Things to Remember

Heredity and Genetics

Genetics: Science that deals with heredity and variation in living

organisms.
Heredity: The transfer of characters genetically from one
generation to the next generation.
Variation: The differences among the individuals of a species or a
population are called variations.

Mendel's Experiments:
Monohybrid Cross: Cross between two pea plants with one pair
(monohybrid cross) contrasting characters.
Dihybrid Cross: A cross made
between two plants having two pairs
of contrasting characters is called
dihybrid cross.

1
 Things to Remember

Acquired and Inherited Traits

Acquired Trait Inherited Trait
These are the traits which are These are the traits which are
developed in an individual during inherited from one generation
his lifetime. to the next generation.
These cannot be transferred to These are passed onto the next
the next generation. generation.
These cannot direct evolution. These are helpful in evolution.
Eg. Lost limbs Eg. Colour of eyes and hair.

Sex Determination in Humans:

Humans have a total of 23 pairs of chromosomes.
1 pair out of this (sex chromosomes) is different in males and
females. Females have two X chromosomes in this pair, while
males have an X and a Y.
A baby always receives X chromosome
from the mother, and can receive either an
X or a Y chromosome from father.
Baby born with an XX combination is a girl, while an XY
combination results in a boy.

2
 Things to Remember

Hydrocarbons

Catenation: The ability of an element to form

multiple bonds with itself and with other elements.
Hydrocarbon: Compounds formed because of the
combination of hydrogen and carbon are known as hydrocarbons.
There are two types of hydrocarbon:
Saturated Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons having only single bonds.
Alkanes: have at least one double bond between any two carbon atoms.
General formula of alkane is CnH2n+2;
where n is number of carbon atoms.
Examples: Methane, Ethane, Butane, Propane, etc.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons having at least one double
bond or one triple bond between any two carbon atoms.
Alkenes: have at least one double bond between any two carbon atoms.
General formula of alkene is CnH2n; where n is number of carbon atoms.
Examples: Ethene, Propene, Pentene, Butene, etc.
Alkynes: have at least one triple bond between any two carbon atoms.
General formula of alkyne is CnH2n − 2
Examples: Ethyne, Propyne, Butyne, Hexyne, etc.
Homologous series: a series of compounds with the same functional
group and similar chemical properties such that each successive
member differs by a -CH2 from the previous member.

3
 Things to Remember

Reflection of Light

When a ray of light approaches a smooth polished surface and

reflects back - this phenomenon is called reflection.
The incident ray which lands upon the surface is said to be
reflected off the surface and is called the reflected ray. If a
perpendicular is drawn on reflecting surface, it is called the normal.
The figure below shows the reflection of an incident beam on a
plane mirror. Here, the angle of incidence and angle of reflection
are with respect to normal to the reflective surface.

Laws of Reflection:
The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the
same plane.
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

4
 Things to Remember

What are Spherical Mirrors?

If a reflective surface is curved
it is called a spherical mirror.
If the reflective surface is curved At
Infinity
inwards, it is a concave mirror.
The reflected image is magnified but the field of view is limited.
Concave mirrors are also called converging mirrors.
Concave mirrors are commonly used as shaving mirrors or by
dentists and even in telescopes.
If the reflective surface is curved outwards, it is a convex mirror.
The reflected image is reduced in size but the field of view is more
and hence called diverging mirrors.
Convex mirrors are used extensively as part of car mirrors.

5
 Things to Remember

Images formed by concave mirrors:

Object position Image position Size of an image Nature of an image
At infinity Focus (F) Point sized Real
Beyond C Between F and C Small Real and inverted
Same as that
At C At C of the object Real and inverted
Between C and F Behind C Enlarged Real and inverted
At F At infinity Highly enlarged Real and inverted
Between F and P Behind mirror Enlarged Virtual and erect

Images formed by convex mirrors:

Object position Image position Size of an image Nature of an image

At infinity At focus Highly diminished Virtual of point size
Anywhere on Between pole Diminished Virtual and erect
Principal axis and focus

6
 The Reason Behind

1 Wings of a butterfly and the wings of a bat

are considered homologous organs.
No, the wings of a butterfly and the wings
of a bat cannot be considered homologous
organs because they both perform the same
function of flying but their origin and
structure are not similar. These types of
organs are known as analogous organs.
Therefore, wings of bat and butterfly are
analogous organs but not homologous.
2 Light ray bends when it travels from one
medium into another.
The speed of light is not constant
as it moves from medium to
medium. When light enters a
denser medium (like from air to
water) the speed and wavelength of the light wave decrease while
the frequency stays the same. Because of this change in speed, the
ray of light bends when it travels from one medium into another. This
phenomenon is known as the refraction of light.

