Power System Dynamics

Prof. M L Kothari
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
Lecture - 40
Methods of Improving Stability (Contd…)

Friends, we continue with the study of methods of improving power system stability. In the
previous lecture, we have studied some of the techniques which help in enhancing the stability of
system and the techniques which we have already discussed last time are high speed fault
clearing, reduction of transmission line system reactance we also talked specifically about the
series compensation regulated shunt compensation, we talked about dynamic braking reactor
switching independent pole operation of circuit breakers and we came to single pole switching.

(Refer Slide Time: 01:16)

Today, we will discuss the reaming techniques which add in enhancing the stability of the power
system. The techniques which we shall discuss will be single pole switching, steam turbine fast
valving, under this we will discuss the fast valving logic and typical valve closing and opening
sequence. Then, we will see the typical result through simulation studies the effect of fast
valving on the stability of fossil fuel fired station, then we will talk technique like generator
tripping, control system separation and load shedding, high speed excitation systems. Under this
category we will investigate or we will see the performance of two types of excitation systems
the ac exciter and bus fed thyristor, exciter then at the end we will talk about the the effect of
high speed control of HVDC lines for enhancing stability and at the end small signal stability.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:39)

(Refer Slide Time: 02:33)

As we have seen earlier the single pole switching uses separate operating mechanism on each
phase for single line to ground faults relaying is designed to trip only the faulted phase. Now this
is what is the important point that is when there is a line to ground fault right then the protection
system will trip only the faulted phase then this will follow a re closer within .5 to 1.5 and in case
there is a multiphase fault like say to phase to ground or line to line fault or 3 phase fault then the
all the 3 phases will be opened. This is very powerful technique for enhancing stability and it is
used in EHV transmission systems.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:13)

(Refer Slide Time: 04:23)

We take the advantage of this fact that most of the faults on transmission lines are line to ground
faults and opening and reclosing only on the faulted phase results in improvement of transient
stability. As compared to three phase tripping and reclosing some of the some of the features
which one has to study about this single pole switching are
(Refer Slide Time: 04:53)

that single pole switching is attractive where where you have a single line connects or wherever
the single line connects the 2 systems because if there is only one line connecting the two system
then then the power which can be transferred with the stability comes out to be 0 because the
moment its one line is faulted and you disconnect that line then the power transfer become 0
right therefore wherever there is a single line which connects the two systems then if you can
resort to the single single pole switching then some power is transferred on the healthy phases
and the and the the amount of power which can be transferred with the stability is improved that
is the transient stability limit is increased another is that if you have a single line connecting a
generating station to rest of the system.

Suppose, you have actually a generating station located at far of point and you have connected
that station to the system through a single line normally we connect through more than one line
but is the only one line connecting then again there is a advantage in going for single fault
switching, the problems associated with single pole switching are secondary arc extinction. I will
discuss this secondary arc extinction what it is but if it is a problem secondary arc extinction, the
fatigue due to turbine generator shafts and turbine blades if you are using because because
whenever you go for single fault switching the operation of the system becomes unbalanced
right.

Then the because of unbalanced operation the the thermal duty on nearby generators due to
negative sequence currents because when this one pole is taken out and only two lines are
connected then a stator windings of the synchronous generators carry negative sequence current
and that causes the additional heating in the machine then we talked about the power system
protection, we did discuss about the capability of generators that is the negative sequence current
withstand capacity of the synchronous generators for few seconds synchronous generators can
withstand this situation but not on long time basis.
Now when I talked about the secondary arc extinction the problem is something like this that if
you have a 3 phase system and you disconnect one phase at both the ends right and there was a
fault on the phase which has been disconnected. Now this this phase which has been separated or
disconnected from the system remains electrostatically and electromagnetically coupled with
other phases and therefore there is certain potential which is developed across the conductor
which is isolated from the line and therefore that it is because of this potential the the for at the
fault point right the arc will be sustained is called secondary arc this they you know what
happened is that when the fault occurred system was healthy before the occurrence of fault and
this arc was arc was fed by the system energy but the moment you have taken out the faulted
phase right.

