10/18/2019 Chapter 06 Homework Assignment

Chapter 06 Homework Assignment

Due: 11:59pm on Thursday, October 17, 2019
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy

The Work-Energy Theorem

Learning Goal:

To understand the meaning and possible applications of the work-energy theorem.

In this problem, you will use your prior knowledge to derive one of the most important relationships in mechanics: the work-
energy theorem. We will start with a special case: a particle of mass m moving in the x direction at constant acceleration a.
During a certain interval of time, the particle accelerates from v i to v f , undergoing displacement s given by s = xf − xi .

Part A
Find the acceleration a of the particle.
Express the acceleration in terms of v i , v f , and s.

Hint 1. Some helpful relationships from kinematics

By definition for constant acceleration,

vf −vi
a= .
t

Furthermore, the average speed is

vi +vf
vavg = ,
2

and the displacement is

s = v avg t .

Combine these relationships to eliminate t.

ANSWER:

2 2
vf −vi
a =
2s

Correct

Part B
Find the net force F acting on the particle.

Express your answer in terms of m and a.

Hint 1. Using Newton's laws

Which of Newton's laws may be helpful here?

ANSWER:
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10/18/2019 Chapter 06 Homework Assignment

F = ma

Correct

Part C
Find the net work W done on the particle by the external forces during the particle's motion.

Express your answer in terms of F and s.

ANSWER:

W = Fs

Correct

Part D
Substitute for F from Part B in the expression for work from Part C. Then substitute for a from the relation in Part A. This
will yield an expression for the net work W done on the particle by the external forces during the particle's motion in terms
of mass and the initial and final velocities. Give an expression for the work W in terms of those quantities.
Express your answer in terms of m, v i , and v f .
ANSWER:

m 2 m 2
W = vf − vi
2 2

Correct
The expression that you obtained can be rearranged as

1 2 1 2
W = mvf − mvi .
2 2

1 2
The quantity mv has the same units as work. It is called the kinetic energy of the moving particle and is
2
denoted by K . Therefore, we can write

1 2 1 2
Ki = mvi and K f = mvf .
2 2

Note that like momentum, kinetic energy depends on both the mass and the velocity of the moving object.
However, the mathematical expressions for momentum and kinetic energy are different. Also, unlike momentum,
kinetic energy is a scalar. That is, it does not depend on the sign (therefore direction) of the velocities.

Part E
Find the net work W done on the particle by the external forces during the motion of the particle in terms of the initial and
final kinetic energies.
Express your answer in terms of Ki and Kf .
ANSWER:

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10/18/2019 Chapter 06 Homework Assignment

W = Kf − Ki

Correct
This result is called the work-energy theorem. It states that the net work done on a particle equals the change in
kinetic energy of that particle.

Also notice that if Ki is zero, then the work-energy theorem reduces to

W = Kf .

In other words, kinetic energy can be understood as the amount of work that is done to accelerate the particle
from rest to its final velocity.

The work-energy theorem can be most easily used if the object is moving in one dimension and is being acted
upon by a constant net force directed along the direction of motion. However, the theorem is valid for more general
cases as well.

Let us now consider a situation in which the particle is still moving along the x axis, but the net force, which is still directed along
the x axis, is no longer constant. Let's see how our earlier definition of work,

⃗ 
⃗ 
W = F ⋅ s,

needs to be modified by being replaced by an integral. If the path of the particle is divided into very small displacements dx, we
can assume that over each of these small displacement intervals, the net force remains essentially constant and the work dW
done to move the particle from x to x + dx is

dW = F dx ,

where F is the x component of the net force (which remains virtually constant for the small displacement from x to x + dx ). The
net work W done on the particle is then given by
xf xf
W = ∫ dW = ∫ F dx .
xi xi

Now, using

F = ma

and

dv dv dx dv
a= = =v ,
dt dx dt dx

it can be shown that

vf
W = ∫ mv dv .
vi

Part F
vf
Evaluate the integral W = ∫ mv dv .
vi

Express your answer in terms of m, v i , and v f .

Hint 1. An integration formula

b b 2 2
b −a
The formula for ∫a t dt is ∫a t dt = .
2

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ANSWER:

m 2 m 2
W = vf − vi
2 2

Correct
The expression that you havejust obtained is equivalent to W = Kf − Ki . Not surprisingly, we are back to the
same expression of the work-energy theorem! Let us see how the theorem can be applied to problem solving.