7
 The Reason Behind

3 Air holes of a gas burner have to be adjusted

when vessels placed on it are getting
blackened by flame.
Blackening of vessels is due to inadequate burning (incomplete
combustion). This is caused due to the deposition of waste materials
on the openings of the burner. Air holes of the gas burner are made
open (adjusted) so that air can pass through, which is needed for
complete combustion, so that the heated vessels do not get blackened.

4 Carbon forms a very large number of compounds.

Carbon forms a large number of compounds because:
Carbon has the unique ability to form bonds with other atoms of
carbon, giving rise to large molecules. This property is called catenation.
These compounds may have long chains of carbon, branched chains of
carbon or even carbon atoms arranged in rings. In addition, carbon
atoms may be linked by single, double or triple bonds.
The carbon-carbon bond is very strong and hence stable. This gives a
large number of compounds with many carbon atoms linked to each other.

8
 The Reason Behind

5 Lengths of tangents drawn from an external point

to a circle are equal.
Let’s prove this!
Let two tangents PT and QT be drawn to a circle with its centre
at o as shown in the figure. below:
Both the given tangents PT and QT touch to the circle at P and Q
respectively.

We have to prove: length of PT = length of QT

Construction :- draw a line segment, from centre O to external
point T(touching point of two tangents)

9
 The Reason Behind

Now, let's look at ∆POT and ∆QOT

We know, tangent makes right angle with the radius of a circle at the
point of contact.
Here, PO and QO are radii. So, ∠OPT = ∠OQT = 900
Now, it is clear that both the triangles ∆POT and ∆QOT are right
angled triangles with OT as the common hypotenuse.
Now,
In ∆POT and ∆QOT
∠OPT = ∠OQT = 900
OT = OT (common side)
OP = OQ [OP and OQ are radii]
So,
∆POT ~ ∆QOT
Hence, OP = PT = OT (corresponding sides of similar triangles are
OQ QT OT
proportional)
PT = 1
QT
PT = QT

10
 Coordinate Geometry
Solve the following questions
01. In 2-D space, one of the vertices of a triangle is (3, 3) and the
other is located at the origin. Given that the triangle has all angles
equal to ,the coordinates of the unknown vertex are -

a. (0,2 3) or (3,- 3) b. (0,2 3) or (3, 3)

c. (0,-2 3) or (3,2 3) d. (0, 3) or (3,- 3)

02. A triangle is inscribed in a circle in such a way that all the

three vertices (8,6), (8,-2) and ( 2,-2) touch the perimeter
of the circle. Which of the following correctly represents
the coordinates of the circumcentre of the given triangle?

a. (5,4) b. (5,5)
c. (5,6) d. (5,2)

03. The area of the region bounded by the points (m,m), (-m,-m) and
(- 3 m, 3 m) is -

a. 3 2m2 square units b. 3 3m2 square units

c. 2 3m2 square units d. 2 2m2 square units

11
 Coordinate Geometry

04. Show that the points (1,-1), (5,2) and (9,5) lie on a straight line.

05. If the coordinates (0,0), (-2,1) and (-3,2) lie on perimeter of a

circle then, the coordinates of the centre of the circle are

a. ( 32 , 112
(
(
b . ( 112 , 112 (
(
c. ( 112 , 32 d. ( 32 , 32
06. In the given figure, determine the coordinates of B and D.
a. 9 ,1 and -1 , 5
2 2 2 2 D C (1,-1)

