SS104

Places and Landscapes in a Changing World

Globalization - the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international

influence or start operating on an international scale.

- The term globalization is not new in the modern world. Cuturela (2012) cited a
published work, Towards New Education, which used the term “globalization” in 1930. It
means to designate an overview of the human experience in education.
- Inosemtsev (2008) distinguish globalization as one of the most known social studies, but
is still a hollow terminology.
- Robertson (1992), defined it as the “understanding of the world and the increased
perception of the world as a whole.”
- Conversely, Hutton and Giddens, as cited by Cuturela (2009) emphasizes that the
globalization is the interplay of extraordinary technological innovation mixed with
influence of the world that gives today’s changing its complexity.

A globe is a spherical model of Earth, of some other celestial body, or of the celestial sphere.
Globes serve purposes similar to some maps, but unlike maps, do not distort the surface that
they portray except to scale it down. A model globe of Earth is called a terrestrial globe. A
model globe of the celestial sphere is called a celestial globe.
A globe shows details of its subject. A terrestrial globe shows landmasses and water bodies. It
might show nations and major cities and the network of latitude and longitude lines. Some have
raised relief to show mountains and other large landforms. A celestial globe shows notable
stars, and may also show positions of other prominent astronomical objects. Typically, it will
also divide the celestial sphere into constellations.
The word globe comes from the Latin word globus, meaning "sphere". Globes have a long
history. The first known mention of a globe is from Strabo, describing the Globe of Crates from
about 150 BC. The oldest surviving terrestrial globe is the Erdapfel, wrought by Martin
Behaim in 1492. The oldest surviving celestial globe sits atop the Farnese Atlas, carved in the
2nd century Roman Empire.
SS104
Places and Landscapes in a Changing World

The earliest extant terrestrial globe was made in 1492 by Martin Behaim (1459–1537) with help
from the painter Georg Glockendon. Behaim was a German mapmaker, navigator, and
merchant. Working in Nuremberg, Germany, he called his globe the "Nürnberg
Terrestrial Globe." It is now known as the Erdapfel.

The term hemisphere came from Ancient Greece and was used to refer to half of a spherical
object. The earth is spherical and can thus be divided into halves. The world is traditionally
divided into four hemispheres namely, the Eastern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere, the
Western Hemisphere, and the Northern Hemisphere.

Northern and Southern Hemispheres

The Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere are divided along the
horizontal Equator, an imaginary line which is also known as the zero latitude. The Northern
Hemisphere contains roughly 68% of the earth's lands mass, which is comprised to the
continents of Asia, North America, and Europe in their entirety and significant parts of South
America and Africa. The Southern Hemisphere consists of Antarctica, Australia as well as the
southern parts of South America and Africa, making it home to only 38% of the earth’s
landmass. The Southern Hemisphere’s surface area is composed of 80% water bodies such as
the oceans while the rest is occupied by land. The Southern Hemisphere is home to only an
estimated 10% of the world’s population due to the relatively smaller landmass and the
inhabitable nature of one of the continents namely Antarctica.
Eastern and Western Hemispheres
The Western Hemisphere and the Eastern Hemisphere of the world are divided by an imaginary
line of longitude which runs vertically across the globe known as the Prime Meridian. The
Western Hemisphere and the Eastern Hemisphere are also sometimes mistakenly associated
with various political, cultural, and historical notions. When Europe began colonizing North and
South America, the Eastern Hemisphere was at times referred to as the “Old World” while the
new western colonies were referred to as the “New World.” The term “Western World” also is
sometimes used to refer to portions Europe and North America due to their shared economic
and cultural values while the “East” is used to refer to nations with Asiatic cultures.
Northern Hemisphere

✗ Rich, Industrialized, Wealthy Nations

✗ Democratic Capitalist Countries

Southern Hemisphere

✗ Developing Nations
SS104
Places and Landscapes in a Changing World

✗ Non-Democratic Countries

Theories of Global Stratification

1. Modernization Theories - Global stratification as a function of technological and cultural

differences between nations.

