Micro-Project

Comprasion between stone and brick masonry

1.0 Brief Introduction

Masonry is the building of structures from individual units, which are often laid in and
bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves. The
common materials of masonry construction are brick, building stone such as marble, granite,
travertine, and limestone, cast stone, concrete block, glass block, and adobe. Masonry is
generally a highly durable form of construction.

2.0 Aim of the Micro-Project

To give a brief information about the stone and brick masonry

3.0 Intended Course Outcomes

a) Select suitable type of masonry for a building structure

4.0 Literature Review

(Existing status, knowledge about chosen task summarized from books, internet and
other sources in about 200 to 400)

5.0 Resources Required (major resources like raw material, tools, software etc.)
S. No. Name of Resource/material Specifications Qty Remarks
1 Textbook Nirali Prakashan and techmax 01
2 Internet Civil blog
3 Notes of bco Given by sir

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 Micro-Project Report

Title of Micro-Project
Comprasion between stone and brick masonry

1.0 Rationale
We have learned the different types of masonry and the application of the different
masonry in the specified structure
2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed
a) Select suitable type of masonry for a building structure

3.0 Literature Review

We knew about the information the function and their application also the merits and
demerits of the stone and brick masonry and also the selection of the different types of
masonry for s particular type of structure

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 Index

Sr No. Contents Page no.

1 Abstract 04

2 Introduction 05

Making or manufacturing
3 06
of brick

4 Brick Masonry 07

5 Types of brick masonry 11

6 Points to be observed 14
Advantages and
7 disadvantages of brick 15
masonry
8 Stone masonry 16

9 Types of stone masonry 18

10 Points to be observed 21
Advantages and
11 disadvantages of stone 22
masonry
Basic aspects of stone
12 23
and brick masonry

13 Conclusion 24

14 References 24

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 Abstract

Masonry is an ancient construction used for the construction of walls in order to for buildings
and also provides safety and privacy to the building and the owners in building. Masonry also
helps in the proper functioning of the communication of the people in the building and also the
proper function needed or required for the building. Masonry can also simply call as the walls
constructed with the help of stone or bricks. On the basics of the materials used in the making
of the masonry walls the two types of the masonry are as follows:-

 Brick Masonry
 Stone Masonry

Brick masonry is a type of masonry in which the walls are constructed with the help of the
bricks and the laying of the bricks in the mortar in the proper bonds and proper pattern. So as
per the laying of the bricks in proper pattern the different types of the bonds are also
introduced in the brick masonry which are economical and as well as also provide the strength
and the stability to the masonry or the wall. In this following project some of the bonds such as
the stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, Flemish bond the laying of the bricks and the
pattern followed are given and also the bond which is generally preferred in the masonry and
some of the terminology used in the brick masonry used such as the course and joints are also
very necessary consideration while the construction the brick masonry.

Stone masonry was very popular in the olden days due to the easy availability of the stones
nearby. But due to the necessity of decreasing of the load of the masonry or the structure in
order to construct multy story building the use of the stone masonry is reduce and the brick
masonry is introduced so as to fulfill the needs of the society and the people. There is also some
of the important terminology used in the stone masonry such as backing and facing etc. also
the laying of the stones in the stone masonry is different as compare to the laying of the bricks
in the brick masonry. In this type of masonry the through stones are provided at regular interval
in order to provide the stability to the masonry. But leaving all the aspects of the stone masonry
brick masonry is generally followed in all over the world due its benefits.

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Introduction:-

Masonry:-

Masonry is the building of structures from individual units, which are often laid in and bound
together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves. The common
materials of masonry construction are brick, building stone such as marble, granite, travertine,
and limestone, cast stone, concrete block, glass block, and adobe. Masonry is generally a highly
durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and
workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can substantially affect the
durability of the overall masonry construction.

Advantages:-
 The use of material such as bricks and stones can increase the thermal mass of a building.
 Masonry is non-combustible product and can protect the building from fire.

Disadvantages:-
 Extreme weather, under certain circumstances, can cause degradation of masonry due to
expansion and contractions forces associated with freeze-thaw cycles.
 Masonry tends to be heavy and must be built upon a strong foundation, such as reinforced
concrete, to avoid settling and cracking.

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Brick:-

A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements
in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used to
denote any rectangular units lay in mortar. A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime,
or concrete materials. Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with
region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-
fired bricks.

Step 1 – Collect Soil To begin, you need to collect enough loamy soil to make your
bricks.
Step 2 – Make the Mold.
Step 3 – Dig a Pit.
Step 4 – Add the Soil and Mix.
Step 5 – Add Mixture to the Mold.
Step 6 – Drying.

