Pictorial Media

One of the most commonly used technology in education is the use of Pictorial Media.
From its word, this type of technology enhances the visual capacity of the students. In
addition, there are several types of Pictorial media, tow it:

1. Flat Pictures ( Still Pictures)

Flat pictures are representations of

objects or things on a flat surface. This
materials are considered the cheapest
among other. Teachers and students
can gather pictures from magazines,
newspapers, advertisements,
pamphlet, posters, circulars and other
things.

Guides to Teaching with Pictures

1. Pictures must clearly seen by everyone.
2. Students must be given a chance to point out what they think are the important
aspect of the picture.
3. The teacher must supplement pupils’ comments to make sure that nothing has been
omitted.
4. Teacher and pupils should discuss together what they find in the picture.
5. The picture used in the class should lead to the accumulation of related pictures in
the textbooks.

Reading Pictures
A picture can be read in four levels as follows:

1. Enumerative Level – This level merely calls for the giving of what one sees in the
picture.
2. Descriptive level – Giving a sentence on what is seen or how one sees in the picture
looks like.
3. Interpretative level – Giving more meaningful sentences which are of the inference
type.
4. Integrative level – This is relating what one sees in the picture to life.

2. Photographs

These are also considered flat pictures

also, which can mounted or unmounted,
photographic reproductions taken from a
magazine, newspaper or books. They
appear in black and white or in fun color.
They can be filed by subjects or displayed
in the bulletin board.
 3. Illustrations

Illustrations are non - photographic

reconstruction or representation of reality,
etched or drawn by an illustration of the
teacher or the students themselves. Illustration
shows the direction at which movement must
take its course or instruction on how to go
about assembling a tool in science or a material
equipment.

Purposes for which picture, photographs and illustrations can be used for teaching

1. To concretize words and symbols

2. To lend meaning to what one reads
3. To introduce or motivate
4. To correct misconceptions
5. To summarize a unit
6. to arouse emotions

4. Flash cards

Flash cards are valuable materials for drill

activities particularly in the teaching of
Mathematics, English, and Filipino. Drills are very
important means of fixing the skills and
automatizing the response of pupils. Flashcards
serve the purpose when used very well.
Flashcards come in the form of word cards,
phrase cards, sentence cards, mathematical
combination cards and picture cards.
The following are considerations in using flashcards.

1. The flash cards must be bold and big enough.

2. Flash the cards in a fast and snappy manner.
3. Flash the cards from back to front.
4. Hold the cards firmly at our chest level

VISUAL SYMBOLS

Visual symbols are representations of direct reality, which comes in the form of signs
and symbols. The following is a detailed discussion on the different kinds of visual
symbols, which are drawings, sketches, cartoons, comics or strip drawing, diagrams,
charts and graphs, maps, and posters.

Rules of Thumbs in Using Visuals

1. Visuals must be directly relevant to the audio content.

2. Redundancy between visuals and audio must be avoided. If words are displayed,
viewers must be given time to read it.
3. Visual displays should be big enough to be seen by the farthest pupil.
4. Visual displays must be attractive.
5. Visual displays must be aesthetically presented to maintain good taste
Kinds of Visual Symbols

1. Cartoons
Cartoons tell stories metaphorically through pictures, which need no captions.
Symbolism conveys messages, less words more symbolism the better. The cartoon
presents a certain issue or concern which could be either for or against it.
It is a pictorial representation or caricature of a person, idea, situation or issue that is
designed to influence public opinion. Therefore cartoons must be presented in a
challenging manner. For better understanding they should be drawn around a single
idea.

Suggestion for the use of cartoons

a. Appropriateness to experience level. The age and the experience or maturity of the
target learners must be taken into consideration.
b. Simplicity – contains only the essential features. The cartoon must not contain so
many details.
c. Brevity of captions if ever but they may not be given any. Short and direct captions
are used when necessary only.
d. Use of clear symbols. Use symbols that are conventional, like; the dove to mean
death; the turtle to mean slow or sluggishness and others.
e. Adequateness of size. The cartoon should be big enough to be seen and appreciated.
Cartoons could be used for motivation, for follow-up activity and for evaluation
purposes.