Since this is is isolated we we feel actually that there should be no more arc arc should be
cleansed but because it remains coupled to the remaining two phases through electrostatic
coupling and through electromagnetic coupling there will be certain amount of voltage induced
and this is a problem which is very serious problem. So far actually the the single pole switching
is concerned because you cannot re-close till that secondary arc persist because if you re-close it
again. You will find that it will be unsuccessful re closer because whenever you adapt a
technique there with some problems and one has to sort out those problems and accept adapt that
technique only when you are in a position to overcome those problems.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:24)

Now we take now another very powerful technique for improving the stability of the system and
that is steam turbine fast valving. Historically, the fast valving technique was recognized long
back somewhere in 1930 it self as a very powerful technique for enhancing stability but because
of certain unresolved problems up to 1960 no attempt was made to apply the fast valving
technique for stability enhancement. Let us see the firs fast valving is a technique applicable to
thermal units to assist maintaining power system transient stability it involves rapid closing and
opening of steam valves in a prescribed manner to reduce the generator accelerating power
following following the recognition of a severe transmission system fault that is if you find that
there is a severe transmission system fault. So the electrical power out power power output from
the generating unit has reduced and mechanical input is same therefore to decrease the
accelerating power right one has to control the valves of the steam turbine. So as to reduce the
mechanical power generated by the steam turbines.

(Refer Slide Time: 10:48)

Let us discuss, this several utilities have tested and implemented fast valving on some of their
units for illustration of fast valving application, let us consider a fossil fuel generating unit with a
tandem compound single reheat steam turbine. In fact steam turbines have different
configurations you may have a single reheat double, reheat tandem, compound, cross compound
there are so many different configurations are there further the this fast valving technique can be
applied to nuclear power stations also right but just for illustrating this technique I have
considered this particular system that is fossil fuel generating unit that is a coal fired unit here we
will have a single reheat turbine and it is a tandem compound. In tandem compound actually all
the all the units are on the same shaft the high pressure intermediate pressure low pressure all
these stages of that turbine they are mounted on the same shaft.

Now let us consider this configuration if you see this configuration then the steam enters from
the boiler at this point we have a main safety valve here, main inlet safety valve there is a control
valve then the steam enters the high pressure turbine after expanding in the high pressure turbine,
steam is sent to re heater, this is re heater. Then we have intercept valve this is this valve is called
intercept valve and then we have again here this RSV right, this is also a safety valve right a re-
heater safety valve we call it re heater safety valve. The steam goes the IP section there are 2
sections shown here after working in the IP the steam will enter the LP stage of the steam turbine
and you can easily see that high pressure low, intermediate pressure, this is low pressure, low
pressure. All these stages are mounted on the same shaft and at the end is the generator
connected.

(Refer Slide Time: 12:02)

The steam which leaves the intermediate low pressure section goes to condenser and then it is
recirculated to the turbine this is what is the configuration of the tandem compound single reheat
steam turbine, the fossil fuel it is a coal fired unit.

(Refer Slide Time: 14:22)

Now here we we have two possible controls one is that you close this control valve if you close
this control valve then the steam flow will stop and the mechanical power output will be reduced
second is that yes you control not the control valve but you you close this intercept valve this
intercept valve when you close again the mechanical power output from the turbine will reduce.
We will see the different configurations which can be used that is the main inlet control valves
and re-heater intercept valves this I have told you that these 2 valves, one is the main inlet
control valve, another is the reheater intercept valve they provide a convenient means of
controlling the steam turbine power because we want to control the steam turbine power for a
short time momentarily. So that the the system is saved from losing synchronism.

(Refer Slide Time: 14:58)

In fact there are two alternative schemes which have been discussed, one is the intercept valves
are rapidly closed and then fully opened after a short time, it is not actually open the the main
control valve only intercept valve is opened and then closed again that is the other way around
intercept valve is closed and then opened fully okay the intercept valves, now since the intercept
valves control nearly seventy percent of the total unit power this method results in fairly
significant deduction of steam turbine power.

