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Complex Numbers and Operations Between Them: Objectives

The document defines complex numbers and operations on them. It introduces the set of complex numbers C as numbers of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i^2 = -1. It defines properties of complex numbers including their real and imaginary parts. It also defines powers of i, conjugates of complex numbers, and basic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division on complex numbers. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts and operations.

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Complex Numbers and Operations Between Them: Objectives

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ira concepcion

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Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Complex Numbers and

Operations between
Them
Objectives:

To define the set of complex numbers and its properties

To obtain integer powers of i and conjugates of a complex

number

To perform operations involving complex numbers

Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Definition
The set of complex numbers C is
defined as:
C = {a + bi|a, b ∈ R, i2 = −1}
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Properties of Complex Numbers

Let z = a + bi ∈ C
• Standard or Rectangular Form: z = a + bi
• Real Part of z: Re(z) = a
• Imaginary Part of z: Im(z) = b
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Properties of Complex Numbers

Let z = a + bi ∈ C
• Standard or Rectangular Form: z = a + bi
• Real Part of z: Re(z) = a
• Imaginary Part of z: Im(z) = b

Example:
z = 3 − 7i

• Re(z) = 3
• Im(z) = −7
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Properties of Complex Numbers

Given z = a + bi, z ∈ C
• if b = 0, z is a Real Number: a = a + 0i.
• if b 6= 0, z is an Imaginary Number.
• if a = 0, z is a Pure Imaginary Number:
bi = 0 + bi.

Examples:
• 5 is a real number.
• 2 + 3i is an imaginary number.
• 7i is a pure imaginary number.
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Definition
If p > 0, then the principal square root of −p,
√
denoted by −p, is given by
√ √
−p = i p

Examples:
√ √
• −4 = i 4 = 2i
• 3i and −3i are square roots of -9 since
(−3i)2 = −9 and (3i)2 = −9. The principal
square root of −9 is 3i.
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Powers of i
Given n ∈ N, n 6= 1.

in
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Powers of i
Given n ∈ N, n 6= 1.
If r is the remainder when n is divided by 4, then


 1 if r = 0
i if r = 1

in =

 −1 if r = 2
−i if r = 3

Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Powers of i
Given n ∈ N, n 6= 1.
If r is the remainder when n is divided by 4, then


 1 if r = 0
i if r = 1

in =

 −1 if r = 2
−i if r = 3


Note: The laws of integer exponents apply to

complex numbers.
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

The Powers of i

Example:

−7i13 + 10i6 − 5i3 + 4i

Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

The Powers of i

Example:

−7i13 + 10i6 − 5i3 + 4i

= −7i4·3+1 + 10i4·1+2 − 5i4·0+3 + 4i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

The Powers of i

Example:

−7i13 + 10i6 − 5i3 + 4i

= −7i4·3+1 + 10i4·1+2 − 5i4·0+3 + 4i
= −7i − 10 + 5i + 4i
= −10 + 2i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Conjugate of a Complex Number

Definition
The conjugate of z = a + bi:

z̄ = a + bi = a − bi.

Examples:
• 7 + 2i = 7 − 2i
• 9=9
• 5i = −5i
• i − 1 = −1 − i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Operations on Complex Numbers

Note:
1. Two complex numbers a + bi and c + di are
equal if a = c and b = d.
2. The axioms for the real number system hold for
C, except for the order axioms.
3. There is no concept of ‘order’ in C.
4. Identity Element of Addition in C: 0 = 0 + 0i
5. Identity Element of Multiplication in C:
1 = 1 + 0i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Definition
Let z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di ∈ C.
Then

z1 + z2 = (a + bi) + (c + di)
= (a + c) + (b + d)i

z1 − z2 = (a + bi) − (c + di)
= (a − c) + (b − d)i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 4 − 3i.

1.
z1 + z2
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 4 − 3i.

1.
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + (−3)i)
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 4 − 3i.

1.
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + (−3)i)
= (3 + 4) + (2 + (−3))i
= 7−i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 4 − 3i.

1.
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + (−3)i)
= (3 + 4) + (2 + (−3))i
= 7−i

2.
z1 − z2
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 4 − 3i.

1.
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + (−3)i)
= (3 + 4) + (2 + (−3))i
= 7−i

2.
z1 − z2 = (3 + 2i) − (4 + (−3)i)
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 4 − 3i.

1.
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + (−3)i)
= (3 + 4) + (2 + (−3))i
= 7−i

2.
z1 − z2 = (3 + 2i) − (4 + (−3)i)
= (3 − 4) + (2 − (−3))i
= −1 + 5i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

Definition
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di ∈ C, then

z1 · z2 = (a + bi) · (c + di)
= (ac − bd) + (ad + bc)i

z1 a + bi c − di
= ·
z2 c + di c − di
ac + bd bc − ad
= 2 + 2 i, z2 6= 0
c + d2 c + d2
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C