LECTURE XIX RESISTANCE AND REPRESSION? LLapies avo Grivrrzuest,—Refore we can make any farther pro- ares in our umdersanding of the neuroses, we stand in need St some fresh observations, Here we have two such, both of Which are very remarkable and at the time when they were tnuade were very surprising. Ou discassions of ast year will, i is true, have prepared you for both of them.* Tn the fint place, then, when we undertake to resnee patient to health, to tells him ofthe symptoms of hi illness, Tete wh en sd eo ane, wh ‘Ss chrughou the whole length af the teatmets This iso ng Lact tht ne canoe expect itr find much credence, Ics bem to ay nothing about i othe patiats relatives, for thoy ineaibly regard if asanexenne on ou pa for the length for lure af our Geatment The patient, on, progoees ll the thenomean of this estnce without coping ar ich ad we can induce hi to ake ur vew oft and to reckon with lisexienc, that already counts at great success. Only think atl The patent, who isullering so mock fom his symptoms fri is camingthove aboot himn to share bit lferngy who i feady to undertake wo may scree in tne, money, efor tnd seledsipline in onder t be feed fom chose simp sreae olive that this same patent pas upa toggle inthe intercat of hisllnes agin the person whos Kelping him. How UR re cere omecs nce Sp aries ose ea rece ee ete ene heaters El meee (ah Ba AL a re a eee tere Be cere eta iy Seat ‘The ‘Uncomelous (19157), lis, 18D ff, contains Preud’s deepest Terence (a a in en nso Lae Ree er sara : XIX, RESISTANCE AND REPRESSION 207 improbable such am assertion must sound! Yet it is trues and when its improbability is pointed out to us, we need only reply that it is not without analogies. Aman who has gone to the dentist heeause of an unbearable toothache will nevertheless try tohhold the dentist buck when he approaches the sick tooth with 8 pair of forceps, ‘The patients resistance is of very many sorts, extremely subile and often hard to deteee; and ie exhibits protean changes in the forms in which it manifests ite The doctor must be lisieutfil and remain on his guard agen it. Tn psycho-analytic therapy we make use of the same tech- nique that is familiar to you from dream-interpretation. We instruct the patient to put himeclf into a state of quiet, unre- ‘ecting sel-observation, and to report to us whatever intemal perceptions he i able to make—ferlings, thoughts, memories— in the order in which they occur to him, At the same time we warn him expresly against giving way to any motive which ‘would lead him to make a selection among tese associations or to exclude any of them, whether on the ground that itis too dagrectle oF too indice to say, oF tha i is 100 wxinpontant ot inalcant, or that its namsrsizal and need not be ssid. We urge him alvrays to follow only the surface of hie consciousness and to leave aside any eriticin of what he finds, whatever shape that eritcism may take; and we assure him that the succes Of the treatiment, aad above al its duration, depends on the eon- scientiousness with which he obeys this fundamental technical rule of analysis! We already know ftom the technique of * (Preud had already stated therein connection withthe intexpeet ing o€ teams it Lecture VIT, p- TIS above He fs ai it down in Chapter It of Tie lretatons} Brean; (00), Sted i, 100-2, and again in Sis ntribation to a book of Lemont (Vey OA (1908) Stood fd, 7, 251). The aca! term Pandamental rie” ws Aint use jn the technlzal paper on "Tae Dyzamies of Tranterenos™ (1912, Sumdrd Bd, 12,107, where an Beto footnote gies some ‘ther eid eerenes Perhaps tne fl acevnt in anothe techs paper, ‘On Hegiring the Treatment (1913), fd, 1246. Among ater Fhentions may berated pasage near the bogianing of Chapter LV ‘he ducing Sty (19054), Hid, 20, 40-1, an an Heecestng, allison tothe deeper reasons forthe bade to obeying the re, towaeds the endef Chapter VI" of aime, Srp nanny (19264), fa 121. tn the lati pasaze, in ti course ofa scason ofthe part played by the deteive proces of “holation’ in ordinary208 GENERAL THEORY OF THE NEUROSES dreameinterpretation that the asocatons giving rise 0 the ‘oubis and abjetions I have just enuinerated are preity the fones that