The another arrangement is that or you can say there are more pronounced temporary reduction
in turbine power can be achieved through action of both control and intercept valve that is you
control both the intercept valve as well as the control valve, you close both the valves. Now this
procedure of rapid closing and subsequent full opening in both the cases that is what you do is
that intercept valve is closed and opened. Similarly, the control valve is closed and opened okay
this particular type of arrangement is call momentary fast valving then there is another scheme
which is called sustained fast valving in sustained fast valving what is done is that intercept valve
is closed and reopened fully while the main control valve is closed and partially reopened, well
what happens is that suppose the post fault system is weak right. So once you partially reopen it
means you are reducing the mechanical power input to the system as a whole right. Therefore,
that that type of arrangement is called called sustained fast valving valving is fast it has to be fast
because you know that if you want to save the system then this mechanical power or the controls
should be fast So that they they reduce the acceleration and deceleration okay.

(Refer Slide Time: 15:41)

(Refer Slide Time: 17:14 min)

The generally fast valving has been found to be effective and economical method of meeting the
performance requirements of power systems where design and operating criteria require stability
to be maintained for a 3 phase fault with delayed clearing because of stuck circuit breakers.
Suppose, you design your system so that system stability is maintained for this type of
contingency where you consider a 3 phase valve with stuck circuit breaker it means the fault is
going to be clear with certain delay under such contingency the fast valving is very effective in
enhancing the system stability because here the fault remains on the system for a longer time.

(Refer Slide Time: 18:13)

(Refer Slide Time: 18:28)

The logic which is used for fast valving are one is for generating the valve control sequence and
other is for generating unloading signal right and let us look at the typical valve closing and
opening sequence.

(Refer Slide Time: 18:33)

Now this diagram shows a typical valve closing and opening sequence. This is this diagram is a
simple diagram in practice you will find that there will always some deviations that is this
diagram shows the valve position as a function of time. Now suppose a time T equal to 0, you
will sense that yes valve is to be closed then you take a initiation or take take initiate the closing
of the valve then for a time equal to T1, T1 there is a certain time delay which is required to start
the movement of the valve that is you will find at T1 is a delay between the time of initiation and
the time where the valve begins to close. These valves are generally very heavy and there is lot
of inertia is involved and the therefore you will find that the moment you give start initiate the
action there is certain time delay that is called T1 then from T1 to T2 the valve position is closed,

So that actually slowly the valve is closed at T2, you come that is T2 is the valve closing time you
can say at this time that is from this point to this point the time is wall closing time T3 that is
from this instant to this instant this is the time T3 the time during which the wall remains closed
and T4 is the wall opening time that is you a time T equal to 0 you imitate the action for for
closing and opening the valve. Then this is the time delay no opening closing takes place while
in the same position this is the time which requires for closing the valve from this point to this
point that is for time T3 valve remains closed then from this point onwards it reopens and this is
the fully opened condition this is partially open condition this is fully closed position that is
when during this period when its partially closed right again you will find actually that during
this period the steam is flowing right because its a partially closer and certain mechanical power
is developed. The mechanical power in the intermediate pressure and in the low pressure section
is not developed during this period.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:18)

Now here the ability of steam valves to rapidly close and reopen depends upon the governor
system which we have used because after all this is going to be actuated through the governor
action and electrohydraulic turbine governing or electrohydraulic turbine governor system is
capable of this rapid control because you have to close very fast.

(Refer Slide Time: 22:00)

I will tell you typical timings for for closing and opening of this valve but this times are very
short. Now you I will just show you the effect of fast valving on stability of fossil fuel fired
station. Let us take a typical illustration to see the effectiveness of fast valving on improvement
of stability.

(Refer Slide Time: 22:17)

Now, here this really the the example which I have considered is that there is a plant which has 2
units of 500 megawatts and they are feeding power to network and there is a close by a severe
fault on the transmission network following that following that the fast valving is resorted and in
this diagram shows shows the rotor angle in degrees that is delta delta power angle delta versus
time t in seconds I think it is the swing curve of the machines without fast valving this is the
graph you can see this is the graph this graph is the graph or a swing curve without fast valving
and with fast valving this is the swing curve, this is the swing curve with fast valving.

You can easily see that without fast valving the maximum swing is something of the order of 120
degrees while the maximum swing is now now around 70 degrees and therefore whenever we try
to investigate the effectiveness of certain devices for improving stability then the swing curve
conveys lot of information and what is the maximum swing that is important right.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:06)

Now this graph shows this graph shows the power in per unit on 100 MVA base versus time on
this side that is what has been done is to investigate or to show the effect of fast valving, effect of
fast valving on stability of a fossil fuel station exhibiting a slow inter area swing that is the graph
which I have shown earlier, you can see actually that the the the swing curve shows that there
exists a inter area swing this is very slow, thing type of thing but the point which I wanted to
make here is we show here with this dotted graph this dotted graph you can see this this one I
will just highlight it here again.

