OpenStreetMap

OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a collaborative

project to create a free editable map of the
world. Rather than the map itself, the data
generated by the project is considered its
primary output. The creation and growth of
OSM has been motivated by restrictions
on use or availability of map information
across much of the world, and the advent
of inexpensive portable satellite navigation
devices.[6] OSM is considered a prominent
example of volunteered geographic
information.
 OpenStreetMap

OpenStreetMap's logo featuring a magnifier

focused on geographical information.

OSM homepage

Type of site Collaborative mapping

Available in UI: 93 languages[1]

Map data: native
language of respective
settlement

Owner OpenStreetMap
Community. Project
support by
 OpenStreetMap
Foundation[2]
Created by Steve Coast (User page
in OSM)

Website openstreetmap.org

Alexa rank 6,627 (As of

June 2019)[3]

Commercial No

Registration Required for

contributors, not
required for viewing

Users 5,496,827 [4]

Launched 9 August 2004[5]

Current status Active (click to see in

detail)

Content license ODbL

Created by Steve Coast in the UK in 2004,
it was inspired by the success of
Wikipedia[7] and the predominance of
proprietary map data in the UK and
elsewhere.[8] Since then, it has grown to
over two million registered users,[9] who
can collect data using manual survey, GPS
devices, aerial photography, and other free
sources. This crowdsourced data is then
made available under the Open Database
License. The site is supported by the
OpenStreetMap Foundation, a non-profit
organisation registered in England and
Wales.
The data from OSM is available for use in
both traditional applications, like its usage
by Facebook, Craigslist, OsmAnd,
Geocaching, MapQuest Open, JMP
statistical software, and Foursquare to
replace Google Maps, and more unusual
roles like replacing the default data
included with GPS receivers.[10]
OpenStreetMap data has been favourably
compared with proprietary datasources,[11]
although in 2009 data quality varied
across the world.[12][13]

History
 

The founder of OSM, Steve Coast, in 2009

Steve Coast founded the project in 2004,

initially focusing on mapping the United
Kingdom. In the UK and elsewhere,
government-run and tax-funded projects
like the Ordnance Survey created massive
datasets but failed to freely and widely
distribute them. The first contribution,
made in the British city of London in
2005,[14] was thought to be a road by the
Directions Mag.[15]
In April 2006, the OpenStreetMap
Foundation was established to encourage
the growth, development and distribution
of free geospatial data and provide
geospatial data for anybody to use and
share. In December 2006, Yahoo!
confirmed that OpenStreetMap could use
its aerial photography as a backdrop for
map production.[16]

In April 2007, Automotive Navigation Data

(AND) donated a complete road data set
for the Netherlands and trunk road data for
India and China to the project[17] and by
July 2007, when the first OSM
international The State of the Map
conference was held, there were 9,000
registered users. Sponsors of the event
included Google, Yahoo! and Multimap. In
October 2007, OpenStreetMap completed
the import of a US Census TIGER road
dataset.[18][19] In December 2007, Oxford
University became the first major
organisation to use OpenStreetMap data
on their main website.[20]

Ways to import and export data have

continued to grow – by 2008, the project
developed tools to export OpenStreetMap
data to power portable GPS units,
replacing their existing proprietary and
out-of-date maps.[21] In March, two
founders announced that they have
received venture capital funding of
€2.4 million for CloudMade, a commercial
company that uses OpenStreetMap
data.[22] In November 2010, Bing changed
their licence to allow use of their satellite
imagery for making maps.[23]

In 2012, the launch of pricing for Google

Maps led several prominent websites to
switch from their service to
OpenStreetMap and other competitors.[24]
Chief among these were Foursquare and
Craigslist, which adopted OpenStreetMap,
and Apple, which ended a contract with
Google and launched a self-built mapping
platform using TomTom and
OpenStreetMap data.[25]

Map production

Editing with JOSM after a ground survey

Map data is collected from scratch by

volunteers performing systematic ground
surveys using tools such as a handheld
GPS unit, a notebook, digital camera, or a
voice recorder. The data is then entered
into the OpenStreetMap database.
Mapathon competition events are also
held by OpenStreetMap team and by non-
profit organisations and local
governments to map a particular area.

The availability of aerial photography and

other data from commercial and
government sources has added important
sources of data for manual editing and
automated imports. Special processes are
in place to handle automated imports and
avoid legal and technical problems.[26]

Software for editing maps

 

StreetComplete asking user a question, with answer

filled in. After tapping "OK" this answer will be added to
an OpenStreetMap database.

