OPERATING SYSTEM

LESSON 1
HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEM

 The First Generation (1945-55)

 The Second Generation (1955-65)

 The Third Generation (1965-1980)

 The Fourth Generation (1980-Present)

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1.THE FIRST GENERATION (1945-55)

 Around the mid-1940s (about World War II), it is

succeeded to build calculating engines. The first
ones used mechanical relays but were very slow,
with cycle times measured in seconds. Relays
were later replaced by vacuum tubes.

 These machines were enormous, filling up entire

rooms with tens of thousands of vacuum tubes,
but they were still millions of times slower than
even the cheapest personal computers available
today.

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 All programming was done in absolute machine
language, often by wiring up plugboards to
control the machine’s basic functions.

Programming languages were unknown (even

assembly language was unknown).

 Operating systems also were unknown.

 By the early 1950s, punched cards are started to

used. It was now possible to write programs on
cards and read them in cards instead of using
plugboards. 4
2. THE SECOND GENERATION (1955-65)

 The transistors are started to use in the

middle1950s. Machines are more reliable.
 There was a clear separation between designers,
builders, operators, programmers, and
maintenance personnel.
 To run a job, a programmer would first write the
program on paper then punch it on cards. He
would then bring the card deck down to the input
room and hand it to one of the operators and go
drink coffee until the output was ready.
 Assembler and Fortran were started to be used
for programming punch cards.
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 Much computer time was wasted while operators
were walking around the machine room.

 People quickly looked for ways to reduce the

wasted time. The solution adopted was the batch
system. Batch processing is execution of a
series of programs ("jobs") on a computer without
manual intervention.

 The idea behind it was to collect full of jobs in a

tape then read them onto a magnetic tape. After
finishing process the results were writen in
output tape.(Such as the IBM 1401) 6
 After about an hour of collecting a batch of jobs,
the tape was brought into the machine room,
where it was mounted on a tape drive. The
operator then loaded a special program (ancestor
of today’s operating system).
 After each job finished, the operating system
automatically read the next job from the tape and
began running it. When the whole batch was
done and brought the output tape to a 1401 for
printing offline.

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3. THE THIRD GENERATION (1965-1980)
 7094 was the word-oriented, la rge-scale scientific
computers which were used for numerical calculations
in science and engineering.
 On the other hand, 1401 was the character-oriented,
commercial computers which were widely used for
commercical works.
 Both of these machines are very huge and people need
small machines.
 IBM produced the System/360 to solve these
problems.
 All the machines had the same architecture and
instruction set, programs written for one machine
could run on all the others.
 Furthermore, the 360 was designed to handle both
scientific and commercial computing. Thus a single
family of machines could satisfy the needs of all 8
customers.
 The 360 was the first major computer in which is
used (small-scale) Integrated Circuits first.
 OS/360 is the operating system used in third
generation computers.
 Most of time along process, processor was idle
and it causes waste time (nearly %80 of total
time).
 Multiprogramming is first used in OS/360.

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 Another major feature present in third-
generation operating systems was the spooling
(from Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On
Line) . Spooling refers to putting jobs in
a buffer, a special area in memory or on a
disk where a device can access them when it is
ready
 Timesharing, a variant of multiprogramming, in
which each user has an online terminal.
 UNIX operating system, which became popular
in the academic world, with government agencies,
and with many companies.
 Most versions of UNIX now support POSIX
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which is an IEEE developed a standard .
4. THE FOURTH GENERATION (1980-PRESENT)
 The age of the personal computer started with
the development of LSI (Large Scale Integration)
circuits, chips containing thousands of transistors
on a square centimeter of silicon.
 In 1974, when Intel came out with the 8080, the
first general-purpose 8-bit CPU and Kildall then
wrote a disk-based operating system called CP/M
(Control Program for Microcomputers) for it.
 In the early 1980s, IBM designed the IBM PC
and looked around for software to run on it.
People from IBM contacted Bill Gates to license
his BASIC interpreter. They also asked him if he
knew of an operating system to run on the PC.
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 When IBM came back, Gates realized that a local
computer manufacturer, Seattle Computer
Products, had a suitable operating system. DOS
(Disk Operating System). Gates then offered
IBM a DOS/BASIC package which IBM accepted.
IBM wanted certain modifications, so Gates hired
the person who wrote DOS, Tim Paterson, as an
employee of Gates’ small!!! company (Microsoft).
The revised system was renamed MS-DOS
(MicroSoft Disk Operating System) and
quickly came to dominate the IBM PC market.
 CP/M, MS-DOS, and other operating systems for
early microcomputers were all based on users
typing in commands from the keyboard.
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 One day, Steve Jobs, who co-invented the Apple
computer in his garage, visited PARC, saw a
GUI, and instantly realized its potential value.
Jobs then embarked on building an Apple with a
GUI. This project produced Lisa, which was too
expensive and failed commercially. Jobs’ second
attempt, the Apple Macintosh, was a huge
success, not only because it was much cheaper
than the Lisa, but also because it was user
friendly.