invariably contain the material which leads (© (Ke tneovering ofthe unconscous, (CF. Letare VI, p. 116) "The frst thing we achieve by seting up this fndamental technical rule that it becomes the target foe the attacks ofthe Fesitunce. The patient endeavours in every sore of way to ex trcate hitnsell fom it provision. At one moment he declares that nothing occurs o im, atthe next that so many things are rowding ih on him that he cannot get hold of anything. Presently we observe with pained astonishment that he has tiven way fist toon and then to another eiical objection: he {Strays this to usby the long pazes that be introduces into his remarks, Hie then admit thas thet is something he really ca tot my_he would be ashamed toj and he allows this reason 10 prevail again hie promise, Or be says that something has {ccurred to him, butt conceras another person aid not lumslt find is therefore exempt from being reported. Or, what has now ‘ecured to him is relly (00 unizaportant, to tly and sense= Tes: 1 cannot possibly have meant him eo enter imo thoughts Iike tha, So i goes on in fanumerable variations, ad one ean only reply that "o sy everything really docs mean 0 sy cveryting” ‘Onc hay comes serosa single patent who does not make an attempt at reserving some region or other for himselt 50 a8 {0 preveut the ceatnent fom having access ot. Aman, whom Tean only deseribe as ofthe highest ineligence,kep i {his way for weeks on end about an intimate love afar, and, swhen he was called to account for having broken the sacred Tul, defended himself th the angument that he thought this particular story was his private busines. Analytic treatment Toes not, ofcourse recognize any mich righe af asim. Suppone that na town like Vienna the experiment was made of eating square suchas the lake Markt ora ehareh lke St. Stephen's, fs places where no arrests might be made andl suppose we then Wanted to catch « particular eviminal. We could be quite sure UY fndng hin in ee sanctuary. Lonce decided to allow a man, tou whose efficiency much depended in the external word, the Aieted thinking, Freud mention xpesally the ius fe. SSiaitamabiecceae se min aes” XIX, RESISTANCE AND REPRESSION 209 tight to make an exception of this kind Decause he was bound ‘unde hie oath of office not to male communications bout cer- tain things to anther person. He, itis true, was satiafied sith the outcome; but I was not, I determined not to repeat an attempt under such conditions CObsesional neurotics understand perfectly how to make the technical role almost wscless by applying their over-conscien Lioumness and doubts to it Patients suffering from ansiety hysteria occasionally succeed in carrying the rule ad absurd by producing only astociations which are so remote from what we fre in search ofthat they contribute nothing to the analysis. Bat it ie not my intention to induct you into the handling of these technical dieses, Teis enough to tay thae in the end, through resolution and perseverance, we succeed in extorting a certain amount of obedience to the fndamental technical rule from the resistance —which thereupon jumps over to another sphere. Tenow appears as an intial resistance, fe fights by means of arguments and exploits all the difficulties and improbabilites ‘which normal but uninstructed thinking finds in the theories of analyst. [tis now our fate to hear from thi ingle voice all criticisms and objections which assal our ears in a chorus in the scientific literature of the subject, And for this reason none fof the shouts that reach us from outside sound wnfamilian, Te i a regular storm in a tex-cup. But the patieat is willing to be argued with; he is anxious to get us to instmet him, teach him, contradict him, introduce him to the literature, 30 that Ihe can find further instretion, He i quite ready c become aan adherent of psycho-analysis—on condition that analysis pares him personally. But we recognive this enstvity at ae sistance, aba diversion fom our particular tasks, and we repel it, In the case of an obsessional neurotic we have to expect special tctics of resistance, He ill often allow the analysis to proceed on its way uninhibited, 20 that it is able wo shed an ‘ever-increasing