2. Posters

A poster is combination of bold designs and color

primarily intended to catch attention on a significant
fact, idea or message. Simply stated, a poster is a
picture with appropriate caption.

Characteristics of a good poster

1. It must be bold and simple but dramatizes
features.
2. It must be appropriate to the grade level and to
the subject and purpose and purposes.
3. It must have only limited text, few words are generally used and key words are made
to standout by means of type size or position.
4. It must be attractive, pleasing to the eyes.
5. Design and color must be given consideration.
Composition, color and technique are principal elements in effective poster preparation.
It requires a center of interest. Color provides meaning and expression as well as
beauty.
6. It must have elements of dynamism and shock.

Posters are best used for motivation and for creative experience as depicting ideas,
concepts and generalizations to summarize a celebration or a unit.
 3. Drawings and Sketches

These are crude and simple lines, which are

effective in showing what needs to be shown with
sufficient clarity, to make the meaning vivid to
learners or students.

4.Diagrams

Diagrams are simplified drawings designed to show interrelationship primarily by means

of lines and symbols. They are used to explain rather than to represent. It is a drawing
that shows arrangement and relationship, as parts to a whole, relative values, origins
and developments, chronological flow, fluctuations and distributions.

The diagram is used to condense visual summaries of facts; the ideas rely heavily on
symbolic means. However it must be remembered that it is more effective if it has a
strong foundation because it works better for summarizing rather then introducing a
lesson. It can be used singly but it is better if it is used simultaneously with other
materials.

5. Charts

Charts are graphic or pictorial representations of a large mass of information or show

progression thru time and space of people or events, ideas and objects.
 Kinds of charts and examples

1. Data chart – contains items of information

of all sorts especially quantitative data.

2. Pictorial chart – use relevant pictures to

present data or information on quantifiable data
over a specific period or condition.

3. Schematic chart – shows a principle or a law as applied like that of refrigeration

4. Diagrammatic chart – verb chart is

popular example

5. Multiple leaf chart – internal working parts of a machine

6. Phantom view chart – shows hidden parts

of a machine without obliterating the outer
parts
7. Development or progress chart – profile
of a place or a person

8. Table chart – bus trips

9. Time and tabular chart – presidents and their term of office

10. Stream or tree chart – family tree

11. Flow or organizational chart – school

personnel chart, life cycle of a frog or the
water cycle.
 6. Graphs

Graphs present quantitative data for easier analysis and interpretation. It shows
comparative relationship of data involved in size, trends and growth. Graphs are best
used in developing and in summarizing a unit.

Kinds of graphs

1. Line graph – is the most accurate of all graphs used

in plotting trends of relationships between two series
of data. It is used when there is a considerable
number of data to be plotted and if these data are
continuous

2. Bar graphs – simplest of all graphs to read. They

are represented either by vertical or horizontal bars.
The lengths of the bars represent an amount or
percentage data. It is best when number of values to
be compared is small.

3. Circle or pie graph – the sections of which are

used to represent component parts of a whole. They
always present total amounts, their parts or segments
are calculated in percentage or fractional parts of a
whole.

4. Area or Solid graphs – use for the simplest

quantitative comparison thru the use of geometric
shapes. It is used to compare two or three related
totals.
 5. Pictorial Statistics or pictograph – it makes
use of related pictures in showing quantitative
data. Pictures give realism and interest so it is
widely used specially in the elementary grades.

Principles of Pictographing

1. Simplicity – picture used must be simple

2. Comparison of relationship must be strikingly seen
3. Approximates rather than precise amounts are represented
4. Pictorial symbols used must be self explanatory rather than by the size.