1 , 1 and -1 , 5
b. 2 2 2 2

c. 9, 1 and 1 ,5
2 2 2 2

d. 9, 1 and -1 ,-5
2 2 2 2 A (3,4) B

07. If the point (m,n) is equidistant from the

points (p+q, q-p) and (p-q, p+q), then

a. m = p2 m=p
n q2 b. n q
c. m2 = p d. 2m= p
n2 q n 2q

12
 Circle’s Challenge
Solve the following questions
01. AP and BP are tangents from point P as shown below. A tangent to
the circle touches the circumference of the circle at M.
Then, KN=?

a. AK+BN b. MN+BN
c. AK+KM d. KP+NP

02. BCDA is a quadrilateral such that angle D is orthogonal. A circle

touches the sides BA, CB, DC and DA at P, Q, R and S respectively.
If CB=38 cm, DC=25 cm and PB=27 cm, then the radius of the
circle is -
a. 16 cm b. 21 cm
c. 14 cm d. 18 cm

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 Circle’s Challenge

03. The given two circles are

concentric with AB and CD
as tangents to inner circle.
Then-

a. AB<CD b. AB>CD
c. AB=CD d. AB≠CD

04. In given figure, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral and angles are

marked as given. Then value of angle ∠ADB is-
C
D
100

A
50

a. 40o b. 50o
c. 55o d. 45o

14
 Circle’s Challenge

05. In the given figure O is the centre of the circle, then ∠DCE=?

a. 55o b. 45o
c. 50o d. 60o

06. In the given figure,

PQ is diameter of
the circle and O is
centre then, the
value of ∠PRS is-

a. 45o b. 30o
c. 35o d. 55o

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 Circle’s Challenge

07. In the given figure, O is the centre of the circle.

The value of ∠CBD is-

a. 50o b. 60o
c. 45o d. 65o

16
 Circle & Geometry
Solve the following questions
01. In the given figure, quadrilateral PQRS is circumscribed by a circle
touching the circle at A,B,C and D. If PA = 5 cm, QR= 7cm and RD =
3 cm.Then the length of PQ=?

a. 9 cm b. 10 cm
c. 12 cm d. 8 cm

02.

17
 Circle & Geometry

02. In the given figure,PQR is a tangent to the circle at Q, whose

centre is O and AB is a chord parallel to PR such that ∠BQR= 70o.
Then, ∠AQB= ?

a. 20o b. 35o
c. 40o d. 45o

03. In the given figure, if ∠AOD=135o then ∠BOCis equal to

a. 35o b. 90o
c. 120o d. 135o

18
 Circle & Geometry

04. In the given figure , TS and TR are two tangents to the circle with
centre O.If ∠STR=60o then ∠OSR is

a. 15o b. 30o
c. 45o d. 90o

05. In the given figure, three circles with centres A,B,C respectively
touch each other externally.If AB=5 cm, BC = 7 cm and CA = 6
cm then the radius of the circle with centre A is :

a. 1 cm b. 2 cm
c. 2.5 cm d. 4 cm

19
 Circle & Geometry

06. A circle is inscribed in a △ABC having sides 8 cm, 10 cm and 12 cm

as shown in figure. Find AD.
C

10 cm F E 8 cm

A D B
12 cm
a. 5 cm b. 4 cm
c. 6 cm d. 7 cm

07. QS is the tangent of the circle given in the figure below.

Find angle ABQ.

a. 45o b. 50o
c. 65o d. 75o

20
 Carbon - The Versatile Element

1) Covalent compounds:

A. have high melting and boiling point

B. are mostly soluble in water
C. are formed between atoms of metals and non-metals
D. are formed by the sharing of electrons

2) Soaps are formed by saponification of:

A. alcohols B. glycosides
C. simple esters D. carboxylic acids

3) Which of the following can be used for the

denaturation of ethyl alcohol?

A. Methyl alcohol B. Pyridine

C. Copper sulphate D. All of above

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 Carbon - The Versatile Element

4) The substance not responsible for the hardness of water is

A. sodium nitrate B. calcium hydrogen carbonate

C. calcium carbonate D. magnesium carbonate

5) Name the gas which is formed by the decomposition of

plants and animal matter in marshy areas?

A. Methane B. Butane
C. Propane D. Ethane

6) Which of the following can be used as a chemical test to

distinguish between saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons?