Hight upon the riddle of bs illness. We begin to ‘wonderin the end, hovwever, why this enlightenment is accom- panied by no practical advance, no diminution of the symp- omg. Weare then able to realize that resistance has withdrawn ‘nto the doubt belonging to the obsessional neurosis and from ‘hat positon is meceusfully defying ws. It is as though the [GE the end of he lst footnote]20 GENERAL THEORY OF THE NEUROSES patient were saying: ‘Yes, dhat’s all very nice and interesting, znd T'll be very glad to go on with ic further, Ie would change my illest alot i i¢ were «rue. But I don’t in the least believe thae it ie true; and, so Tong as T don't believe it it makes no iiference to my illness.’ Things eam proceed like this for along time, til finally one comes up against this uicommitted attitude itself and the decisive struggle then breaks out. Ttellectnal resistances are not the worst: one alivays remains superior to them. But the patient also knows how to put up resistances, without going outside the framework ofthe analysis, {he overcoming of which is among the most dificult of technical problems. Instead of remembering, he rats attitudes and {motional impulses from his enrly ife whieh can be used as a Fesistance against he doctor and the treatment by means of ‘what is known a ‘transference’? If the patient is a man, be lsually extracts this material [rom his relation to his father, into whose place he fits the doctor, and in that way he makes re- sistanoes out of his efforts to become independent in hiseelf and inhisjadgements, cut ofhisambition, the frst aim of which was (6 do things as well as his father or to get the better of hin, or out of his unwillingness to burden himself forthe second time in his life with a load of gratitude, Thus at times one has an impeesion thae the patient has entirely replaced his better in- tention of making an end to his illness hy the alternative one ff putting the doctor in the wrong, of making him realize his {impotence and of triumphing over him, Women have « mas- terly gift for exploiting an affectionate, crotically tinged trans- ference to the doctor for the purposes of resistance. If this attachment reaches a certain height, all their interest in the jinxmediate situation in the treatment and all the obligations they undertook at ils commencement vanish; their jealousy, ‘whieh is never absent, and their exasperation at their inevitable rejection, however considerstely expressed, are bound to have ‘damaging effect on their personal understanding with the [The pate played by doubt in ease of abvenonal neurosis efezed tw abot in Lact XVI, p 259, The nocaity for pecaltchniea methods in deal with suth cases vas tentoned by Frew a Tie Titer iu his Blapee ey (te Stee Bd 7-8) *[lxetae XXVE, pA below, devote to afl sein ofthis phenomenon.) XIX, RESISTANCE AND REPRESSION 2! doctor ands to put out of operation one of the most powerful fhotve force of the anaes ‘Resanca of thir od should not be one-sidedly oon demned. They include wo much ofthe most important material from the panes past and bring i back in so convincing fain that they Become some of the best apport of the alas ia sill technique knows how c ive them the ight fam, Neverthe, it remsine a rsmariable ft that this fimtrial ir alway fa the erwin ofthe reatance (o bogin wih tnd brings tothe fre afgade ha is howl to the treatment Iemay ako be sid thai what is being mobilized for ghting tenn the alterations we are striving for are charactertait Hides of the ego. In thi conaceton we dacover ht these ‘darncter-tras were formed in relation tothe dcterminants of {he neuro and in reaction again tr demands and we come ‘pon tats which not normally emerge, or not t the seme ‘tent, and which ay be deebed at latent Noe st you get fn impression that we regard the appearance of these rest. vost sh an wnireeen rae to talyteindsenee, No, oe Are Sra that there resistances are boul to come gh in ack tre are dimattied i we extmot provoke them claty cough 4nd are unable to demonstrate them tothe patente, Ladeed we one fall t understand that the overcoming ofthese ress foes iste estat function of analyst ands the ony part a oe ork which gives am anaranes that we