Part G

A particle moving in the x direction is being acted upon by a net force F (x) = Cx2 , for some constant C . The particle
moves from xi = L to xf = 3L. What is ΔK , the change in kinetic energy of the particle during that time?
Express your answer in terms of C and L.

Hint 1. Finding the work

Integrate F (x) dx to calculate the work done on the particle.

Hint 2. An integration formula

b b 3 3
2 2 b −a
The formula for ∫a u du is ∫a u du = .
3

ANSWER:

ΔK = 26CL

Correct
It can also be shown that the work-energy theorem is valid for two- and three-dimensional motion and for a varying
net force that is not necessarily directed along the instantaneous direction of motion of the particle. In that case,
the work done by the net force is given by the line integral

→
Sf
⃗ 
W = ∫ F ⋅ dL ,
Si

→
where Si and Sf are the initial and the final positions of the particle, dL is the vector representing a small
displacement, and F ⃗ is the net force acting on the particle.

Work from a Constant Force

Learning Goal:
To understand how to compute the work done by a constant force acting on a particle that moves in a straight line.

In this problem, you will calculate the work done by a constant force. A force is considered constant if F (⃗  r )⃗  is independent of r .⃗ 
This is the most frequently encountered situation in elementary Newtonian mechanics.
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10/18/2019 Chapter 06 Homework Assignment

Part A

Consider a particle moving in a straight line from initial point B to final point A, acted upon by a constant force F ⃗ . In the
figure the force is indicated by a series of identical vectors
pointing to the left, parallel to the horizontal axis. The vectors are
all identical to reflect the idea that the force is constant
everywhere along the path. The magnitude of the force is F , and
the displacement vector from point B to point A is L⃗  (of
magnitude L, making an angle θ (radians) with the positive x
axis). Find WBA , the work that the force F ⃗ performs on the
particle as it moves from point B to point A.

Express the work in terms of L, F , and θ. Remember to use

radians, not degrees, for any angles that appear in your
answer.

Hint 1. Formula for work done by a constant force

For a particle subjected to a constant force F ⃗ along a straight path represented by the displacement vector L⃗ , the
net work done by F ⃗ is F ⃗ ⋅ L⃗ .

Hint 2. Find the angle between F ⃗ and L⃗ 

You need to find the angle between the vector F ,⃗  which is directed horizontally to the left, and the vector L⃗  in the
direction of the particle's motion (at an angle θ (radians) relative to the positive x axis). It may help to visualize F ⃗ 
directed along the negative x axis at the origin. What is the angle ϕ between F ⃗ and L⃗ ?

Express your answer in radians, not degrees.

ANSWER:

ϕ = π−θ

ANSWER:

WBA = −F cosθL

Correct
This result is worth remembering! The work done by a constant force of magnitude F , which acts at an angle of ϕ
with respect to the direction of motion along a straight path of length L, is WBA = F L cos(ϕ) . This equation
correctly gives the sign in this problem. Since θ is the angle with respect to the positive x axis (in radians),
ϕ = π − θ ; hence cos(ϕ) = cos(π − θ) = − cos(θ) .

Part B

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Now consider the same force F ⃗ acting on a particle that travels from point A to point B. The displacement vector L⃗  now
points in the opposite direction as it did in Part A. Find the work WAB done by F ⃗ in this case.

Express your answer in terms of L, F , and θ.

Hint 1. A physical argument

The easiest argument to make is a physical one: If the particle were to go straight from point A to point B and then
back from point B to point A with the same force acting, the total work done would be zero (i.e., the gain in energy on
the way to point B due to this force would be lost on the way back, and vice versa). This holds for all conservative
forces (but does not hold for nonconservative forces), and a constant force is indeed conservative.
Therefore, WBA + WAB = 0.

ANSWER:

WAB = F Lcosθ

Correct

Exercise 6.4

A factory worker pushes a 30.9 kg crate a distance of 4.0 m along a level floor at constant velocity by pushing downward at an
angle of 32 ∘ below the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and floor is 0.25.

Part A
What magnitude of force must the worker apply to move the crate at constant velocity?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:

F = 110 N

Correct

Part B
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How much work is done on the crate by this force when the crate is pushed a distance of 4.0 m ?

Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:

W = 360 J

Correct

Part C
How much work is done on the crate by friction during this displacement?

Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:

Wf = -360 J

Correct

Part D
How much work is done by the normal force?
ANSWER:

Wnf = 0 J

Correct

Part E
How much work is done by gravity?

ANSWER:

Wg = 0 J

Correct

Part F
What is the total work done on the crate?
ANSWER:

Wtot = 0 J

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Correct

Exercise 6.6

Two tugboats pull a disabled supertanker. Each tug exerts a constant force of 1.5×106 N , one an angle 13 ∘ west of north and
the other an angle 13 ∘ east of north, as they pull the tanker a distance 0.80 km toward the north.

Part A
What is the total work they do on the supertanker?

Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:

W = 2.3×109 J

Correct

Vertical Spring Gun: Speed and Kinetic Energy

The figure represents a multiflash photograph of a ball being shot

straight up by a spring. The spring, with the ball atop, was initially
compressed to the point marked Ybot and released. The point marked
Y0 is the point where the ball would remain at rest if it were placed

gently on the spring, and the ball reaches its highest point at the point
marked Ytop .

For most situations, including this problem, the point Y0 may be taken
to be at the top of the spring, where the ball loses contact with the
spring.

Part A
Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. Assume that air resistance is negligible.

The speed of the ball was greatest at point Y0 when it was still in contact with the spring.
The speed of the ball was decreasing on its way from point Y0 to point Ytop .
The speed of the ball was zero at point Ytop .
The speed of the ball was the same for all points in its motion between points Y0 and Ytop .

Enter t for true or f for false for each statement. Separate your responses with commas (e.g., t,f,f,t).

ANSWER:

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10/18/2019 Chapter 06 Homework Assignment

t,t,t,f

Correct

Part B
Consider the kinetic energy of the ball. At what point or points is the ball's kinetic energy greatest?

Hint 1. What equation to use

The kinetic energy is given by K = (1/2)mv

2
, where m is the mass of the object and v is its speed.

ANSWER:

Ybot only

Y0 only

Ytop only

Ybot and Y0

Y0 and Ytop

Ytop and Ybot

Ybot and Y0 and Ytop

Correct

Exercise 6.20

You throw a 20-N rock vertically into the air from ground level. You observe that when it is a height 16.0 m above the ground, it
is traveling at a speed of 24.7 m/s upward.

Part A
Use the work-energy theorem to find its speed just as it left the ground.

ANSWER:

v0 = 30.4 m/s

Correct

Part B
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10/18/2019 Chapter 06 Homework Assignment

Use the work-energy theorem to find its maximum height.

ANSWER:

h = 47.1 m

Correct

Work Done by a Spring

Consider a spring, with spring constant k, one end of which is attached to a wall. The spring is initially unstretched, with the
unconstrained end of the spring at position x = 0.

Part A
The spring is now compressed so that the unconstrained end moves from x = 0 to x = L . Using the work integral

xf
⃗ 
W = ∫ F (x⃗ ) ⋅ dx⃗ ,
xi

find the work done by the spring as it is compressed.

Express the work done by the spring in terms of k and L.

Hint 1. Spring force as a function of position

The spring force vector F ⃗ as a function of displacement x from the spring's equilibrium position, is given by

⃗  ^
F = −kx i

where k is the spring constant and ^i is a unit vector in the direction of the displacement of the spring (in this case,
towards the right).

Hint 2. Integrand of the work integral

The work done by the spring is given by the integral of the dot product of the spring force and an infinitesimal
displacement of the end of the spring:
xf xf
⃗  ⃗  ^
W = ∫
xi
F (x⃗ ) ⋅ dx⃗ = ∫
xi
F (x) ⋅ i dx ,

where the infinitesmal displacement vector dx⃗ has been written as ^i dx. Write F (x)
⃗ 
in terms of given quantities,
and then compute the dot product to find an expression for the integrand. (Note, ^i ⋅ ^i = 1 .)
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10/18/2019 Chapter 06 Homework Assignment

Express your answer in terms of k, x, and dx.

ANSWER:

⃗  ^
F (x) ⋅ i dx = −kxdx

Hint 3. Upper limit of the work integral

The lower limit of the work integral will be at xi = 0 . What will be the integral's upper limit?

