Unit-Ii: Algebraic and Geometric Form
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Sai Syam RallabhandiUnit-Ii: Algebraic and Geometric Form
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Sai Syam RallabhandiNRCM
UNIT-II
Algebraic and geometric form
Surface entities:
Parametric space of surface, subdividing:
A parametric surface is a surface in the Euclidean space which is defined by a parametric
equation with two parameters. Parametric representation is a very general way to specify a surface, as well
as implicit representation. Surfaces that occur in two of the main theorems of vector calculus, Stokes'
theorem and the divergence theorem, are frequently given in a parametric form. The curvature and arc
length of curves on the surface, surface area, differential geometric invariants such as the first and second
fundamental forms, Gaussian, mean, and principal curvatures can all be computed from a given
parameterization.
We can represent a surface as a series of grid points inside its bounding curves. Surfaces can be in
two dimensional space (planar) or in three-dimensional space (general surfaces). Surface can be described
using non-parametric or parametric equations Surface ca b represented by equation it pass through all the
data point (fitting) or have patches of them connected at the data points.
Geometric Shape:
A geometric shape is the geometric information which remains when location, scale, orientation
and reflection are removed from the description of a geometric object. That is, the result of moving a
shape around, enlarging it, rotating it, or reflecting it in a mirror is the same shape as the original, and not
a distinct shape.
Objects that have the same shape as each other are said to be similar. If they also have the same
scale as each other, they are said to be congruent.
Many two-dimensional geometric shapes can be defined by a set of points or vertices and lines
connecting the points in a closed chain, as well as the resulting interior points. Such shapes are called
polygons and include triangles, squares, and pentagons. Other shapes may be bounded by curves such as
the circle or the ellipse.
Subdividing:
A parametric surface is a surface in the Euclidean space which is defined by a parametric equation
with two parameters. Parametric representation is a very general way to specify a surface, as well as
implicit representation.
Fig. 2.1: Parametric representation of a surface
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Cylindrical Surface:
A cylindrical surface whose generatrix is parallel to one of the coordinate axes and whose directrix
is a curve in the coordinate plane that is perpendicular to the generatrix, has the same equation as the
directrix. For example, if the directrix is the ellipse. in the x-y plane, the equation of the cylinder is.
A cylindrical surface whose generatrix is parallel to one of the coordinate axes and whose directrix
is a curve in the coordinate plane that is perpendicular to the generatrix, has the same equation as the
directrix.
(1) A cylindrical surface (2) Suppose we are given two parallel planes and two simple closed
curves C1 and C2 in these planes for which lines joining corresponding points of C1 and C2 are parallel to
a given line L. A cylinder is a closed surface consisting of two bases which are plane regions bounded by
such curves C1 and C2 and a lateral surface which is the union of all line segments joining corresponding
points of C1 and C2. Each of the curves C1 and C2 is a directrix of the cylinder and the line segments
joining corresponding points of C1 and C2 are elements (or generators or rulings). The cylinder is circular
or elliptic if a directrix is a circle or an ellipse, respectively. Sometimes a circular cylinder is defined to be
a cylinder whose intersections with planes perpendicular to the elements are circles. The cylinder is a right
cylinder or an oblique cylinder according as L is perpendicular to the planes or not perpendicular to the
planes. The altitude of a cylinder is the perpendicular distance between the planes containing the bases and
a right section is the intersection of the cylinder and a plane perpendicular to the elements that crosses the
cylinder between the bases.
Fig. 2.2: Types of surfaces
Ruled surface:
Ruled Surfaces are surfaces that are generated using two curves with a straight line connecting
each curve. The two driving curves can be 3D Curves or existing edges of parts or other surfaces. Ruled
Surface, Ruled Surface to Point, and Ruled Surface to Face Examples.
A ruled surface can be described as the set of points swept by a moving straight line. For example,
a cone is formed by keeping one point of a line fixed whilst moving another point along a circle. A surface
is doubly ruled if through every one of its points there are two distinct lines that lie on the surface.
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Surface of revolution spherical surface:
A surface of revolution is generated by revolving a given curve about an axis. The given curve is a
profile curve while the axis is the axis of revolution.
Fig. 2.3: Surface of revolution.
Many commonly seen and useful surfaces are surfaces of revolution (e.g., spheres, cylinders, cones and
tori).
Sphere:
A sphere is obtained by revolving a semi-circle about the axis of revolution. In the curve system,
this semi-circle must be in the x z-plane and the axis of revolution must be the z axis.
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