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Object-Relational Data Models

Object-relational data models extend the relational data model to include object-oriented features like complex data types and nested relations while preserving relational foundations. XML was originally intended as a document markup language but its ability to specify new tags and nested structures made it useful for data interchange. Storage managers are responsible for efficient storage, retrieval and updating of data by interacting with file managers and dealing with issues related to storage access, file organization and indexing.

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58 views3 pages

Object-Relational Data Models

Object-relational data models extend the relational data model to include object-oriented features like complex data types and nested relations while preserving relational foundations. XML was originally intended as a document markup language but its ability to specify new tags and nested structures made it useful for data interchange. Storage managers are responsible for efficient storage, retrieval and updating of data by interacting with file managers and dealing with issues related to storage access, file organization and indexing.

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technoworld mix
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Object-Relational Data Models

n Extend the relational data model by including object orientation and constructs to deal with
added data types.

n Allow attributes of tuples to have complex types, including non-atomic values such as nested
relations.

n Preserve relational foundations, in particular the declarative access to data, while extending
modeling power.

n Provide upward compatibility with existing relational languages.

XML: Extensible Markup Language


n Defined by the WWW Consortium (W3C)

n Originally intended as a document markup language not a database language

n The ability to specify new tags, and to create nested tag structures made XML a great way to
exchange data, not just documents

n XML has become the basis for all new generation data interchange formats.

n A wide variety of tools is available for parsing, browsing and querying XML documents/data

Storage Management
n Storage manager is a program module that provides the interface between the low-level data
stored in the database and the application programs and queries submitted to the system.

n The storage manager is responsible to the following tasks:

n Interaction with the file manager

n Efficient storing, retrieving and updating of data

n Issues:

n Storage access

n File organization

n Indexing and hashing

Query Processing
1. Parsing and translation

2. Optimization

3. Evaluation

n Alternative ways of evaluating a given query

l Equivalent expressions

l Different algorithms for each operation

n Cost difference between a good and a bad way of evaluating a query can be enormous

n Need to estimate the cost of operations

l Depends critically on statistical information about relations which the database must
maintain

l Need to estimate statistics for intermediate results to compute cost of complex


expressions

Transaction Management
n A transaction is a collection of operations that performs a single logical function in a database
application

n Transaction-management component ensures that the database remains in a consistent


(correct) state despite system failures (e.g., power failures and operating system crashes) and
transaction failures.

n Concurrency-control manager controls the interaction among the concurrent transactions, to


ensure the consistency of the database.

Database Administrator
n Coordinates all the activities of the database system; the database administrator has a good
understanding of the enterprise’s information resources and needs.

n Database administrator's duties include:

l Schema definition

l Storage structure and access method definition

l Schema and physical organization modification

l Granting user authority to access the database

l Specifying integrity constraints

l Acting as liaison with users

l Monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements

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