7. Strip Drawing or Comic Strip

Strip drawings are recommended for their story

value in adaptation of the classics. They are
affective in instruction not only because they are
simple, clear and easy to read but because they
deal with materials that has been made
personal.
Comics is a form of cartooning in which the same
cast of characters form a story in sequence of
closely related drawings, designed to entertain
the readers. They are usually enjoyed by
elementary pupils as well as secondary students because of their simplicity,
attractiveness, color and relevant plot. The uses of super heroes or fantasy themes add
interest to the learners. Thus the use of the comic strip in facilitating instruction must be
used to the maximum.
 Values derived from the strip drawings

1. Increases interest in the subject

2. Individualizes and personalizes instruction for certain types of pupils
3. Serves as a valuable practice in reading
4. Widens reading interest

Reasons for using comics strip

1. It is easy to read so it encourages reading

2. It builds vocabulary
3. It satisfies the collectors’ interest in acquiring copies
4. It provides excitement
5. It is inexpensive
6. It satisfies the children’s idea of art

8. Maps

Maps are usually shown on flat surface and are used to represent the surface of the
earth or some parts of it, showing the relative size and position according to scale or
projection and position represented.

Maps according to content

a. Physical map – also called relief maps, they are

the best because of their three dimensional
representation; which includes geographical outline
of land and water. Commercial or economic maps-
also known as product or industrial map since they
show land area in relation to the economy.
 b. Political map – shows national boundaries down to the smallest division

Maps according to form

a. Chalkboard outline map

b. Student outline maps

c. Projected maps

d. Wall maps
(decorative
maps)
e. Atlas – collection of maps
f. Sand table map

g. Pictorial maps

Standards in judging maps

1. Visibility – details are clearly seen and read

2. Detail – less detailed maps are better
3. Scale – marks are clear, dependable and easily interpreted
4. Symbols – not too many to be remembered
5. Color – should be used as an aid to reading it
6. Accuracy – in terms of its specific purposes
7. Grade level relevance
8. Print – is legible or readable
9. Durability – can stand several use
 Purposes for which maps are being used

1. To enable students to understand both relative and exact position of political units,
land masses and political area.
2. To furnish information concerning areas, distances, directions, shapes, size and
relationships
3. To provide orientation and means of visualizing large and remote areas
4. To clarify materials
5. To provide visual basis or comparison and contrast
6. To provide means of regional synthesis
7. To provide interest and stimulation to learn more about people, geographical
influences and places
8. To enable students to trace movements, migration and distribution of people,
vegetation, animal life and culture
9. To serve as one method of study for recording purposes
10. To provide an ‘object test’ means for certain types of measurements
11. To furnish means of self-expression in unit and project study.

Points to remember in utilizing maps for teaching

1. Make sure that the pupils or students comprehend the purpose of the map
2. Promote or develop positive emotional attitude
3. Allow ample time for pupils’ first look
4. Make sure they understand map symbolism

Reference:
Teaching Educational Technology by: Candelaria D. Garo
 Audio Media
An audio media is a form of media Communication that uses audio or voice recording as
a medium in the delivery of information. These are teaching learning devices that appel
to the auditory sense.

Types of Audio Media

Magnetic Recordings (Cassette Tape)


Invented in the late 30's, and popularized in
the 40's and 50's, magnetic recording
employs the usage of a tape, made of thin
plastic, that is coated with many things,
the most important being ferric oxide. This
ingredient gives a magnetic recording or
a faster to use than any method before it ,
as well as the ability to erase whatever
recording had been on the tape. There are
many formats of magnetic recordings,
but the most popular one is the cassette
tape.