A. Reaction with ethane B. Reaction with bromine water

C. Reaction with alcohol D. Reaction with methane

7) Match the following:-

A. Ethane - (i) used in anti freeze solution

B. Ethanol - (ii) fruity smell
C. Ester - (iii) fossil fuel

22
 Light!

1 Optical instruments are placed inside boxes (a) and (b).

Which of the following option is correct for these?

A. In box (a), the incident rays diverged after refractions,

so lens is concave.
B. In box (b), the incident rays converged after refraction
so mirror is convex.
C. In box (a), the incident rays diverged after refraction
so mirror is convex.
D. In box (b), the incident rays converged after refraction
so lens is concave.

23
 Light!

2 The path of a light ray from air to two different media A and
B for a given angle of incidence is shown below. If nA and nB are
the refractive indices of two media, then:

A. nA = n B
B. nA > n B
M1
C. nA < n B 30

D. Cannot be determined

3 A man standing at point X in front of a plane mirror, at a

distance of y metres from the mirror as shown below. When
the man moves 5 m away from the mirror, the new distance
between the man and his image becomes 20 metres. What is
the value of y?

A. 5m
B. 10 m
C. 20 m
D. 40 m

24
 Light!

4 Light travels from air into glass of refractive index 1.5. The time
taken by light to travel through a piece of same glass of 50 cm
thickness is:

A. 2.25 s B. 2.25 ×10-7 s

C. 2.5 × 10-8 s D. 2.5 × 10-9 s

5 Which of the following lenses, would you prefer to use while

reading small letters found in a dictionary?

A. A convex lens of focal length 50 cm

B. A concave lens of focal length 50 cm
C. A concave lens of focal length 5 cm
D. A convex lens of focal length 5 cm

25
 Light!

6 Which of the following options is correct in case of

a concave mirror?

A.

Object position Image position Image size Nature of image

At C At C Equal to object Real and inverted
B.

Object position Image position Image size Nature of image

Beyond C Between F and C Diminished Virtual and erect
C.

Object position Image position Image size Nature of image

Between F and C At infinity Enlarged Real and inverted
D.

Object position Image position Image size Nature of image

At F At infinity Highly diminished Virtual and erect

26
 Light!

7 How will the image formed by a convex lens be affected if the

upper half of the lens is wrapped with a black paper?

A. The size of the image is reduced to one-half

B. The upper half of the image will be absent
C. The brightness of the image is reduced
D. There will be no effect

27
 Heredity and Evolution

1. Homologous organs have:

A. same structure, same function
B. different structure, different function
C. same structure, different function
D. different structure, same function
2. What are acquired and inherited trait?
3. Which section of DNA provides information for one protein?
A. Nucleus
B. Chromosomes
C. Trait
D. Gene

28
 Heredity and Evolution

4. What does the fossil tell us about the evolution?

5. Human beings who look so different from each other in
terms of color and size belong to the same species. Why?
Justify your answer.
6. What is a genetic drift?
7. Give the evidence that the birds have evolved from reptiles.

29
 Visualizing the Basics

1 In the diagram PQ and QR are tangents to the circle with

centre O, at P and R respectively. Find the value of x.

A. 25o
B. 35o
C. 45o
D. 55o

2 Draw the electron dot structure for methane.

3 Two plane mirrors are separated by 120o , as the drawing

illustrates below. If a ray strikes mirror M1 at a 65o angle of
incidence, at what angle θ does it leave mirror M2?

M2
65o
120o
M1

30
 Visualizing the Basics

4 BA and DC are respectively arcs of two circles, having same

centre, of radii 21 cm and 7 cm and centre O. If angle
between AO and BO is 30o, find the area of ACDB.

5 Give the IUPAC of the following compound

31
 Coordinate Geometry
Answers
01. The correct option is (A)
Let (0,0) and A(3, 3)be the given points and let B(x,y) be the
third vertex of the
equilateral triangle OAB. Then,
OA=OB=AB
⇒ OA2 = OB2 = AB2
We have, OA2 = (3-0)2 + ( 3-0)2=12 -----(1)
And OB2=(x-0)2+(y-0)2 -------(2)
Also, AB2= (x-3)2+(y- 3)2 -------(3)

From (2) and (3);

We have, x2+y2= x2+y2-6x-2 3y+12
y
⇒ 6x+2 3y=12 ------(4) A(3, 3)

