere is much younger
than the alleged evolutionary age.
A study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research shows
that helium produced by radioactive decay in deep, hot rocks
has not had time to escape. Though the rocks are supposed to
be over one billion years old, their large helium retention suggests
an age of only thousands of years.22

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 10 Not enough Stone Age skeletons

Evolutionary anthropologists say that the Stone Age lasted for at

least 100,000 years, during which time the world population of
Neanderthal and Cro-magnon men was roughly constant, between
1 and 10 million. All that time they were burying their dead with
artifacts.23 By this scenario, they would have buried at least 4 billion
bodies.24 If the evolutionary time scale is correct, buried bones should
be able to last for much longer than 100,000 years, so many of the
supposed 4 billion Stone Age skeletons should still be around (and
certainly the buried artifacts). Yet only a few thousand have been
found. This implies that the Stone Age was much shorter than
evolutionists think, a few hundred years in many areas.

11 Agriculture is too recent

The usual evolutionary picture has men existing as hunters and gatherers for 100,000 years during the Stone
Age before discovering agriculture less than 10,000 years ago.23 Yet the archaeological evidence shows that
Stone Age men were as intelligent as we are. It is very improbable that none of the 4 billion people mentioned
in item 10 should discover that plants grow from seeds. It is more likely that men were without agriculture
less than a few hundred years after the flood, if at all.24

12 History is too short

According to evolutionists, Stone Age man existed for 100,000 years before beginning to make written records
about 4000 to 5000 years ago. Prehistoric man built megalithic monuments, made beautiful cave paintings,
and kept records of lunar phases.25 Why would he wait a thousand centuries before using the same skills to
record history? The biblical time scale is much more likely.24
DRH © September, 1999

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Here’s the Good News

Answers in Genesis seeks to give glory and honor to God as Creator, and to affirm the truth of the Biblical record
of the real origin and history of the world and mankind.
Part of this real history is the bad news that the rebellion of the first man, Adam, against God’s command
brought death, suffering, and separation from God into this world. We see the results all around us. All of
Adam’s descendants are sinful from conception (Psalm 51:5) and have themselves entered into this rebellion
(sin). They therefore cannot live with a holy God, but are condemned to separation from God. The
Bible says that ‘all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God’ (Romans 3:23) and that all are
therefore subject to ‘everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of His
power’ (2 Thessalonians 1:9).
But the good news is that God has done something about it. ‘For God so loved the world, that He
gave his only-begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life’
(John 3:16).
Jesus Christ the Creator, though totally sinless, suffered, on behalf of mankind, the penalty of mankind’s sin,
which is death and separation from God. He did this to satisfy the righteous demands of the holiness and justice
of God, His Father. Jesus was the perfect sacrifice; He died on a cross, but on the third day, He rose again,
conquering death, so that all who truly believe in Him, repent of their sin and trust in Him (rather than their
own merit), are able to come back to God and live for eternity with their Creator.
Therefore: ‘He who believes on Him is not condemned, but he who does not believe is condemned already,
because he has not believed in the name of the only-begotten Son of God’ (John 3:18). The Bible also
says, ‘If we confess our sins, He is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all
unrighteousness’ (1 John 1:9).
What a wonderful Savior—and what a wonderful salvation in Christ our Creator!
(If you want to know more of what the Bible says about how you can receive eternal life, please write or
call the Answers in Genesis office nearest you)

Answers in Genesis (Australia) Answers in Genesis (NZ)

PO Box 6302 PO Box 39005
Acacia Ridge DC Qld 4110 Howick, Auckland
Australia New Zealand
Phone: (07) 3273 7650 Phone: (09) 537 4818
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 References