2 Historical events why Western Europe developed faster than the rest of the world

a. Columbian Exchange- refers to the spread of goods, technology, education, diseases

between Americas and Europe after Christopher Columbus “discovery of Americas”
b. Industrial Revolution in 18th and 19th centuries - New technologies like steam power
and mechanization, allowed countries to replace human labor with machines and
increase productivity

WALT ROSTOW’S FOUR STAGES OF MODERNIZATION

1. Traditional Stage- refers to societies that are structured around small, local communities
with production typically being done in family setting.
e.g. Feudal Europe and Chinese Dynasties
2. Drive to Technological Maturity Stage- nations typically begin to push for social change
along with economic change, like implementing basic schooling and democratic political
systems

> bears fruit in the form of population growth, reductions in absolute poverty levels and

more diverse job opportunities.

3. Take-Off Stage- people begin to use their individual talents to produce things beyond

necessities. This innovation creates new markets for trade.

4. High Mass Consumption Stage- it is when the country is big enough that production

becomes more about wants than needs.

2. Dependency Theory and the Latin American Experience

 1500s, European Explorers spread throughout the Americas, Africa, Asia, claiming lands
for Europe

 With colonization came the exploitation of both natural and human resources

 Transatlantic Slaves followed a traingular route between Africa, American and

Caribbean and Europe

Dependency – is the condition in which the development of nation-states of the South

contributed to a decline in their independence and to an increase in economic development of
the countries of the North.

- argues that liberal trade causes greater impoverishment, not economic improvement
to less developed countries

2 MAIN SUB-THEORIES:

1. North American Neo-Marxist Approach

2. Latin American Structuralist Approach

SS104
Places and Landscapes in a Changing World

3. Modern World Systems – Core and Semi-Periphery Countries.

The countries of the world can be divided into two major world regions: the "core" and the
"periphery." The core includes major world powers and the countries that contain much of the
wealth of the planet. The periphery has those countries that are not reaping the benefits of
global wealth and globalization.

Core Countries 2019

Core countries are defined as wealthy, industrialized countries that other less-developed
countries (periphery and semi-periphery) countries depend on. Core countries share a few
distinct features, including having a wide variety of resources at their disposal. These nations
have strong militaries, powerful alliances throughout the world, and control the global market.
Residents of core countries are also thought to be the wealthiest and more educated than
people in less-developed nations.

Core countries have certain powers over other countries when it comes to the economy,
politics, and the military. These countries are known as core countries because they serve as
the core of the world system.

Throughout history, some countries have remained core countries, while others have changed.
Countries that are influential are typically the ones that keep their spots. New core countries
have emerged, while others have fallen behind the times.

While there is a general definition of a core country, there is no set criteria to determine an
exact list. One such list designates the following as core countries of the world:

 Australia
 Austria
 Belgium
 Canada
 Denmark
 Finland
 France
 Germany
 Ireland
 Italy
 Japan
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Norway
 Portugal
 Spain
 Sweden
 Switzerland
 United Kingdom
 United States

The semi-periphery are the industrializing capitalist nations located between the core and
periphery countries. These nations have organization features of both periphery and core
countries plus geographically they are between two core areas or periphery and core regions.
These regions play a significant role when it comes to mediating the social, political, and
economic activities linking periphery core places. They allow the possibility of various
SS104
Places and Landscapes in a Changing World

innovative technologies and dominance over periphery region, plus the changes can result in
the promotion of a semi-peripheral area to a core region.

The world-systems analysis defines semi-periphery regions as the primary structural elements
in the economy of the world. Currently, all semi-periphery areas are industrialized, and they
contribute to the manufacture and export of various commodities. These nations are
characterized by extensive lands as demonstrated by Indonesia, Mexico, Iran, Brazil, India,
China, and Argentina. Although more land means an increased market share and size, there are
other semi-peripheral regions smaller in sizes like Greece, Poland, and Israel.

These countries provide diverse economic opportunities, but the gap between the poor and the
rich is quite significant. Previously the world-systems analysts used two categories, the core,
and periphery nations, but this resulted in a need for another division between the two, and
thus semi-periphery was established. The third category was for the regions which have
developed past the periphery level but are not yet core. These areas are still dependent and
underdeveloped despite achieving significant industrialization levels. These countries are tied
on the dependency theory which focuses on the reliance of impoverished regions on the
wealthy areas.