ADVANTAGES
*Reusable DISADVANTAGES
*Easy to use *Prone to background noise
*Economical *Tape degrades after too much
*Portable reusing
*Tape can easily get tangled
*Vulnerable to damage caused by
shock, magnets, heat, and breakage
 Digital Recordings (The Compact Disc)

Invented around the late 70s and early 80s,

digital recording is done by translating
an audio signal into something that could be
understood by a computer. In the 90s,
the compact disc (CD) became the most popular
digital recording format.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
*Portable *Can be damaged by improper
*Reusable storage
*More durable than a cassette tape *Prone to scratches and fingerprints
*Contents can be easily browsed *Durability depends largely on CD
because one can skip to the track quality
they want *Not shockproof (hangs from shocks
*Not prone to background noise like bumps)
unlike a cassette *The player’s lens is very vulnerable
*Higher audio quality than a *Can only used once for recording
cassette (except for rewritables)
*Larger storage space (Derivations
of the CD, like DVD’s and the like,
can reach up a gigabyte of storage
space)
Digital Audio Files (Mp3)

By the turn of the millennium, digital audio

files that can be stored on computers,
using such formats as the MP3, became the
norm. It is a patented encoding
format for digital audio which uses a form of
lossy data compression. It is a
common audio format for consumer audio
storage.

ADVANTAGES
*Very portable DISADVANTAGES
*Files do not degrade *Can be easily edited using
*Can be easily distributed using a computer software
computer *Ease of file-sharing can lead to easy
*Can be played on multiple devices copyright infringement as well
(cellphones, radios, music players) *Files that have been compressed to
*Can be transferred into physical a lower quality cannot be
media such as CDs (burning) decompressed to its origina
*Files can be converted to a
multitude of audio formats
 BULLETIN BOARD

- This is the medium for displaying materials, which must be cooperatively planned and
put up by the teacher and her students.

Purpose of Using Bulletin board:

1. To approach a unit, The are used as the springboard to a new unit.

2. To develop a unit, This type of display provides the pupil or students some materials
3. for research purposes.
4. To summarize a unit, This type of display showcases are projects or requirements of
whole class.

MULTI-PURPOSE BOARD

- It serves many purposes: like to announce important events or occasions; to inform

the public about programs and offering; to congratulate winners or high performances
and the like.
Characteristics of a Good Bulletin Board or Multi-Purpose:

1. It should be with finnished edge.

2. It must be fixed on the wall to prevent accidents.
3. It must be colorful and attractive.
4. Have atleast a unified theme for clarity.
5. Avoid overcrowded display
6. Be guided by the principle of balance, unity, harmony, portion and contrast.
7. Three Dimensional Instructional Materials

EXHIBIT
Instructional displays may be placed on the wall, in the corridor, in the laboratory or
shop, or perhaps in outdoor work and learning areas. Materials may include
photographs, printed clippings, charts, graphs, diagrams, specimens, models or shop
products. Instructional displays may be prepared by the teacher, the students, or as a
cooperative effort. Colorful and fresh displays create interest and involvement and
suggest a vital and active learning situation.

Those involving three-dimensional objects are exhibits.

If the instructional display is to promote student learning; it should have some clearly
defined learning objective. The objective of the display should be directly related to a
specific performance objective in the educational program.
 Model and Mock-ups

-These are recognizable imitation of the real thing except size, which may be scaled
down or scaled up to provide the needed excepted experiences.Mock-ups are special
types of models which are focused on specific part of a whole object and these are
workable.
 The Globe

- This is the most widely used model which the reduced version of the earth. Student
can learn more about the earth from the globe rather than from the flat map.Thru the
globe, the students can understand the titling of the earth, its rotation on its axis and
the equator cutting earth into the northern and southern hemisphere.

Overhead Projector
 The overhead projector, used as a controllable blackboard
order or or
form;
bulletin
(2) board in the teach
use pictures, graphics, or
cartoons as subjects for creative composition; (3) write comments on a prepared text or
a pupil's composition transferred to film; or (4) create diagrams or symbols to aid in the
discussion of a composition. Although there are many advantages to an overhead
projector, it is limited because only a short passage of a composition can be shown at
one time, large print must be used, and the materials must be read line by line from the
screen. However, the value of the overhead lies in the teacher's increased ability to
control the visual content of his message without total reliance upon oral directions and
repetitions.