have acieved something withthe patent. Ifyou lirter conde thatthe patent make al the chance evens that occ doing his analyasnto interferences with ‘hat he une a reasons fr elackentng his ffs every diveson foutide the analy, every comment by 4 person of autbority i bis enviroarent who ia hoaile te anaiyaly, any chance ‘nganic ines or ay that complicates his neurss nd, even, indeed, evry improvement in his conden if you consider Alt you willbaveabtained an spprowimate, hough il Somplets, picture of the forms ad methods of the reste, the tmggleagnnat which acoenpancn every mas* op iat wa dtl te ements eige sm fe instance, bya paragraph a Poul s Navember Contes paper (19100), Siandord Bil, 11, 144.) a i pron Serpin of hm tahen by rence In gee2 GENERAL THEORY OF THE NEUROSES have treated this point in such great detail because I must ‘now infor you that this experience of ours with the resistance Oot neuroties to the removal oftheir symptoms became the basis ff our dynamic view of the neutoses, Originally Brewer and T myzell caeried. out psychotherapy by means of hypnosis; Breuer’ fist patient! was treated throughout under hypnotic influence, and to begin with I followed him in this. Y admit that at that period the work proceeded mote easily atl pleasantly, and also in a much shorter time. But results were eapricious and rot Tastings and for that reason I finally dropped hypnosis. ‘And I then understood that an insight into the dynamics of these illneses had not been possible so long as brypnosis was temployed.* That state was precisely able to withhold the exist- tence of the resistance from the doctor's perception. It pushed the resistance back, aking certain area fee for analytic work, and dammed it up atthe frontiers of that area in such a way a8 te be impenetrable, just as doubt does in obsessional neurosis. For that reason I Lave been able to say that psycho-analysis, proper began when T dispensed with the help of hypnosis If, however, te recognition of resistance has become so im porcant, we should do well to find room for a cautious doubt ‘wliether we have not been too light-heartely assuring resste ances, Perhaps there really are cases of neurosis in which associations fail for other reasons, pechaps the arguments Against our hypotheses really deserve wo have their content ‘xastined, aad perhaps we are doing patients an injustice in 29 tonveniently setting aide their intellectual criticisms a resist ance. But, Gentlemen, we did not arrive at this judgement sas fl an any by Fred. But the pedal exe of tanarencorestance 1 cused in reas deta n his oper on "The Dyas of Trae Eremce’ (1012551 [See Lecture XVII, p. 279 { above) * [Pielyexnet dates fr Freud’ use of ypnot (1887-1696) wil be fund is an Editors featote to the cate of Ley Bein Sta Topi (10954), Stadard a, 2, 110-11] ‘fc tells that fe fit realized the great portance of rst- sce ring hit anaes of Mizsbets von 1-H was at tt ine sing the rewaretechnapey without Rypoesin See Sulr en Fora (ase), Sasdrd a, 2,194) {GE Freud's statement very alae words in hit history ofthe pyelosanalyie naverent (19140), Sturdy 14 1, Fale We bad Tot bocn inlined fo draw auch a Glee line (eid, 7-8), XIX, RESISTANCE AND REPRESSION 298 Tightly. We have had oceasion to observe all these critical patients at the moment of the emergence of a reaftance and lfter its disappearance, For resistance is constantly altering its tensity during the course of a treatment; it always increases n we ave approaching a new topic, iis at its most intense wh while we are at the climax of dealing with that topic, and it ddce sway wen the topic has been disposed of. Nor do we ever, tunless we have been guilty of special elumnsiness in our tec fique, have to meet the full amount of resistance of which Soy tee eet ieee ea eeees eee2M GENERAL THEORY OF THE NEUROSES ‘mental process must aot have been brought to an end normally “to that it could become conscious. The symptom is 2 sub- stitute for what did not happen at that point [p. 240 above}. ‘We now know the point at which we must locate the operation ‘ofthe force which we have surmised. A violent opposition must have started against che entry into consciousness of the ques ionable