Editing of maps can be done using the

default web browser editor called iD, an
HTML5 application using D3.js and written
by Mapbox,[27] which was originally
financed by the Knight Foundation.[28] The
earlier Flash-based application Potlatch is
retained for intermediate-level users.
JOSM and Merkaartor are more powerful
desktop editing applications that are
better suited for advanced users.

Vespucci is the first full-featured editor for

Android; it was released in 2009.[29]
StreetComplete is a new, easy Android app
launched in 2016,[30] which allows users
without any OpenStreetMap knowledge to
answer simple quests for existing data in
OpenStreetMap, and thus contribute
data.[31] Maps.me is a mobile application
(which runs on both Android and iOS)
offering offline maps which also includes a
limited OSM data editor.[32] Go Map!! is an
iOS app that lets users create and edit
information in OpenStreetMap. Pushpin is
another iOS app that lets you add POI on
the go.

Contributors

The project has a geographically diverse

user-base, due to emphasis of local
knowledge and ground truth in the process
of data collection. Many early contributors
were cyclists who survey with and for
bicyclists, charting cycleroutes and
navigable trails.[33] Others are GIS
professionals who contribute data with
Esri tools.[34] Contributors are
predominately men, with only 3–5% being
women.[35]

By August 2008, shortly after the second

The State of the Map conference was held,
there were over 50,000 registered
contributors; by March 2009, there were
100,000 and by the end of 2009 the figure
was nearly 200,000. In April 2012,
OpenStreetMap cleared 600,000 registered
contributors.[36] On 6 January 2013,
OpenStreetMap reached one million
registered users.[37] Around 30% of users
have contributed at least one point to the
OpenStreetMap database.[38]
Surveys and personal
knowledge

Surveying routes with a GPS receiver

Ground surveys are performed by a

mapper, on foot, bicycle, or in a car,
motorcycle, or boat. Map data are usually
collected using a GPS unit, although this is
not strictly necessary if an area has
already been traced from satellite imagery.
Once the data has been collected, it is
entered into the database by uploading it
onto the project's website together with
appropriate attribute data. As collecting
and uploading data may be separated
from editing objects, contribution to the
project is possible without using a GPS
unit.

Some committed contributors adopt the

task of mapping whole towns and cities, or
organising mapping parties to gather the
support of others to complete a map area.
A large number of less active users
contribute corrections and small additions
to the map.
Street-level image data

In addition to several different sets of

satellite image backgrounds available to
OSM editors, data from several street-level
image platforms are available as map data
photo overlays: Bing Streetside 360º
image tracks, and the open and
crowdsourced Mapillary and
OpenStreetCam platforms, generally
smartphone and other windshield-
mounted camera images. Additionally, a
Mapillary traffic sign data layer can be
enabled; it is the product of user-
submitted images.[39]
Government data

Some government agencies have released

official data on appropriate licences. This
includes the United States, where works of
the federal government are placed under
public domain.[40]

In the United States, OSM uses Landsat 7

satellite imagery, Prototype Global
Shorelines from NOAA, and TIGER from
the Census. In the UK, some Ordnance
Survey OpenData is imported, while
Natural Resources Canada's CanVec
vector data and GeoBase provide
landcover and streets.
Out-of-copyright maps can be good
sources of information about features that
do not change frequently. Copyright
periods vary, but in the UK Crown copyright
expires after 50 years and hence Ordnance
Survey maps until the 1960s can legally be
used. A complete set of UK 1 inch/mile
maps from the late 1940s and early 1950s
has been collected, scanned, and is
available online as a resource for
contributors.

Route planning

In February 2015, OpenStreetMap added

route planning functionality to the map on
its official website. The routing uses
external services, namely OSRM,
GraphHopper and MapQuest.[41]

There are other routing providers and

applications listed in the official Routing
wiki.

Map usage
Software for viewing maps

OpenStreetMap of Soho, central London, shown in

" t d d" O St tM l
"standard" OpenStreetMap layer

Same as above, shown in Mapbox Streets layer

Raw OpenStreetMap data of India loading in QGIS for

analysis and mapmaking

Web browser
Data provided by the OpenStreetMap
project can be viewed in a web browser
with JavaScript support via Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) on its official
website. The basic map views offered
are: Standard, Cycle map, Transport map
and Humanitarian. Finer map display
and category options are available using
OpenStreetBrowser
OsmAnd
OsmAnd is free software for Android
and iOS mobile devices that can use
offline vector data from OSM. It also
supports layering OSM vector data with
prerendered raster map tiles from
OpenStreetMap and other sources.
Maps.me
Maps.me is free software for Android
and iOS mobile devices that provides
offline maps based on OSM data.
GNOME Maps
GNOME Maps is a graphical front-end
written in JavaScript and introduced in
GNOME 3.10. It provides a mechanism
to find the user's location with the help
of GeoClue, finds directions via
GraphHopper and it can deliver a list as
answer to queries.
Marble
Marble is a KDE virtual globe application
which received support for
OpenStreetMap.
 FoxtrotGPS
FoxtrotGPS is a GTK+-based map
viewer, that is especially suited to touch
input.[42] It is available in the SHR or
Debian repositories.[43]