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Brick:-

 A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements
in masonry construction.
 A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials.
 Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with
region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities.
 Bricks are laid in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds, collectively known
as brickwork, and may be laid in various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together to
make a durable structure.

Requirements of good bricks:-

1. Bricks should be uniform in color, size and shape. Standard size of brick should be
maintained.
2. They should be sound and compact.
3. They should be free from cracks and other flaws such as air bubbles, stone nodules etc.
with sharp and square edges.
4. Bricks should not absorb more than 1⁄5 of their own weight of water when immersed in
water for 24 hours (15% to 20% of dry weight).
5. The compressive strength of bricks should be in range of 2000 to 5000 psi (15 to 35
Map).
6. Salt attack hampers the durability of brick. The presence of excess soluble salts in brick
also causes efflorescence. The percentage of soluble salts (sulphates of calcium,
magnesium, sodium and potassium) should not exceed 2.5% in brunt bricks.
7. Brick should not change in volume when wetted.
8. Bricks should neither over burnt nor under-brunt.
9. Generally, the weight per brick should be 6 lbs. and the unit weight should be less than
125 lbs. per cubic ft.
10. The thermal conductivity of bricks should be low as it is desirable that the building built
with them should be cool in summer and warm in winter.
11. Bricks should be sound proof.
12. Bricks should be non-inflammable and incombustible.
13. Bricks should be free from lime pitting.

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Characteristics of good brick:-

01. Size:

The bricks should have a uniform size, plain, rectangular surfaces with parallel sides and sharp
straight edges. Whatever bricks are used for construction but the bricks should be regular and
uniform in size. Good bricks should not exceed 3 mm tolerances in length and 1.5 mm
tolerances in width and height.

Standard size of brick is 190 x 90 x 90 mm

02. Shape:

Good bricks should be uniform in shape. Edges of bricks should be sharp, straight and at a right
angle.

03. Color of Brick:

Good brick should be well burnt and should have uniform copper color. Over burnt and under
burnt bricks losses uniformity of color on its surface and its strength. Good quality bricks should
always be of uniform color throughout.

04. Soundness:

Well burnt brick should give a metallic sound when struck with a hammer or
another brick.

05. Hardness:
The brick should be so hard that when scratched by a finger nail no impression is made.

06. Strength:
The Compressive strength of brick should be minimum 3.5 N/mm2 as per IS code.

07. Water Absorption:

Water absorption of good brick should not exceed 20 % of its dry weight when kept immersed in
water for 24 hours.

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Terminology:

 The surfaces of a brick have names:

 Top and bottom surfaces are beds.

 Ends are headers and header faces.

 Sides are stretchers or stretcher faces.

 Bricks are the subject of British Standard

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Masonry Wall Requirements

The usual functional requirements of a masonry wall include:-

i) Adequate strength to support imposed loads.

ii) Sufficient water tightness.

iii) Sufficient visual privacy and sound transmission.

iv) Appropriate fire resistance.

v) Ability to accommodate heating, air conditioning,

Electrical and plumbing, equipment.

vi) Ability to receive various finish materials

Cost.

vii) Ability to provide openings such as doors and window.

Precautions while constructing brick masonry:-

 Bricks should be as per specification and also well burnt and sound and in uniform
shape and size.

 Bricks should be soaked in water before construction or use in masonry work.

 Bricks should be properly laid on the bed and the frogs on the top

 Bricks bats should not be used more.

 The brick work should be perfectly in level.

 Hold plats for the doors should be perfectly laid while constructing the brickwork.

 The mortar used should be as per the specifications and should be fresh.

 The whole brickwork should be done in a proper bond.

 The whole brick work should be in a proper bound.

 After the completion of the work curing for at least 7 days should be done.

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Brick masonry:-

Brick masonry is built with bricks bonded together with mortar. For temporary sheds mud mortar
may be used but for all permanent buildings lime or cement mortars are used.

The various types of bonds generally used in brick masonry are as follows:-
1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond
4. Flemish bond.

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 1. Stretcher Bond:-
 A stretcher is the longer face of the brick
as seen in the elevation.

 In the brick of size 190 mm × 90 mm ×

90 mm, 190 mm × 90 mm face is the
stretcher.

 In stretcher bond masonry all the bricks

are arranged in stretcher courses as shown in Fig.

 However care should be taken to break vertical joints.

 This type of construction is useful for the construction half brick thick partition wall.

2.Header Bond:-

 A header is the shorter face of the brick as seen in

the elevation.

 In a standard brick it is 90 mm × 90 mm face.

 In header bond brick masonry all the bricks are

arranged in the header courses as shown in this type
of bond is useful for the construction of one brick
thick walls.

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3. English Bond:-
 In this alternate courses consist of
headers and stretchers.
 This is considered to be the strongest
bond.