mental process, and for that reason it remained un- conscious. As being something unconscious, it had the power (9 feonstruct a symptom, ‘This same opposition, during, peycho~ analytic treatment, set tse up once move against our effort 19 transform sehat if neanscious into what St conscious. "This i ‘what we perceive as resistance. We have propored to give the pathogenie process which is demonstrated by the resistance the ame of represion, We must now form more definite ideas about this proces of repression It is the precondition fr the construction of symp- toma; but i ir alo something to which we know nothing Similar. Let s ake as eur model an impulse, a meatal process that endeavouts to tun fucifinto an action, We know that can be repelled by what we term a rection or condemnation. When this happens, the energy at its disposal is withdrawn fiom tit becomes power, though itcan persist ta memory ‘The whale procel Of coming won decion aboat i tana cour within the knowlege of the eg. Ibis x very diferent matter if we suppose thatthe same tne Is tubjecte to r= picautn Tu thal ect would retains cry soe 0 waeaery fof it world remain behind; moreover the process of represion srould be accomplished unnoticed by the ogo. This compari ton, therefore, brings us no neater to the esential nature of represion T will pat before you the only theoretical ideas which have proved of service forgiving a more definite shape tothe con- Sop of ecpradon, Ie above all ovata fr Wie pupone Oat ‘or null peed tem the purely deters een Yword “incbnciour to the systematic meaniog of the same ‘Word. Thai, we will decid to ny thatthe fat ofa payehleal 1 [Se frie |p. 227 above, The spt analogy ealanc and sepon wach cab hee ted he coe tne lened of is ‘Flees (0100, ude Ba ie d8.9) XIX, RESISTANCE AND REPRESSION 25 See Sienna ee Somme Gea Sain te Sere teet ata picture begins as a negative and only becomes a picture after Seapets op et Seo ing See cr oa rent teri fa ef aP e taal fe Se es te mart oe at yeeros205 GENERAL THEORY OF THE NEUROSES then they are inadmissible 0 consclousness;t we speak of them as reprsed. But even the impulses which the wateluman has allowed to exons the threshold are mot on that aecoumt necessarily conscious as wel; they can only become 30 if ey imceced in catching the eye af consciousness. We are therefore justified in calling this second room the system of the precor ‘cious. In that case becoming conscious retains its purely de- scriplive ense, For any particular impulse, however, the vicni= tude of repression consists in its not being allewed by the watchman to pass fiom the system of Ute unconscious into that fof the preconscious, Its the same watchman whom we get know as resistance when we try to lift the repression by means of the analytie treatment. Now I know you will say that these ideas are both erude and fantastic and quite impermisible in a scientific account. 1 know that they are erate: and, more than that, T know that hey are incorrect, and, if T aim not very much mistaken, T already have something better to take their place.® Whether it will seem to you equally fantastic I eannot tell, They ate pre nary working hypotheses, Hke Ampére's manikin swim- ming in the electric current? andl they ate not to be despised in 0 far as Hey are of service in making our observations intel- ligible. [should like to assure you that these crude hypotheses ofthe two rooms the watchman at the threshold between them fnd consciousness asa spectator at the end ofthe secand room, ‘must nevertheless be very far-reaching approximations ¢0 the real facts. And T should like to hear you adimit that oar terms, ‘unconscious, ‘preconseious’ and ‘conscious’, prejudge things far less and are far easier to justify than others which have been proposed or are in use, such as “subconscious, “paraconscious', Fimtraconscious' and the Hikes * [exes ‘The tem i ue to Beever, who constcucte ‘ton the model of afi" Cadminbleto Cour having te mi), See Section 3 of his couteution to Sade ow Aa (109d), Sard Ba, 2,225 2) (What Freud had in mind not obvious) TAM, Ampéte (1775-1635), one ofthe founders of the scence of lectrosmagetnn, mide wae of a magnetic metal manskin in ene of ie