The web site OpenStreetMap.org provides

a slippy map interface based on the
Leaflet JavaScript library (and formerly
built on OpenLayers), displaying map tiles
rendered by the Mapnik rendering engine,
and tiles from other sources including
OpenCycleMap.org.[44]

Custom maps can also be generated from

OSM data through various software
including Jawg Maps, Mapnik, Mapbox
Studio, Mapzen's Tangrams.

OpenStreetMap maintains lists of online

and offline routing engines available, such
as the Open Source Routing Machine.[45]
OSM data is popular with routing
researchers, and is also available to open-
source projects and companies to build
routing applications (or for any other
purpose).

Humanitarian aid
 

OpenStreetMap Philippines GPS map, an end-product

of over a thousand crisis mappers that contributed

almost 5 million map updates during the 2013 Haiyan

humanitarian activation.[46]

The 2010 Haiti earthquake has established

a model for non-governmental
organisations (NGOs) to collaborate with
international organisations.
OpenStreetMap and Crisis Commons
volunteers[47] using available satellite
imagery[48] to map the roads, buildings and
refugee camps of Port-au-Prince in just
two days, building "the most complete
digital map of Haiti's roads".[49]

The resulting data and maps have been

used by several organisations providing
relief aid, such as the World Bank,[50] the
European Commission Joint Research
Centre,[51] the Office for the Coordination
of Humanitarian Affairs,[52] UNOSAT[52]
and others.[53]

NGOs, like the Humanitarian

OpenStreetMap Team and others, have
worked with donors like United States
Agency for International Development
(USAID) to map other parts of Haiti and
parts of many other countries, both to
create map data for places that were
blank, and to engage and build capacity of
local people.[54]

After Haiti, the OpenStreetMap community

continued mapping to support
humanitarian organisations for various
crises and disasters. After the Northern
Mali conflict (January 2013),[55] Typhoon
Haiyan in the Philippines (November
2013),[56][57] and the Ebola virus epidemic
in West Africa (March 2014),[58] the
OpenStreetMap community has shown it
can play a significant role in supporting
humanitarian organisations.

The Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team

acts as an interface between the
OpenStreetMap community and the
humanitarian organisations.

Along with post-disaster work, the

Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team has
worked to build better risk models and
grow the local OpenStreetMap
communities in multiple countries
including Uganda, Senegal, the Democratic
Republic of the Congo in partnership with
the Red Cross, Médecins Sans
Frontières,[59] World Bank,[60] and other
humanitarian groups.[61]

Scientific research

OpenStreetMap data was used in scientific

studies. For example, road data was used
for research of remaining roadless
areas.[62]

"State of the Map" annual

conference

 
State of the Map Asia 2017 Conference Poster

Wikimedia Commons has media

related to State_of_the_Map.

Since 2007, the OSM community has held

an annual, international conference called
State of the Map.

Venues have been:

2007: Manchester, UK[63]

2008: Limerick, Ireland[64]
2009: Amsterdam, Netherlands[65]
2010: Girona, Spain[66]
2011: Denver, USA[67]
 2012: Tokyo, Japan[68]
2013: Birmingham, UK[69]
2014: Buenos Aires, Argentina[70]
2015: (no State of the Map was held in
2015)[71]
2016: Brussels, Belgium[72]
2017: Aizuwakamatsu, Japan[73]
2018: Milan, Italy[74]
2019: Heidelberg, Germany

There are also various national, regional

and continental SotM conferences, such
as State of the Map U.S., SotM Baltics and
SotM Asia.[75]

Official website: stateofthemap.org

Legal aspects
Licensing terms

OpenStreetMap data was originally

published under the Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike licence (CC BY-SA)
with the intention of promoting free use
and redistribution of the data. In
September 2012, the licence was changed
to the Open Database Licence (ODbL)
published by Open Data Commons (ODC)
in order to more specifically define its
bearing on data rather than
representation.[76][77]
As part of this relicensing process, some
of the map data was removed from the
public distribution. This included all data
contributed by members that did not agree
to the new licensing terms, as well as all
subsequent edits to those affected
objects. It also included any data
contributed based on input data that was
not compatible with the new terms.
Estimates suggested that over 97% of
data would be retained globally, however
certain regions would be affected more
than others, such as in Australia where 24
to 84% of objects would be retained,
depending on the type of object.[78]
Ultimately, more than 99% of the data was
retained, with Australia and Poland being
the countries most severely affected by
the change.[79]