(Refer Slide Time: 26:08)

This graph shows the mechanical power with fast valving that is at this point you have initiated
the fast valving phenomena, for some time mechanical power does not change then it decreases it
comes to from something like 9.8 per unit it comes down to something like 5.5 per unit, 6.5 per
unit then slowly it increases and you can see that this whole thing closer and opening has been
completed practically in less than 1.5 second. You can see this thing that this graph, this this is
the 2 second time in 2 seconds you can easily see that practically it has reached the same level of
mechanical output therefore there is a dip in mechanical power which is generated and this dip
has helped actually in improving the dynamics of the system that we have already seen.

Now let us look into certain special features of fast valving, the fast valving imposes a relatively
severe transient on the turbine and steam generator system what is happening is that you
suddenly close suddenly close the interceptor valve then what happens, the steam which is which
is coming from the high pressure side and it is actually trapped in the re heater right that steam is
stopped suddenly because of sudden movement there will there will be a shock to the reheater
and to the turbine side right that is what is the point that fast valving impose a relative severe
transient on turbine and steam generator system.

(Refer Slide Time: 28:11)

This is steam generator means boiler here boiler re heater and it also imposes on the turbine
because in the turbine we are carrying normal steam you will find that actually suddenly
mechanical input reduces and therefore this sudden change in the steam flow effects actually the
life of the turbine blades and therefore I would mention here that whenever fast valving is
applied as the technique for enhancing stability, one has to evaluate evaluate that what will be
the consequences of this technique in terms of in terms of the steam generating unit that is boiler,
re heater, on turbine that is when we talk about turbine turbine blades fatigue of the shaft all
these things have to taken care of and only when certain situation demands that this is effective
and can used is applied. Then there are some other techniques which can be used for enhancing
stability.

The generator tripping is another powerful technique which can be used but we have to be very
careful in using this technique that is let us understand how this generator tripping helps.
Suppose there is a large system right and there is severe fault on the system. Now this machines
in the system will be accelerating or decelerating depending upon what is the excess power right
and all the techniques which we have discussing have mechanical mechanical reduction in power
that is you control the steam valves or you apply actually the artificial load in the system right
are basically to reduce the acceleration under some situation you will find that you can trip
certain amount of generation if you trip certain amount of generation again actually you will find
this say the excess power which was there to accelerate the system is reduced right the this is
what is the approach here.

A selective tripping of generating units for severe transmission system contingencies have been
used as a method of improving stability for many years but again you know the the consequences
of tripping a unit have to be examined suppose you trip a unit because tripping a unit is easy, you
open the circuit breaker general circuit breaker you will find actually that the whole unit transfer
of generator is disconnected from the system tripping is not than take much time time taken is
the same circuit breaker and relay operating time right.

But the moment actually the system generating unit which are supplying certain load right
immediately you will find that there are certain ill effects to transient on that system speed will
increase governor will try to control the speed right and all these effects are there one
arrangement is that suppose you you to the machine and follow the normal procedure of shutting
down you close the steam turbine you stop the machine another is that you use.

(Refer Slide Time: 30:35)

Let the machine continue to run for some time and supply certain auxiliary power or power
which is required for meeting the auxiliary requirement right and then resynchronize this
machine when the system is becoming healthy that is historically there are practice of generator
tripping as a stability aid was confined to hydro units and this practice has been extended to
fossil fuel, fired units and nuclear units in 1917 because this is considered to be a very powerful
actually in technique for saving the system when system is subjected to very severe
contingencies that is not in a position to save the system, sometimes blackout takes place if you
cannot take certain measures which have happened in our Indian power system also.