ipinn taint ion bw ety ad ‘Mead ives an explanation of his objection tthe term “hue XIX. RESISTANCE AND REPRESSION 27 twill thereloce be of greater importance to me if you warn me that an arrangement of the mental apparatus, such aa 1 hhave here assumed in order to explain neurotic symptoms, must necessarily claim: general validity and must give us information bout normal functioning as well. You will, of eaurse, be quite right in this. At the moment we cannot puséue this implication further; but our interest in the psychology of the forming of symptoms cannot but be increased (o an extraordinary extent if thereisa prospect, through the seady of pathelogieal conditions, of obtaining accsis to the normal mental events which are =0 well concealed. echaps you recognize, moreover, what itis that supports our hypotheses of the two systems, and their relation to each other and to consciousness? After al, the watchman between the une fonscious and the preconscious is nothing elze than the centr= si, to which, 26 we found, the form taken by the manifest dream is subject. (CE. Lecture IX, p. 139 above] The day's residues, which we recognized as the instigators ofthe dream, ‘wore preconscions material which, at night-time and in the state ofsleep, had been under the influence of unconscicus nd repressed wishfal impulses; they had been able, in combination ‘with those impulses and ehanks to theie energy, to construct the latent dream. Under the dominance of the unconscious system this material had been worked over (by condensation and dis- placement) in a raanner which fs unknown er only exception= ally permisibfe in normal mental life—that i, in the precen scious system, We came to regard this difference in their manner of operating as what characterizes the two systems; de telation which the preconscious has to consciousness was f= garded by us merely as an indication of is belonging to one of the two systems. Dreams are not pathologieal phenomena; they ‘ean appear in any healthy person ander the conditions of a sa(e of sleep. Our hypothesis about the structure ofthe mental Apparatus, which allows us to understand the formation alike of dreams and of neurotic symptoms, has an incontrovertible onscios* neas the end of Chapter IL of his work on lay anaes (926), Suudand Ea 20, 197th See abo an Edo’ footnote to Sewion I of ‘The Untonsiour (1013), ibid, 14 17] "(Gh the dscusions a te end of ectares XML and XIV, pp, 212 and227))2m GENERAL THEORY OF THE NEUROSES claim to being taken into aecount in regard to normal mental life as well. "That much is what we have to say for he moment about rex pression. But itis only the precondition for the construction of Symptoms. Symptoms, as we know, are a substitute for some= thing that ie held back by repression. Ie i a long step further, however, rom repression to an understanding of this substitu tive structuee. On this ater side ofthe problem, these questions arte out of ur observation of repression: what kind of mental impulses are subject to repression? by wat forces i i accom plished? and for what motives? So far we have only one piece of {Information on these points. In investigating resistance we have Tearnt that it emanates from forces of the ego, eom known and latent character traits [p. 291 above]. Itis these to, therefore, that are responsible for repression, or at any rate they have a share in it. We know nothing more at present A thipoint the sooo of the two abservasons whic Tm tioned to yon cate [a the opening of this Lew} comes to fou help, Is quite generally the cae that analysis allows us to frre atthe intention of neo symprome, This again wil be fotking ney ta you, 1 have alreay demonstrated i to you in two eats of neuro Bt, afer al, what do to cass amount to? You are right to ston fs bing demonstrated to You two hundred ewes in contest esses, The ay trove chat Teannot do that. Oace again, yur own experience must srve insend or your belie, which On this point ean appeal to the tnanimousFeports of ll pycho-sealyss, "You wil elles hat nthe two cates whore symptoms We submited to 4 detailed vestigation, the ans nated ws into thee patients most inmate sexal He Inthe ft ese we farther cua ith prt clay