1. Scheffler, H. and H. Elsasser, Physics of the Galaxy and Interstellar Matter , Springer-Verlag (1987) Berlin, pp. 352-353, 401-413.
2. D. Zaritsky et al, Nature, July 22, 1993. Sky & Telescope, December 1993, p. 10.
3. Steidl, P. F., ‘Planets, comets, and asteroids,’ Design and Origins in Astronomy , pp. 73-106, G. Mulfinger, ed., Creation Research Society Books (1983)
5093 Williamsport Dr., Norcross, GA 30092.
4. Whipple, F. L., ‘Background of modern comet theory,’ Nature 263 (2 Sept 1976) 15.
5. Gordeyev, V. V. et al , ‘The average chemical composition of suspensions in the world’s rivers and the supply of sediments to the ocean by streams,’ Dockl.
Akad. Nauk. SSSR 238 (1980) 150.
6. Hay, W.. W., et al, ‘Mass/age distribution and composition of sediments on the ocean floor and the global rate of subduction,’ Journal of Geophysical
Research, 93, No B12 (10 December 1988) 14,933-14,940.
7. Maybeck, M., ‘Concentrations des eaux fluviales en elements majeurs et apports en solution aux oceans,’ Rev. de Geol. Dyn. Geogr. Phys. 21 (1979) 215.
8. Sayles, F. L. and P. C. Mangelsdorf, ‘Cation-exchange characteristics of Amazon River suspended sediment and its reaction with seawater,’ Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta 41 (1979) 767.
9. Austin, S. A. and D. R. Humphreys, ‘The sea’s missing salt: a dilemma for evolutionists,’ Proc. 2nd
Internat. Conf. on Creationism, Vol. II, Creation Science Fellowship (1991) in press. Address, ref. 12.
10. Austin, S. A., ‘Evolution: the oceans say no!’ ICR Impact No. 8 (Oct. 1973) Institute for Creation Research, address in ref. 21.
11. Merrill, R. T. and M. W. McElhinney, The Earth’s Magnetic Field , Academic Press (1983) London, pp. 101-106.
12. Humphreys, D. R., ‘Reversals of the earth’s magnetic field during the Genesis flood,’ Proc. 1st Internat. Conf. on Creationism (Aug. 1986, Pittsburgh)
Creation Science Fellowship (1987) 362 Ashland Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15228, Vol. II, pp. 113-126.
13. Coe, R. S.., M. Prévot, and P. Camps, ‘New evidence for extraordinarily rapid change of the geomagnetic field during a reversal,’ Nature 374 (20 April
1995) pp. 687-92.
14. Humphreys, D. R., ‘Physical mechanism for reversals of the earth’s magnetic field during the flood,’ Proc. 2nd Intern. Conf. on Creationism, Vol. II, Creation
Science Fellowship (1991) (ref. 12).
15 Austin, S. A. and J. D. Morris, ‘Tight folds and clastic dikes as evidence for rapid deposition and deformation of two very thick stratigraphic sequences,’ Proc.
1st Internat. Conf. on Creationism Vol. II, Creation Science Fellowship (1986) pp. 3-15. Address in ref. 12.
16. Ibid, pp. 11-12.
17. Gentry, R. V., ‘Radioactive halos,’ Annual Review of Nuclear Science 23 (1973) 347-362.
18. Gentry, R. V. et al, ‘Radiohalos in coalified wood: new evidence relating to time of uranium introduction and coalification,’ Science 194 (15 Oct.
1976) 315-318.
19. Gentry, R. V., ‘Radiohalos in a Radiochronological and cosmological perspective,’ Science 184 (5 Apr. 1974) 62-66.
20. Gentry, R. V., Creation’s Tiny Mystery, Earth Science Associates (1986) PO Box 12067, Knoxville, TN 37912-0067, pp. 23-37, 51-59, 61-62.
21. Vardiman, L., The Age of the Earth’s Atmosphere: a study of the helium flux through the atmosphere, Institute for Creation Research (1990) POBox 2667,
El Cajon, CA 92021.
22. Gentry, R. V. et al, ‘Differential helium retention in zircons: implications for nuclear waste management,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 9 (Oct. 1982) 1129-1130.
See also ref. 20, pp. 169-170.
23. Deevey, E. S., ‘The human population,’ Scientific American 203 (Sept. 1960) 194-204.
24. Marshak, A., ‘Exploring the mind of Ice Age man,’ Nat. Geog. 147 (Jan. 1975) 64-89.
25. Dritt, J. O., ‘Man’s earliest beginnings: discrepancies in the evolutionary timetable,’ Proc. 2nd Internat. Conf. on Creat., Vol. I., Creation Science Fellowship
(1990) pp. 73-78. Address, ref. 12.