All data added to the project needs to have

a licence compatible with the Open
Database Licence. This can include out-of-
copyright information, public domain or
other licences. Contributors agree to a set
of terms which require compatibility with
the current licence. This may involve
examining licences for government data to
establish whether it is compatible.

Software used in the production and

presentation of OpenStreetMap data is
available from many different projects and
each may have its own licensing. The
application – what users access to edit
maps and view changelogs, is powered by
Ruby on Rails. The application also uses
PostgreSQL for storage of user data and
edit metadata. The default map is
rendered by Mapnik, stored in PostGIS, and
powered by an Apache module called
mod_tile. Certain parts of the software,
such as the map editor Potlatch2, have
been made available as public domain.[80]

Commercial data contributions

Some OpenStreetMap data is supplied by
companies that choose to freely license
either actual street data or satellite
imagery sources from which OSM
contributors can trace roads and features.

Notably, Automotive Navigation Data

provided a complete road data set for
Netherlands and details of trunk roads in
China and India. In December 2006,
Yahoo! confirmed that OpenStreetMap
was able to make use of their vertical
aerial imagery and this photography was
available within the editing software as an
overlay. Contributors could create their
vector based maps as a derived work,
released with a free and open licence,[16]
until the shutdown of the Yahoo! Maps API
on 13 September 2011.[81] In November
2010, Microsoft announced that the
OpenStreetMap community could use Bing
vertical aerial imagery as a backdrop in its
editors.[82] For a period from 2009 to 2011,
NearMap Pty Ltd made their high-
resolution PhotoMaps (of major Australian
cities, plus some rural Australian areas)
available for deriving OpenStreetMap data
under a CC BY-SA licence.[83]

In June 2018, the Microsoft Bing team

announced a major contribution of 125
million U.S. building footprints to the
project - four times the number
contributed by users and government data
imports.[84][85]

Operation
While OpenStreetMap aims to be a central
data source, its map rendering and
aesthetics are meant to be only one of
many options, some which highlight
different elements of the map or
emphasise design and performance.

Data format
OpenStreetMap uses a topological data
structure, with four core elements (also
known as data primitives):

Nodes are points with a geographic

position, stored as coordinates (pairs of
a latitude and a longitude) according to
WGS 84.[86] Outside of their usage in
ways, they are used to represent map
features without a size, such as points
of interest or mountain peaks.
Ways are ordered lists of nodes,
representing a polyline, or possibly a
polygon if they form a closed loop. They
are used both for representing linear
features such as streets and rivers, and
areas, like forests, parks, parking areas
and lakes.
Relations are ordered lists of nodes,
ways and relations (together called
"members"), where each member can
optionally have a "role" (a string).
Relations are used for representing the
relationship of existing nodes and ways.
Examples include turn restrictions on
roads, routes that span several existing
ways (for instance, a long-distance
motorway), and areas with holes.
Tags are key-value pairs (both arbitrary
strings). They are used to store
metadata about the map objects (such
 as their type, their name and their
physical properties). Tags are not free-
standing, but are always attached to an
object: to a node, a way or a relation. A
recommended ontology of map features
(the meaning of tags) is maintained on a
wiki. New tagging schemes can always
be proposed by a popular vote of a
written proposal in OpenStreetMap wiki,
however, there is no requirement to
follow this process. There are over 89
million different kinds of tags in use as
of June 2017.[87]

Data storage
The OSM data primitives are stored and
processed in different formats.

The main copy of the OSM data is stored

in OSM's main database. The main
database is a PostgreSQL database with
PostGIS extension, which has one table for
each data primitive, with individual objects
stored as rows.[88][89] All edits happen in
this database, and all other formats are
created from it.

For data transfer, several database dumps

are created, which are available for
download. The complete dump is called
planet.osm. These dumps exist in two
formats, one using XML and one using the
Protocol Buffer Binary Format (PBF).

The LinkedGeoData[90] data uses the

GeoSPARQL and well-known text (WKT)
RDF vocabularies to represent
OpenStreetMap data. It is a work of the
Agile Knowledge Engineering and
Semantic Web (AKSW) research group at
the University of Leipzig, a group mostly
known for DBpedia.