the enon ot ripose of the symptom we were examining in Une second case {isos pethapr somewhat conceatd by factor which wl be ‘mentioned late [p. 300 below], Well, every other case Chat we Sumit to analysis would show wt the same thing that we have found in hese two examples, In every instance we should be inuedced by the analy nto the patents sexual experiences find Wwithes; alin every iastance we should be bound 0 see 1m Leeture XVI, p26 above] XOX, RESISTANCE AND REPRESSION 29 thatthe spon served th ame intention, We find hat shi ipesios besa See aime kerpapwonees th the pret sal tacts ey et ae fr ‘tc of hind, whisk the pegs ar leat et ie “Tink of or ft patents dbsesional atin, The woman wan without ber had, wham te loved intl but wom sh cold as are hor icon aout oh cece: {nd wesc: She aterm him eco sor Py etgonenon bugles er steno sion use ir te ing! beh haent ou ape aed tod covet is wean nd above al it impotence Th Soman was fundamen weblineny pa ke See sie! tris inc mo aay th fa team 2 si wibtainct fate tae a ut sca pat yu {Salt aspera er serene pga obara. isons buona i parce or pete em toc ‘cw baby. Ys wl seo probaby have guowed tt feat boom endeavnang b pat her hr In her mathe fer Once gi tices actng ane of irons {ih somal aon and 2 flint a he pants nn tere nll won coms te sompbaton Tare hinted at. 7 Tol Ue w snsais: Geatene hs uattesi iia Taal ee nics her's Gs eee laty ot tha stones wil eres pint ow fo you at al evn hee shou epee and formation and meaning etapa et ced Bom ge Rem een ey oe, Sera iste a eden crab ook Sher inthe titan salsa nly ee forms ‘hse tre dra whieh wea acoso to pup t- iz Sones emt i Smee Sol ia paves gp cap Tee ctor sores ‘ve OU reds ery wyetemceeoore group of them te tensity of hermanos hs onfaenm fore ngec Nor shold yr fg that chads sala vey young ie, tat pring Flats moc tole and fc an that seat og ao $F caine rm grt hv hr home p18 wie E seMo CENERAL THEORY OF THE NEUROSES ea Bing practised singlehanded, Nevertheless we are every Where on the polo penctating toa understanding of tse Giher dorders which are ot tatereneenearses. T Hope Inter tobe able ro inode you to the extensions of our hypo- theses and indngs which sorte om adaptation to this hee travray and to show you that thse further tis have not ied contradiction but to the etabishment of higher nits TE then, everything T am saying here apples to the tran ference neurnes, lt me iat ree the vel of sympeoms by fnew piece of infrmation. For a comparative study of the determing causes f fling il leads raul whic can be fxpremed fea formula: thea people Sl il in one Way oF tothe of futon when realy prevensthem from sing ths sewual wiches? You te how exellent ese wo findings tally wath exc other eis ony ths that symptom can be prop viewed as subsitudvesatfactions for what is mised Ei ‘No doubt al kinds of objections cam sill be raised to the assertion that neurotic symm are subatites for Sexual ‘sitions. I il mention two of them to-day. When you Youteves have carved out anayte exominasons ofa cone dcrable number of neurates, you vl perhaps lle, shaking Your hen that in a ot of amy aio simpy 20 ees The moms seem ruther to have the contrary purpose of ex {ling xo stopping sexual saifacion, {wll at dspace the amet of your interpretation, The fate in payehowanaly is Tae hat of being rather more complicated than we Hike IE they were a8 iaple ae ll tt, perbap fe might not have needed paychosanalyls to bring them og. Indeed ome of the features of our second patients ceremonial show signs of this sce character witht osty to sexual sation: then for ineace, she got rid of the locks and watches fp. 205), which had the maga meaning of avoiding erections {Ring the night [p. 267} 0 when she fred to guard against foyer pot fling sd breaking [p26], which was equivalent to proeting her virgo [p20]. In ame ocr cases of bed ‘remorinl which T have been able to analyse, this negative hari wa far more outspoken; the ecemonil ight cane “ste dann of arin in Last KVL) 1 filled renter din Lace 330, pA coe XIX. RESISTANCE AND REPRESSION aot ‘clusively of defmaive metsres against sexual memories au temptations However, we have already found often enough thas in peycho-analyis opposites