ANSWER:

xf = L

ANSWER:

2
W = −1
kL
2

Correct

Pulling a Block on an Incline with Friction

A block of weight mg sits on an inclined plane as shown in . A force of

magnitude F1 is applied to pull the block up the incline at constant
speed. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the plane and the
block is μ.

Part A
What is the total work Wf ric done on the block by the force of friction as the block moves a distance L up the incline?

Express the work done by friction in terms of any or all of the variables μ, m, g, θ, L, and F1 .

Hint 1. How to start

Draw a free-body force diagram showing all real forces acting on the block.

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10/18/2019 Chapter 06 Homework Assignment
Hint 2. Find the magnitude of the friction force

Write an expression for the magnitude Ff ric of the friction force.

Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables μ, m, g, and θ.

Hint 1. Find the magnitude of the normal force

What is the magnitude N of the normal force?

Express your answer in terms of m, g, and θ.

ANSWER:

N = mgcos(θ)

ANSWER:

F f ric = μmgcos(θ)

ANSWER:

Wf ric = −(F 1 − mgsinθ)L

Correct

Part B

What is the total work WF done on the block by the applied force F 1⃗  as the block moves a distance L up the incline?
1

Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables μ, m, g, θ, L, and F1 .

ANSWER:

WF
1
= F1 L

Correct

Now the applied force is changed to F 2⃗  , so that instead of pulling the block up the incline, the force pulls the block down the
incline at a constant speed as shown in .

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10/18/2019 Chapter 06 Homework Assignment

Part C
What is the total work Wf ric done on the block by the force of friction as the block moves a distance L down the incline?
Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables μ, m, g, θ, L, and F2 .

ANSWER:

Wf ric = −(F 2 + mgsinθ)L

Correct

Part D
What is the total work WF done on the box by the appled force in this case?
2

Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables μ, m, g, θ, L, and F2 .

ANSWER:

WF
2
= F2 L

Correct

Exercise 6.47

A force in the +x-direction with magnitude F (x) = 18.0 N − (0.530 N/m)x is applied to a 6.90 kg box that is sitting on the
horizontal, frictionless surface of a frozen lake. F (x) is the only horizontal force on the box.

Part A
If the box is initially at rest at x = 0 , what is its speed after it has traveled 17.0 m ?
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.

ANSWER:

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10/18/2019 Chapter 06 Homework Assignment

m
v = 8.15 s

Correct

A Car with Constant Power

The engine in an imaginary sports car can provide constant power to the wheels over a range of speeds from 0 to 70 miles per
hour (mph). At full power, the car can accelerate from zero to 32.0 mph in time 1.40 s .

Part A
At full power, how long would it take for the car to accelerate from 0 to 64.0 mph ? Neglect friction and air resistance.
Express your answer in seconds.

Hint 1. Energy and power

In the absence of friction, the constant power of the engine implies that the kinetic energy of the car increases
linearly with time.

Hint 2. Find the ratio of kinetic energies

Find the (numerical) ratio of the car's kinetic energy K1 at speed 64.0 mph to K2 , the kinetic energy at speed 32.0
mph .

ANSWER:

K1
= 4
K2

ANSWER:

5.60 s

Correct
Of course, neglecting friction, especially air friction, is completely unrealistic at such speeds.

Part B
A more realistic car would cause the wheels to spin in a manner that would result in the ground pushing it forward with a
constant force (in contrast to the constant power in Part A). If such a sports car went from zero to 32.0 mph in time 1.40 s ,
how long would it take to go from zero to 64.0 mph ?
Express your answer numerically, in seconds.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Constant force means constant acceleration. Use this fact to find how the speed increases with time.

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10/18/2019 Chapter 06 Homework Assignment

ANSWER:

2.80 s

Correct
This is probably the first and last time you will come across an imaginary car that goes slower than the real one!

Problem 6.91

A pump is required to lift a mass of 830 kg of water per minute from a well of depth 13.8 m and eject it with a speed of 19.0 m/s
.

Part A
How much work is done per minute in lifting the water?
ANSWER:

W = 1.12×105 J

Correct

Part B
How much work is done per minute in giving the water the kinetic energy it has when ejected?
ANSWER:

K = 1.50×105 J

Correct

Part C
What must be the power output of the pump?
ANSWER:

P = 4370 W

Correct

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 101%.
You received 11.08 out of a possible total of 11 points.

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