(Refer Slide Time: 31:10)

Evidently tripping of a unit subject in in its subjects it to sudden changes in mechanical and
electrical loadings you can easily understand this aspect the unit which are supplying certain load
suddenly, there is electrical power output is 0 mechanical output is reduced mechanical loading
right. With the associated impact on generator prime mover and energy supply system again
again as I have discussed actually about the fast valving phenomena. Similarly, when you talk
generator tripping right the it affects the steam generating system it affects the turbine it affects
the generator all these units and one has to examine very carefully the impact of tripping before
you resort to this type of practice in fact the thermal units are not designed for frequent full load
rejection. Generally, whenever whenever the machine is unloaded the load is slowly reduced full
load rejection means machine is having an 100 percent loading condition and you trip the
machine that type of situation is very dangerous to the thermal units.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:37)

Now this is this is warning that generator tripping technique for improving system stability
should not be used indiscriminately okay, you understood actually the following are the major
turbine generator concerns the over speed resulting from tripping of the generator, thermal
stresses caused by the rapid load changes and the shaft fatigue life consideration, all these are the
major considerations they have to be evaluated examined before you make use of this this
approach. But this is considered to be one of the very powerful approach or for enhancing system
stability under certain certain, I would say severe contingencies.

(Refer Slide Time: 32:46)

(Refer Slide Time: 33:17)

Another approach is controlled system separation and load shedding. Controlled system
separation may be used to prevent a major disturbance in one part of interconnected system from
propagating into the rest of the system and causing severe system break up. Now this it is
something like this this normally we call this islanding islanding therefore you have a large
interconnected system and if a disturbance has occurred in part of the system you do you resort
to islanding. So that the the disturbance does not propagate to the remaining part of the system
and today certain steps are been initiated in our Indian power system also so that we can save
part of the system whenever some disturbance occurs in a certain part of the system because in
2002 January the the northern regional grid completely collapsed and no part of the system could
be saved from that point onwards efforts are been made to to resort to certain techniques so that
at least you can save a certain part of the system and complete blackout is avoided. Globally also
certain approaches are been adopted to save the system from complete blackout.

Today the terminology which is used is called wide area protection system which requires
actually the synchronized phase measurement units to be used so that you have a common time
for the complete system then all system operates in a completely synchronized manner, the
timings are all synchronized and they have a synchronized arrangement you can have the
synchronized phasor measurements and monitor from central point. So that you can find out
whether the disturbance is coming and what to do to save the system from blackout.

The impending system instability detected by monitoring one or more of the following quantities
in the sense that how do we monitor that yes a disturbance is coming in a particular system and it
is going to propagate into the remaining part of the system, one is sudden changes in power flow
through specific transmission circuits there will be one indication on a particular line some
power is flowing and suddenly you find that there is wide change in the power flow that is one
indicator, change in bus voltage angles rate of power changes these are some of the indicators
that can be used to initiate the system separation, a very complex problem in fact it is not that
easy to talk about the separation.

(Refer Slide Time: 35:31)

(Refer Slide Time: 36:15)

Now upon detection of impending instability impending instability control system separation is
initiated by opening appropriate tie lines before cascading outages can occur. Few few selected
tie lines have to be opened in some instances it may be necessary to shed selected load in the
separated system that is when you separate the system problem may come there may be
generation load unbalance wherever you have a more generation and load less you have to shed
some generation wherever you find that load is more than generation you have to shed some load
right.

(Refer Slide Time: 37:11)

(Refer Slide Time: 37:27)

Therefore this is another this is to be approached there is no way out you will find that whenever
you do this islanding you will not be in a position to make the island to have a load generation
balance impossible, wide area protection and synchronized phasor measurement units are applied
for this type of protection purpose or for this type of islanding okay.

Now next is the high speed excitation systems how high speed excitation systems helps in
improving the transient stability of the system, over the years there has been development in the
in the excitation system technology I have discussed the different excitation systems in my
previous lectures I have discussed the excitations systems models also. Now here significant
improvement transient stability can be achieved through rapid temporary increase of generator
excitation, idea is something like this actually we make use high initial response high ceiling
voltage excitation system.

Now normal normal fault conditions what happens is the terminal voltage drops you will find
actually that whenever the system fault is there the voltage at the terminals of the generator will
be low the automatic voltage regulators will quickly take action and apply to the field winding
maximum voltage this is equivalent to the celling voltage which will cause in turn increase in
field current and internal voltage. Now this internal voltage which is which is increased by this
action will help actually in increasing the synchronizing power when the fault is cleared.