 Hence it is commonly used bond for

the walls of all thicknesses.

 To break continuity of vertical joints

a brick is cut lengthwise into two halves and used in the beginning and end of a wall after
first header.

 This is called queen closer.

 Fig. Shows typical one brick and one and half brick thick wall with English bond.

4. Flemish Bond:-

 In this type of bond each course comprises of

alternate header and stretcher Fig.

 Alternate courses start with stretcher and

header.

 To break the vertical joints queen closers are

required, if a course starts with header.

 Every header is centrally supported on the stretcher below it.

Flemish bonds may be further classified as

(a) Double Flemish Bond
(b) Single Flemish Bond.

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Points to be observed while constructing brick masonry :-

1. Use bricks of good quality with uniform color, well burnt, with exact shape and size.

2. Before using the bricks in masonry, they should be soaked in water for 2 hours so that
bricks do not absorb water from the mortar.

3. Bricks should be laid with the frog pointing upward.

4. Construction of brick wall should start from the end or corner.

5. Brick courses should be perfectly horizontal.

6. Verticality of the wall should be ensured by frequently checking with plumb-bob.

7. Mortar used should be as per specification.

8. Whenever work is stopped brick masonry should be left with toothed end.

9. Use of brick bats should be avoided.

10. Walls should be raised uniformly. In no case difference between adjoining walls be more
than 1 m. In a day no wall should be raised by more than 1.5 m.

11. To get proper key for plastering or pointing, the face joints should be raised to a depth of
12 to 20 mm, when the mortar is green. If plastering or pointing is not to be provided, face
joints should be stuck flush and finished neatly.

12. Holdfasts for doors and windows should be embedded in brick masonry with cement
mortar or concrete, at the time of constructing the wall itself.

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Advantages of brick masonry:-

1. Since shape and size of bricks are uniform, it does not need skilled labor for the construction.

2. Bricks are light in weight and hence handling them is easy.

3. Bricks are easily available around cities and their transportation cost is less because
their weight is less. Stones are to be brought from quarries which are located only at few places.

4. It is possible to use all types of mortar in brick masonry. For unimportant buildings even
mud mortar can be used.

5. Thinner walls can be constructed with bricks but it is not so with stones.

6. It is easy to form openings for doors and windows.

Disadvantages of brick masonry:-

1. Strength of brick masonry is less than that of stone masonry.

2. Durability of brick masonry is less.

3. Brick masonry needs plastering and plastered surface needs color washing. Stone
masonry doesn’t need them and hence maintenance cost is more in brick masonry.

4. Brick masonry absorbs water and there is possibility of dampness. There is no such problem in
stone masonry.

5. More architectural effects can be given in stone masonry compared to that in brick masonry.

6. Stone masonry gives massive appearance and hence monumental buildings are built in
stone masonry.

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Stone masonry:-

 Masonry means construction of buildings using building blocks like stone, bricks,
concrete blocks etc.

 Masonry is used for the construction of foundation, plinth, walls and columns. Mortar is
the binding material for the building blocks.

 In this article different types of stone masonry used are explained and points to be
observed while supervising stone masonry works are listed.

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The following are the requirements of good building stones:

(i) Strength: The stone should be able to resist the load coming on it. Ordinarily this is not of
Primary concern since all stones is having good strength. However in case of large structure, it
may be Necessary to check the strength.

(ii) Durability: Stones selected should be capable of resisting adverse effects of natural forces
Like wind, rain and heat.

(iii) Hardness: The stone used in floors and pavements should be able to resist abrasive forces
Caused by movement of men and materials over them.

(iv) Toughness: Building stones should be tough enough to sustain stresses developed due to
Vibrations. The vibrations may be due to the machinery mounted over them or due to the loads
moving over them. The stone aggregates used in the road constructions should be tough.

(v) Specific Gravity: Heavier variety of stones should be used for the construction of dams,
Retaining walls, docks and harbors. The specific gravity of good building stone is between 2.4
and 2.8.

(vi) Porosity and Absorption: Building stone should not be porous. If it is porous rain
water Enters into the pour and reacts with stone and crumbles it. In higher altitudes, the freezing
of water in Pores take place and it results into the disintegration of the stone.

(vii) Dressing: Giving required shape to the stone is called dressing. It should be easy to dress
so That the cost of dressing is reduced. However the care should be taken so that, this is not be at
the cost of the required strength and the durability.

(viii) Appearance: In case of the stones to be used for face works, where appearance is a
primary requirement, its color and ability to receive polish is an important factor.

(ix) Seasoning: Good stones should be free from the quarry sap. Laterite stones should not be
Used for 6 to 12 months after quarrying. They are allowed to get rid of quarry sap by the action
of nature. This process of removing quarry sap is called seasoning.