imply no entraicion® We smight extend our thesis and say that symptoms aim either ae sexual sutisfction or at fending off and that on the while the Positive, wshflling character prevals in hysteria ‘and the negative, ascetic one in obnesional nears, Iesynptoma cas serve the purpose beth of xual sttacion and ofits oppose there fs a eacllnt bai for this doublesidednen or Paar ins par of their mechaniam which I have ts far nt been able to mention. For, as we sal hear, they ace the produc of 4 ompromie an aie fem the stitches ‘so opposing current they represent not only the epee a also the repressing fore whist hada hare i thei gin Ove Side or the other may be more strongly represented; ite ‘aretha de nec ently abet ence \ergence ofboth intentions in the same symptom i eral achieved, In obsesional neutesis the two porions are ft separated the spmpiom then becomes diphase [lll int to sages} and coma in two actors, one afer the other, wich cancel each other out? ‘We shall not be able to dims «second objeton so ea you survey a ny og serif ners onan, yo wll probably stare by judging thatthe concept of sk, ‘tutes fens sastieion has been sretched to i extucme lini inthe You wil noel oemphasie the fact hat thee symptoms offer nothing real in the way of saseton; ist Aften enougi they ae ett to the revival of sensation ot the representation ofa phantasy derived fom asexual comple Aud you il further point on that these wppovel seal factions offen ake ona culdish and diereftable forms appon tate to an ac of masticbaton perhaps or realty Hea ‘aughtines which arc frbiden event eildren habit a which they have been broken. And, going on from ths, you will also expres surprise that we are representing st meal satstion what would rather have s@ be desstibed the “gin Lec Xp, 178 above) 2 [Reims ft wil be oth canon, in Secon # of Part Tf the Rat Men’ esae toy (19002), Sendo sat aie ory (1908, Ba, 1, 1912sot GBNERAL THEORY OF THE NEUROSHS satiation of lasts that are crcl or bontile or would even fave to be called unnatural We sal ome to m0 ngtestent Cements ater pee il we have mae a hreagh Ineeatgatian of the sexual le of bona Delogs and ln thing to we have decided wot ttt we are jutid i caling ‘eal LECTURE XX THE SEXUAL LIFE OF HUMAN BEINGS: Lapins ano Grieruasx,—One would certainly have supposed that there could he no doubt as to wat isto be understood by ‘sexual, Firs and foremost, what i sexual fs something i proper, something one ough not otal about I ave been toe {hat the papils of a celebrated payehiatst made an aticmpt ince to ebavince their teacher of how frequeatly the symptoms of hysterical patents represent sexnal things. For this purpose they took him fo the bedside ofa female hysteric, whose attacks ‘were an unmistakable imitation of the proces of ehildbirth, Dut with a shake ofhishead he remasked. Well there's nothing sexual about childbirth.” Quite right, Childbitth need not in every case be something improper. T see that you take elfence at my joking about such serious things. But its not altogether a joke. Seriously, itis noe easy to decide what is covered by the concept ‘sexual. Perhaps the only suitable definition would be ‘everything tha is related 0 the distinction between the two sexes’. But you wil regard that ascolourless and too comprehensive. Ifyou take the fact ofthe sexual act as the central point, you will perhaps define as sexual cverything whieh, with «view to obttiningplessure is con- ered with the boy, and in paticular with the ental organ, ‘ef someone ofthe opposite sex, and which in the last resort ans a the union ofthe genitals and the performance of the sexu ‘ct, But itso you will really not be very far from the equation of what is sexual with what is improper, and chilabirdh will really not be anything sexual. Won the ather hand, you take the reproductive function as the nucleus of sexuality, you risk ‘excluding a whole number of things which are not ated at oiler we ni wf his Tae Bua ore Tony ec (08H, td age na ‘ nbdbos an oealos fr ¢'ouceon cf cine ae oe fubeequent twenty yur A Ht af his eit eter comtfitons wo he fj een nan penis fo the wk he Send Bly 7284-8 ‘he rattan al te lowing lectins tainly deed fem the Tine Bye) 08