(Refer Slide Time: 39:00)

There is a mechanism here that is increase of generator field voltage during a transient
disturbance has the effect of increasing the internal voltage of the machine and this in turn
increases the synchronizing power. Because we have discussed in the beginning itself that we
have to take measures so as to increase the synchronizing power which can restore back the
system to the new operating condition, this is one of the approaches. The AVR response to this
condition by increasing the generator field voltage and this has beneficial effect on transient
stability.
(Refer Slide Time: 39:12)

(Refer Slide Time: 39:23)

The effectiveness of this type of control depends on the ability of the excitation system to
quickly increase the field voltage to its highest possible value that is, if suppose the excitation
system is slow you will find will not be effecting it has to be fast that is why the effectiveness of
this technique depends on the ability of the excitation system to quickly increase the field voltage
to its highest possible value that is to the field we apply the highest possible value that is the
celling voltage. Here the high initial response excitation system with high ceiling voltage are
most effective in this regard.
(Refer Slide Time: 39:34)

(Refer Slide Time: 40:15)

The ceiling voltage again then what should be the ceiling voltages what is the maximum voltage
which can be applied to the field winding of the synchronous generator that is called the ceiling
voltage? All the excitation systems are designed to have certain ceiling voltage. The ceiling
voltage are however limited by generator rotor insulation consideration for thermal units the
ceiling voltage are limited to about 2.5 to 3 times the rated load field voltage. Suppose a
generating unit has a rated field voltage of say 250 volts right then the ceiling voltage may be
750 volts is three times right this is what is the meaning and this voltage can be raised from 250
is the nominal value to 750 in a very short time.

(Refer Slide Time: 41:10)

The fast excitation response to terminal voltage variations required for improvement of transient
stability often leads to degrading the damping of the power system oscillation, this is the another
ill effect of of high response or initial response high ceiling voltage excitation system that causes
the degrading of the damping that sometimes it adds negative damping and therefore we need
actually the application of PSS to overcome this problem, power system stabilizers a lot of
research work has been done on this and we, I have discussed actually the effect of PSS in my
previous lectures and the effect of high high or we can say high initial response excitation
systems on the stability in previous lectures also.

The high the use of high initial response excitation system supplemented with PSS is by far the
most effective and economically method of enhancing the system stability. In fact actually out of
all the techniques which we have discussed so far this is a very accepted and tool for for
enhancing the system stability you will find today large capacity machines will have high initial
response excitation system, high ceiling voltage and along with power system stabilizers the ill
effect of high initial response excitation system which enhances transient stability but degrades
the damping is overcome by providing PSS.

Let us just look the comparison of transient stability with a AC exciter and a bus fed thyristor
exciter system in fact here I will make the comparison between the two excitation systems one is
the AC exciter system, where you have a AC generator rotate rotating or stationary rectifier
system and another is that you you have a static excitation system which is taking which take
input from the bus other than taking from the terminal of the synchronous generator the bus in
fed that is the bus fed thyristor excitation system.
Thyristor word of course is used thyristors are required in both the cases but here the meaning is
one is static excitation system another is a rotating excitation system.

(Refer Slide Time: 42:00)

(Refer Slide Time: 42:45)

(Refer Slide Time: 43:34)

For the purpose of illustrating this thing we have considered a system with 2 generating plants or
2500 mega watt plant there are 2 units of 500 megawatt capacity, a 3 phase fault of 60 milli
second duration on major transmission line is considered. For example, I considered certain
improvement by using the fast valving same system is here also you have a power plant with
2500 megawatt units and there is a major fault actually in the transmission system and 3 phase
fault is considered. The fault duration considered is a 60 milli second if we use for this particular
system, the critical clearing time with AC exciter that is 47.5 milli second only.

(Refer Slide Time: 45:01)

For this particular system with the particular type of fault considered with AC excitation system
AC exciter, the critical clearing time is 47.5 milli second while the critical clearing time with
static excitation system is 62.5 milli seconds. Obviously, the fault duration is 60 milli second
with this AC exciter the system will become unstable with thyristor excitation system system
will remain stable. This is illustrated through swing curve again here, rotor angle here, you can
see that this firm line shows the the swing curve with thyristor excitation system with PSS and
this is AC exciter you can easily. See that the system with AC excitation system has become
unstable while the while the static excitation systems remains stable it is a beauty right because
normally the stability margin is always judged by knowing actually the critical clearing time and
the actual fault clearing time. For example, in this case the with AC exciter there is no margin
system is unstable however with the static excitation system the we have a margin of 2.5 milli
seconds.