⇒ y= 6-3x
3
------(5)
x
From (1), (2) and (5); (0,0)
6-3x 2
⇒x+ 2
3 =12 B(x,y)
⇒ 12x2-36x=0
⇒ x=0,3

Using (5);
We have y= 2 3,- 3
Hence, the coordinates of the third vertex B are (0,2 3) or,
(3,- 3)

32
 Coordinate Geometry

02. The correct option is (D)

Recall that circumcentre of a triangle is equidistant from the
vertices of a triangle.
A(8,6)

P(x,y)
B(8,-2) C(2,-2)

Let A(8,6), B(8,-2) and C(2,-2) be the vertices of a given

triangle and let P(x,y) be the
circumcentre of this triangle. Then,
PA=PB=PC
⇒ PA2=PB2=PC2
Now, PA2=PB2
⇒ (x-8)2+(y-6)2=(x-8)2+(y+2)2
⇒ x2+y2-16x-12y+100=x2+y2-16x+4y+68
⇒ 16y=32
⇒ y=2

PB2=PC2
⇒ (x-8)2+(y+2)2=(x-2)2+(y+2)2
⇒ x2+y2-16x+4y+68= x2+y2-4x+4y+8
⇒ 12x=60
⇒ x=5
So, the coordinates of the circumcentre are (5,2)

33
 Coordinate Geometry

03. The correct option is (C)

Let A(m,m), B(-m,-m) and C(- 3 m, 3 m) be the given points.
Then, we have AB= (-m-m)2+(-m-m)2 = (4m2+4m2 )=2 2m
Similarly, BC= (- 3 m+m)2+( 3 m+m)2 = 2 2m
And also, AC= (- 3 m-m)2+( 3 m-m)2 =2 2m
Hence, the triangle formed by the given points is an equilateral
triangle.
Now, area of triangle = 43 ×(side)2
area of triangle = 34 ×(2m 2)2=2 3m2 square units.

04. Let A(1,-1), B(5,2) and C(9,5) be the given points.

Then we have, AB= (5-1)2+(2+1)2 = (16+9)=5
And BC= (5-9)2+(2-5)2 = (16+9)=5
Similarly, AC= (1-9)2+(-1-5)2= (64+36)=10
Clearly, AC = AB + BC
Thus, A, B, C are collinear points and hence lie on a straight line.

34
 Coordinate Geometry

05. The correct option is (A)

Let P(x,y) be the centre of the circle passing through the points
O(0,0), A(-2,1) and B(-3,2).
B(-3,2)

p(x,y) A(-2,1)

)
O(0,0

Then,
We have, OP=AP=BP
⇒ OP2=AP2
⇒ x2+y2=(x+2)2+(y-1)2
⇒ 4x-2y+5=0 --------(1)

And, OP=BP
⇒ OP2=BP2
⇒ x2+y2=(x+3)2+(y-2)2
⇒ 6x-4y+13=0 ----------(2)
Solving (1) and (2)
3 11
we get, x= 2 and y= 2
Thus the coordinates of the centre are ( 3 , 11 )
2 2

35
 Coordinate Geometry

06. The correct option is (A)

D C(1,-1)

Let B(x,y) be the unknown vertex.

Then, AB=BC
⇒ AB2=BC2
⇒ (x-3)2+(y-4)2=(x-1)2+(y+1)2
⇒ 4x+10y-23=0
⇒ x= 23-10y -----(1)
4 B(x,y)
A(3,4)

Now, in right angled triangle ABC, we have

AB2+BC2=AC2
⇒ (x-3)2+(y-4)2+(x-1)2+(y+1)2=(3-1)2+(4+1)2 -----(2)
⇒ x2+y2-4x-3y-1=0
⇒ substituting the value of x from (1) in (2), we get,
⇒ 4y2-12y+5=0
⇒ (2y-1)(2y-5)=0
⇒ y= 21 or, 52 ------(3)
Putting the above value in (1)
9
we get, x= 2 or, -12
9
Hence, the required vertices of the square are ( 2 , 12 ) and
( -12 , 52 )

