OBJECTIVE

1. To obtain the thermal conductivity of brass and stainless steel.

2. To obtain overall heat transfer coefficient along a composite bar

INTRODUCTION

Heat can only be transferred through three means, conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction is
perhaps the most common, and occurs regularly in nature. In short, it is the transfer of heat through
physical contact. It occurs when you press your hand onto a window pane, when you place a pot of water
on an active element, and when you place an iron in the fire.

In the atomic theory solids, liquids and gases are made of tiny particles called "atoms". The temperature
of the material measures how fast the atoms are moving and the heat measures the total amount of energy
due to the vibration of the atoms. You might imagine conduction to take place when one part of a material
is heated. The atoms in this part vibrate faster and are more likely to hit their neighbors. When collisions
take place, the energy is passed on to the neighboring atoms allowing the energy to travel through the
solid.

The process of heat conduction depends on four basic factors: the temperature gradient, the cross section
of the materials involved, their path length, and the properties of those materials.

METHODOLOGY

1. Attach the sample along with the thermocouples to the heat conduction apparatus.

2. Switch on the main power for the heat conduction apparatus.

3. Keep the water running through the apparatus.

4. Adjust the heater power control to a fixed value 10 W, 15 W and 20 W.

5. Wait until the temperature reading become steady.

6. Record the temperature readings for T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9 with 10 mm distance
between each consecutive point.

7. Change the sample B, C and repeat steps 1 to 6.

RESULT

Specimen A: Brass (Diameter = 25mm)

Temperature Wattmeter,Q(W)
(◦C) 10W 15W 20W
1 47.9 59.0 70.4
2 48.2 59.1 70.6
3 46.8 47.2 67.8
4 42.9 47.5 52.5
5 41.7 45.6 49.4
6 40.5 43.8 47.2
7 34.6 36.8 39.3
8 33.7 35.5 37.4
9 32.9 34.2 35.6

Table 1

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
Wattmeter,Q(W) 10W
Wattmeter,Q(W) 15W

Graph 1
 Specimen B: Brass (Diameter = 13mm)
Temperature Wattmeter,Q(W)
(◦C) 10W 15W 20W
1 58.0 73.7 86.8
2 59.2 76.3 89.9
3 58.3 75.6 88.7
4
5
6
7 33.0 33.4 35.0
8 32.5 32.8 34.1
9 31.9 32.2 33.2

Table 2

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
10W 15W 20W

Graph 2
 Specimen C: Stainless Steel(Diameter = 25mm)
Temperature Wattmeter,Q(W)
(◦C) 10W 15W 20W
1 64.7 76.0 91.2
2 66.5 78.8 94.8
3 65.9 77.5 92.6
4
5
6
7 33.1 34.2 35.1
8 32.4 33.2 34.0
9 31.8 32.4 33.2

Table 3

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
Series1 Series2 Series3

Graph 3
DISCUSSION

Given equation:
𝑄 𝑇𝐻𝑆 − 𝑇𝐻𝐼 𝑇𝐻𝐼 − 𝑇𝐶𝐼 𝑇𝐶𝐼 − 𝑇𝐶𝑆
= 𝑘𝐻 = 𝑘𝑆 = 𝑘𝐶
𝐴 𝑋𝐻 𝑋𝑆 𝑋𝐶

Table 4
Thermal conductivity (k) of Brass(25mm)
Wattermeter,Q(W) 𝑘𝐻 𝑘𝑆 𝑘𝐶
10 370.40 169.76 239.67
15 339.53 165.18 470.12
20 313.41 153.75 220.24
⁄
Average 𝑘𝑠 = 162.90 𝑊 𝑚𝐾

Table 5
Thermal conductivity (k) of Brass(13mm)
Wattermeter,Q(W) 𝑘𝐻 𝑘𝑆 𝑘𝐶
10 627.83 119.11 1369.85
15 1027.6 107.12 1883.49
20 1586.10 112.24 1674.21
Average 𝑘𝑠 = 112.82

Table 6
Thermal conductivity (k) of Stainless Steel(25mm)
Wattermeter,Q(W) 𝑘𝐻 𝑘𝑆 𝑘𝐶
10 226.35 24.84 313.41
15 321.66 28.23 509.30
20 291.03 28.34 428.88
Average 𝑘𝑠 = 27.14
Overall heat transfer coefficient(U) is given by:

𝑄
𝑈=
𝐴(𝑇𝐻𝑆 −𝑇𝐶𝑆 )
Table 7
Brass (D=25mm)
Wattmeter (Q) Overall heat transfer coefficient(U) 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 𝐾
10 kW 1358.05
15 kW 1232.10
20 kW 1170.73

Table 8
Brass (D=13mm)
Wattmeter (Q) Overall heat transfer coefficient(U) 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 𝐾
10 kW 2616.60
15 kW 2478.88
20 kW 2625.71

Table 9
Stainless Steel (D=25mm)
Wattmeter (Q) Overall heat transfer coefficient(U) 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 𝐾
10 kW 567.43
15 kW 650.13
20 kW 655.01
DISCUSSION
Generally, conduction occurs when there is different in temperature in solids. This event can be
observed from the data recorded and graph tabulated, where the temperature decreases from left
to right for each sample A, B and C.
From graph1, we can see that the temperature steadily decreases as it moves away from
the heat source. This is because the conductor is the same material and size as the compartment
material which is brass. Next, from graph 2 and graph 3, the graphs are different due to different
conductor material and size of conductor respectively.
The standard thermal conductivity published for brass is 109 W/mK and thermal
conductivity for stainless steel is 16 W/mK. The calculated average thermal conductivity for
brass 162.90W/mk and for stainless steel is 27.14 W/mK. The difference in calculated and
standard thermal conductivity value occur due to both of instrument and human error such as
taking the temperature before it reaches its steady temperature and improper apply of heat sink
compound. Moreover, the machine used in the laboratory is antiquated and old-fashioned. It is
very hard to achieve steady state because of the fluctuating power and cause a problem to record
a reliable data.
As the temperature increase, the average thermal conductivity for stainless steel also
increase. Opposite to the stainless steel, the thermal conductivity for brass is decrease as the
temperature increase. This is because brass is an alloy composed of copper and zinc. The
different in composition makes the properties of the brass different to pure metal. The thermal
conductivity decreases with increasing temperature for pure iron while increases for alloys.
In terms of the value for overall heat transfer coefficient (U), the overall heat transfer
coefficient for brass is obviously higher than stainless steel overall heat transfer coefficient. The
value of U also varies with the power (Q) supplied. From the results, we can see that even though
sample A and B are made of the same material, the U for sample A is bigger than U for sample B
due to the size 25 mm and 13 mm respectively. Hence, we can deduce that the bigger the size or
area, the higher the overall heat transfer coefficient and varying the input results different U.

CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, the heat transfer takes place in solid from the region of high temperature to the
region of low temperature. The thermal conductivity can be obtained by using the presence of
temperature gradient within the system. Different type of material has different thermal
conductivity. The overall heat transfer coefficient differs with the power supplied and the size of
the conductor.
REFERENCE

1. https://phys.org/news/2014-12-what-is-heat-conduction.html
2. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_conduction
3. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-d_434.html
 EML 331/2: ENGINEERING LAB II SIDANG 2017/2018

EXPERIMENT 10: HEAT CONDUCTION

NAME: MOHAMMAD NAZMI BIN MOHAMMAD NASIR

MATRIC NO: 128945
GROUP: M11
LECTURER: DR YU KOK HWA
TECHNICIAN: EN MOHD ZALMI YOP