Popular services
 

Moovit Navigate

A variety of popular services incorporate

some sort of geolocation or map-based
component. Notable services using OSM
for this include:

Apple Inc. unexpectedly created an

OpenStreetMap-based map for iPhoto
for iOS on 7 March 2012, and launched
the maps without properly citing the
data source – though this was corrected
in 1.0.1. OpenStreetMap is one of the
many cited sources for Apple's custom
maps in iOS 6, though the majority of
map data is provided by TomTom.
Facebook
Flickr uses OpenStreetMap data for
various cities around the world,
including Baghdad, Beijing, Kabul,
Santiago, Sydney and Tokyo.[91][92][93] In
2012, the maps switched to use Nokia
data primarily, with OSM being used in
areas where the commercial provider
lacked performance.[94]
MapQuest announced a service based
on OpenStreetMap in 2010, which
eventually became MapQuest Open.[95]
MapBox
On 29 February 2012, Foursquare
started using OpenStreetMap via
Mapbox's rendering and
infrastructure.[96]
Craigslist switched to OpenStreetMap in
2012, rendering their own tiles based on
the data.[97]
In 2015, Mapworks incorporated the
OSM Data set for rendering under a
vector publication method. This allows
basic GIS analysis capabilities to be
performed at web clients supporting
HTML5.
In September 2009, Hasbro, the toy
company behind the real estate-themed
board game Monopoly, launched
Monopoly City Streets, a massively
multiplayer online game (MMORPG)
which allowed players to "buy" streets all
over the world. The game used map tiles
from Google Maps and the Google Maps
API to display the game board, but the
underlying street data was obtained
from OpenStreetMap.[98] The online
game was a limited time offering, its
servers were shut down in the end of
January 2010.[99]
Moovit uses maps based on
OpenStreetMap in their free mobile
application for public transit
navigation.[100]
TCDD Taşımacılık uses OpenStreetMap
as a location map on passenger seats
on YHTs.
Wikipedia uses OpenStreetMap data to
render custom maps used by the
articles. Many languages are included in
the WIWOSM project (Wikipedia Where
in OSM) which aims to show OSM
objects on a slippy map, directly visible
on the article page.[101]
Wikimedia projects uses
OpenStreetMap as a locator map for
cities and travel points of interest.
Dublin-based indie games developer
Ballardia launched World of the Living
Dead: Resurrection in October 2013,[102]
which has incorporated OpenStreetMap
into its game engine, along with census
information to create a browser-based
game mapping over 14,000 square
kilometres of greater Los Angeles and
survival strategy gameplay. Its previous
incarnation had used Google Maps,[103]
which had proven incapable of
supporting high volumes of players, so
during 2013 they shut down the Google
Maps version and ported the game to
OSM.[104]
Geotab uses OpenStreetMap data in
their Vehicle Tracking Software
platform, MyGeotab.[105]
Strava switched to OpenStreetMap
rendered and hosted by Mapbox from
Google Maps in July 2015.[106]
Tableau has integrated OSM for all their
mapping needs. It has been integrated
in all of their products.
Niantic switched to OSM based maps
from Google Maps on 1 December 2017
for their games Ingress and Pokémon
Go.[107][108]
 Snapchat's June 2017 update
introduced its Snap Map with data from
Mapbox, OpenStreetMap, and
DigitalGlobe.[109]
Webots uses OpenStreetMap data to
create virtual environment for
autonomous vehicle simulations.[110]

See also
Collaborative mapping
Comparison of web map services
Counter-mapping
Neogeography
Turn-by-turn navigation
Volunteered geographic information
 Other collaborative mapping projects:
*HERE Map Creator, Google Map Maker,
Wikimapia, Yandex.Map editor
Mobile applications: Karta GPS and
MAPS.ME

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Further reading
Bennett, Jonathan (2010).
OpenStreetMap: Be Your Own
Cartographer. Packt Publishing.
ISBN 978-1-84719-750-4.
Ramm, Frederik; Topf, Jochen; Chilton,
Steve (2010). OpenStreetMap: Using and
Enhancing the Free Map of the World. UIT
Cambridge. ISBN 978-1-906860-11-0.

External links

OpenStreetMap
at Wikipedia's sister projects
 Media
from
 
Wikimedia
Commons
Travel
  guide from
Wikivoyage
Data from
 
Wikidata
Discussion
  from Meta-
Wiki
 Document
  ation from
MediaWiki

Official website  
@[email protected] on the
Fediverse
OpenHistoricalMap
State of the Map conference

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