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 Microsoft was strongly influenced by the success of
the Macintosh. It produced a GUI-based system called
Windows, which originally ran on top of MS-DOS (i.e..
it was more like a shell than a true operating system).
For about 10 years, from 1985 to 1993, Windows was
just a graphical environment on top of MS-DOS.
 In the starting in 1995 a freestanding version of
Windows, Windows 95, was released that
incorporated many operating system features into it,
using the MS-DOS system only for booting and
running old MS-DOS programs,
 In 1998, a slightly modified version of this system,
called Windows 98 was released. Nevertheless, both
Windows 95 and Windows 98 still contain a large
amount of 16-bit Intel assembly language. 14
 Another Microsoft operating system is Windows
NT (NT stands for New Technology) which is a
full 32-bit system.
 Windows NT was renamed Windows 2000 in
early 1999. Microsoft came out with yet another
version of Windows 98 called Windows Me
(Millennium edition).
 Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, …….
 The other major OS in the personal computer
world is UNIX (and its various derivatives).
UNIX is strongest on workstations and other
high-end computers, such as network servers. On
Pentium-based computers, Linux is becoming a
popular alternative to Windows for students and
increasingly many corporate users. 15
 OPERATING SYSTEM TYPES

1.MAINFRAME OPERATING SYSTEMS

 These computers distinguish themselves from

personal computers in terms of their I/O capacity.
A mainframe with 1000 disks and thousands of
gigabytes of data.
 The operating systems for mainframes are
heavily oriented toward processing many jobs at
once.
 They typically offer three kinds of services: batch,
transaction processing, and timesharing.
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 A batch system is one that processes routine jobs
without any interactive user, for example, sales
reporting for a chain of stores is typically done in
batch mode.
 Transaction processing systems handle large
numbers of small requests, for example, check
processing at a bank or airline reservations. Each
unit of work is small, but the system must handle
hundreds or thousands per second.
 Timesharing systems allow multiple remote users
to run jobs on the computer at once, such as
querying a big database.

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 2. SERVER OPERATING SYSTEMS

 They run on servers, which are either very large

personal computers, workstations, or even
mainframes.
 They serve multiple users at once over a network
and allow the users to share hardware and
software resources.
 Servers can provide print service, file service, or
Web service. Internet providers run many server
machines to support their customers to store the
Web sites and handle the incoming requests.
 Typical server operating systems are UNIX and
Windows 2000. 18
3. MULTIPROCESSOR OPERATING SYSTEMS

 Multiple CPUs into a single system.

 These systems are called parallel computers,

multicomputers, or multiprocessors depending on
how they are connected and what is shared.

They need special operating systems, but often

these are variations on the server operating
systems, with special features for communication
and connectivity.

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4. PERSONAL COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS

 The next category is the personal computer

operating system.
 Their job is to provide a good interface to a single
user. They are widely used for word processing,
spreadsheets, and Internet access.
 Common examples are Windows 98, Windows
2000, the Macintosh operating system, and Linux.
 Personal computer operating systems are so
widely known that probably little introduction is
needed. In fact, many people are not even aware
that other kinds exist.
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5. REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS

 Time is key parameter in this system. For

example, in industrial process control systems,
real-time computers have to collect data about
the production process and use it to control
machines in the factory.
 Often there are hard deadlines .If the action
absolutely must occur at a certain moment (or
within a certain range), we have a hard real-
time system. A soft real-time system, in which
missing an occasional deadline is acceptable.
 VxWorks and QNX are well-known real-time
operating systems.
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6. EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEMS

 PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) is a small

computer that fits in a shirt pocket and performs
a small number of functions .
 Embedded systems run on the computers that
control devices that are not generally thought of
as computers, such as TV sets, microwave ovens,
and mobile telephones.
 These often have some characteristics of real-
time systems but also have size, memory, and
power restrictions that make them special.
Examples of such operating systems are PalmOS
and Windows CE (Consumer Electronics). 22
7. SMART CARD OPERATING SYSTEMS

 The smallest operating systems run on smart

cards, which are credit card-sized devices
containing a CPU chip.
 They have very severe processing power and
memory constraints. Some of them can handle
only a single function, such as electronic
payments, but others can handle multiple
functions on the same smart card.
 Some smart cards are Java oriented and holds an
interpreter for the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

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OUESTIONS ???

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