(Refer Slide Time: 45:56)

Now we discuss some more techniques one is the control of HVDC lines. Now in some systems
we have HVDC lines and wherever HVDC lines are available the we can take the advantage of
HVDC lines because HVDC line is one where you can quickly quickly change the power flow
on the line the controls are such that you can increase the power flow at a very fast rate. You can
say the ramp of the power output or ramp of the power flow on the line or ramp down the power
flow on the line this control is very fast this is only clearly by adjusting the firing angle of the
thyristor walls you can appropriately ramp up or ramp down the power flow on the line and this
advantage can be taken wherever you have HVDC link. I mean I am taking about here actually
that this is a AC system with additional HVDC link already operating, it is not actually that we
have 2 systems connected by HVDC link it is not that way they are not two asynchronous
systems same synchronous system but there is a HVDC link.
(Refer Slide Time: 47:25)

Now when a HVDC transmission link is highly controllable it is possible to take advantage of
this unique characteristic of HVDC link to augment the transient stability of the AC system.
During a transient disturbance the dc power can be ramped down rapidly to reduce generation
load unbalance of the system on both sides, on some situations it may be necessary to ramp up
the dc power to assist system stability by taking advantage of short term overload capability of
HVDC system normally the HVDC systems have short term overload capacity and all these
control measures are only for a short duration.

(Refer Slide Time: 48:00)

Now just before I close my discussion on the methods of transient stability enhancement. Let us
discuss about small signal stability enhancement the problem of small signal stability is one of
the insufficient damping of power system oscillations the use of PSS to control generator
excitation systems is the most cost effective method of enhancing small signal stability of the
power systems. The application of power system stabilizers and their capability in enhancing
stability I have discussed in my earlier lectures I am not going to repeat the discussion on PSS
but today today all excitation systems which are manufactured by by excitation system
manufacturers they provide power system stabilizers as a integral part of the excitation system.

Now the equality companies have to tune the parameters of their excitation systems or power
system stabilizer. So that the local as well as internal modes of oscillations are damped out. Now
my before I close the discussion on methods of improving the stability of the system. Let me
mention that the new technology that is the flexible AC transmission system technology is
evolved primarily to have flexible controls on the system. For example, if you whatsoever we
have talked till now is either on the generator or on the turbine or on the HVDC line but very
little discussion I have made on transmission line.

Now here when I talked about the application of series capacitors or for compensating the
transmission line reactances or TCSE for for for control {comp} ((00:50:07 min)) control
compensation of the transmission lines in fact actually the application of these FACTS devices
whether it is a TCSE or SVC or STATCOM or UPFC or other FACTS devices. All these FACTS
devices have the capability of controlling power flow on the transmission line and we can
regulate the power flow on the transmission line rapidly and on these systems also we can add
certain devices to damp out the oscillations that is I can use TCSC for improving transient
stability as well as dynamic stability I can control actually the line impedance for enhancing the
stabilities.

Similarly, you can control the STATCOM or shunt connected devices or UPFC where you can
enhance both both transient as well as the dynamic stability of the system or improve the
damping of the system. Today the lot of research work is been carried out to coordinate the
tuning of the FACTS devices as well as the the power system stabilizers. So that we want
coordinate the tuning so that the the devices are tuned in coordinated fashion. Now with this I
have just complete discussion of techniques of improving the power system stability a variety of
techniques have been used for improving the transient stability of the system and dynamic
stability of the system and these techniques need to be judiciously used taking care of the system
considerations and one only one technique is not sufficient one has choose a a a group of
techniques or a combination of certain techniques they have to be used to improve the system
stability.

With this I have completed the series of 40 lectures on on power system dynamics or say power
system stability during this we have discussed the modeling of the system synchronous
generating modeling excitation system modeling, turbine modeling, governor modeling. There
are various techniques of analyzing the stability then we have discussed the voltage stability, we
have discussed about the power system stabilizers and at the end the techniques for improving
the transient stability of the system.