36
 Coordinate Geometry

07. The correct option is (B)

Let P(m,n), Q(p+q,q-p) and R(p-q,p+q) be the given points.
Then, PQ=PR
So, using distance formula;
⇒ {m-(p+q)}2+{n-(q-p)}2 = {m-(p-q)}2+{n-(p+q)}2
Squaring both sides and equating;
⇒ -2m(p+q)-2n(q-p)=-2m(p-q)-2n(p+q)
⇒ pm+qm+qn-pn=pm-qm+pn+qn
⇒ 2qm=2pn
⇒qm=pn

37
 Circle’s Challenge
Answers
01. The correct option is A

We know that the tangents drawn from an external point to a

circle are equal in length.
Therefore, PA=PB -------(1)
KA=KM --------(2)
And, NB=NM --------(3)
Adding (2) and (3) we get,
KA+NB=KM+NM
⇒ AK+BN=KM+MN
⇒ AK+BN=KN

38
 Circle’s Challenge

02. The correct option is C

Since, tangent to a circle is

perpendicular to the radius
through the point.
∠ORD=∠OSD=90o
It is given that ∠D=90o also OR=OS
Hence
ORDS is a square
Tangents drawn from an exterior point to a circle are equal in length.
∴ BP=BQ
CQ=CR
And, DR=DS
Now, BP=BQ
⇒ BQ=27 (BP=27 cm )
⇒ BC-CQ=27
⇒ 38-CQ=27 (since BC=38 cm)
⇒ CQ=11 cm = CR (since CR=CQ)
⇒ CD-DR=11
⇒ 25-DR=11 (since CD=25 cm)
⇒ DR=14
But ORDS is a square. ∴, OR=DR=14 cm
Hence, r=14 cm

39
 Circle’s Challenge

03. The correct option is C

Let AB and CD be two chords of a bigger circle which touch the
inner circle at M and N Respectively.

AB and CD are tangents to the smaller circle

∴ OM=ON=radius of smaller circle
Thus, AB and CD are two chords of the larger circle such that
they are equidistant from
the centre.
Hence, AB=CD.

40
 Circle’s Challenge

04. The correct option is B

C
D
100

A
50

ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral and ∠BCD=100o

∠BAD=180o-100o=80o (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral)
∴ In triangle ABD; ∠ADB=180o-(50o+80o)=50o

05.
07. The correct option is A
∠CED=90o (angle of a semi circle)
In triangle CED,
∠DCE=180o-(35o+90o) =180o-(125o)=55o (angle sum property of a
triangle)

41
 Circle’s Challenge

06. The correct option is B

PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral

∠PSR=180o-55o=125o (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral
are supplementary)
∴ In triangle PSR;
∠PRS=180o-(125o+25o)=30o

07. The correct option is A

Given ∠AOC=100
52 x 12
o
13
Reflex ∠AOC=360o-100o=260o
∵ Angle at the circumference = 12 angle at the centre
∴ ∠ABC= 12 (260o)=130o
⇒ ∠CBD=180o-130o=50o (linear pair)

42
 Circle & Geometry
Answers
01. [A] Since the lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to
a circle are equal, we have PB = PA = 5 cm
RC=RD= 3 cm
QC= (QR-RC) = (7-3) cm = 4 cm
QB=QC= 4 cm
PQ= PB+QB=(5+4)=9 cm

02. [C]
∠LQR= 90o , ∠LQB = (90-70)o=20o
QL=QL
AL=BL
∠ALQ= ∠ BLQ
ΔAQL ≅ ΔBQL ( SAS Criterion)
∠LQB = LQA=20o
∠ABQ = ∠BQR = 70o [alternate interior angles ]
In ΔAQB , we have
∠AQB= 180o-(∠QAB +∠ABQ)= 180o-(70o+70o)= 40o

43
 Circle & Geometry

03. [B]

Let’s mark the ∠1, ∠2, ∠3, ∠4, ∠5, ∠6, ∠7, ∠8 as shown in the
figure,
We know, equal tangents subtends equal angles at the center
∴ ∠1 = ∠2, ∠3 = ∠4, ∠5 = ∠6, ∠7 = ∠8
Adding all angles, we get
∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 + ∠5 + ∠6 + ∠7 + ∠8 = 360o
or, 2 ∠1 + 2 ∠4 + 2 ∠5 + 2 ∠8 = 360o
or, ∠1 + ∠4 + ∠5 + ∠8 = 180o
or, (∠1 + ∠8) + (∠4 + ∠5) = 180o
∠BOC + ∠AOD = 180o | ∵ ∠BOC = ∠1 + ∠8 and ∠AOD = ∠4 +∠5
∠BOC + 135o = 180o
∴ ∠BOC = 45o