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Types of Stone Masonry:
Based on the arrangement of the stone in the construction and degree of refinement in the surface
finish, the stone masonry can be classified broadly in the following two categories

1. Rubble masonry
2. Ashlars masonry

1) Rubble masonry:
In this category, the stones used are either undressed or roughly dressed having wider joints. This
can be further subdivided as:-

1. Uncoursed Rubble masonry,

2. Coursed Rubble masonry,
3. Random Rubble masonry,
4. Dry Rubble masonry,
5. Polygonal Rubble masonry
6. Bint. Rubble masonry

(i) Uncoursed rubble masonry:

This is the cheapest, roughest and poorest form of

stone masonry. The stones used in this type of masonry very much vary in their shape
and size and are directly obtained from quarry. Uncoursed rubble masonry can be
divided into the following.

a) Uncoursed random rubble

b) Uncoursed squared rubble

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a) Uncoursed random rubble masonry:

 The weak corners and edges are removed with masons

Hammer.
 Generally, bigger stone blocks are employed at quoins
and jambs to increase the strength of masonry.

b) Uncoursed squared Rubble:

 In this type the stone blocks are made roughly square

with hammer.
 Generally the facing stones are given hammer-dressed
finish.
 Large stones are used as quoins.
 As far as possible the use of chips in bedding is
avoided.

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(IV) Built to regular course:-

 In this type of stone Masonry the uniform height

stones are used in horizontal layers not less than
13cm in height.

 The Stones are arranged in such a manner so that the

vertical joints of two consecutive courses do not
coincide

(v) Polygonal rubble masonry:

 In this type of masonry the stones are roughly dressed to

an Irregular polygonal shape.
 The stones should be so arranged as to avoid long
vertical joints in face work and to break joints as much
as possible.

 Small stone chips should not be used to support the

stones on the facing as shown in the figure

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Points to be observed while of Stone Masonry:-

The following points should be kept in mind in supervising stone masonry work:

1. Hard and durable stones, free from defects like flaws, cavities veins etc. should be used.

2. Dressing of the stones should be as per the requirement.

3. Stones should be properly wetted before they are used so as to avoid sucking of water
from mortar.

4. Stones should be laid on their natural bed.

5. Facing and backing faces should be laid neatly and leveled and checked with wooden
template.

6. The heart of masonry should be filled with stone chips and mortars. To thick mortar
joints should be avoided.

7. Verticality of the wall should be frequently checked with plumb-bob.

8. Mortars with correct proportion of sand and cement should be used.

9. Continuous vertical joints should be avoided.

10. Through stones should be used within 1.5 m distances.

11. The height of masonry should be raised uniformly.

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Advantages of stone masonry:-

1. Since shape and size of bricks are uniform, it do not need skilled labor for the construction.
2. Bricks are light in weight and hence handling them is easy.
3. Bricks are easily available around cities and their transportation cost is less because their
weight is less. Stones are to be brought from quarries which are located only at few places.
4. It is possible to use all types of mortar in brick masonry. For unimportant buildings even mud
mortar can be used.
5. Thinner walls can be constructed with bricks but it is not so with stones.
6. It is easy to form openings for doors and windows.

Disadvantages of stone masonry:-

1. Strength of brick masonry is less than that of stone masonry.

2. Durability of brick masonry is less.
3. Brick masonry needs plastering and plastered surface needs color washing. Stone masonry
doesn’t need them and hence maintenance cost is more in brick masonry.
4. Brick masonry absorbs water and there is possibility of dampness. There is no such problem
in stone masonry.
5. More architectural effects can be given in stone masonry compared to that in brick masonry.
6. Stone masonry gives massive appearance and hence monumental buildings are built in stone
masonry.

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 Basic difference in between stone and brick masonry:-

Comparison in Stone Masonry Brick Masonry

Brick is an artificial
Stone is a natural construction
construction
Material received from quarry and river
material molded and burnt at
beds and also is seldom used
any place
without dressing.

Stone is more stronger and

Brick gives less strength but
Strength durable and is the best
is most Suitable and cheap.
construction material.

When given a proper

Being a natural material has a
bond
Appearance good apperewnce and gets
does not require
apperence with its age.
plastering.

Cost of such construction is Cost of such construction is

Cost of construction more less

It does not require much skill

Skilled labors It require much skill labours
Labours

Plaster not stick easily to such a Plaster stick easily to such

Plastering masonry a masonry

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Conclusion:-

In this project we came to know about the different types of stone and brick
masonry and it construction with the help of different types of materials and the
techniques about it.

References:-

ww.wikipedia.com
www.civilblog.com
Bco text book (nirali prakshan)

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