44
 Circle & Geometry
04. [B]
∠STR=60o
ST=TR
∠TSR=∠TRS
∠TSR + ∠TRS + ∠STR =180o [ angle sum property]
2∠TRS=(180-60)o=120o
∠TRS=60o=∠TSR
∠OSR+∠TSR=90o
∠OSR= (90-60)o=30o

05. [B]
Let the radii of the three circles be x,y,z respectively. Then
x+y=5, y+z=7 and z+x= 6⇒2(x+y+z)=18 ⇒(x+y+z)=9
x=(x+y+z)-(y+z)= (9-7)=2 cm

06. [D] AD = AF = x,
BD = BE = y, CF = CE = z
x + y = 12,
y + z = 8, z + x = 10
x + y + z = 15
on solving x = 7.

07. [B] ∠OBQ = 90o

OA=OB
∠OAB= ∠OBA = 40o [angle sum property]
∠ABQ = 90o – 40o= 50o

45
 Carbon - The Versatile Element

1. Option D
Covalent compounds are formed when two or more atoms of nonmetals
bond by sharing of electrons.

2. Option C
When triglycerides in fats or oils react with aqueous NaOH, it gets
converted into soap molecules and glycerol. This is called alkaline
hydrolysis of esters. Since the product of the reaction is a soap, the
process is known as saponification.

3. Option D
Methanol, Pyridine and copper sulphate are used for denaturation of
ethyl alcohol. Ethyl alcohol is denatured to make it unfit for drinking.

4. Option A
Hard water has high mineral content especially calcium and magnesium
carbonates. Sodium nitrate is not responsible for the hardness of water.
When hard water is heated, solid deposits of calcium can form.

5. Option A
Methane gas is formed by the decomposition of plants and animal
matter in marshy areas.

46
 Carbon - The Versatile Element

6. Option B
The colour of bromine water is brown. Saturated compounds do not
decolourise bromine water while unsaturated hydrocarbons decolourise
the bromine water.

7. A. Ethane - (iii) fossil fuel

B. Ethanol - (i) used in anti freeze solution
C. Ester - (ii) fruity smell

47
 Light!

1 Option A is correct.
In (a), the incident rays are diverged after refraction, so the lens is concave
and in (b), the incident rays are converged after refraction, so the lens is
convex.

2 Option C is correct.
sin i sin 45o
nA = sin r = =1
sin 45o o
nB = sin i = sin 45 = 1 × 2 = 2= 1.414
sin r sin 30o 2 1

3 Option A is correct.
New distance between the man and the mirror = y + 5
Thus, the distance between the man and his image (y + 5) ×2 = 20
⇒2y + 10 = 20
⇒2y = 20 - 10
⇒2y = 10
⇒y = 10 = 5 m
2

48
 Light!

4 Option D is correct.
Since, v = cn = 3 1.5× 10 = 2 × 108 m/s
8

0.5 m
Thus, time taken by the light = Distance/v= 8 = 2.5 × 10-9 s
2 × 10 m/s

5 Option D is correct.
A convex lens is used as a magnifying glass. The magnification of a
1
lens, M ∝ ( f ). So, a convex lens with a small focal length can be
used as a magnifying glass.

6 Option A is correct.
In case of concave mirror, when the object is at C, the image formed is at
C, image will be real, inverted and of same size as the object.

7 Option C is correct.

49
 Heredity and Evolution

Solution
1. C.
A homologous structure is an organ, system, or body part that
shares a common ancestry in multiple organisms. Organs such as
bat's wing,
wings of birds, seal's flipper, forelimb of a horse, and human arm
have a common underlying anatomy that was present in their last
common ancestors; therefore their forelimbs are homologous organs.

2. Acquired trait: Trait or characteristic of which are not inherited

from parents but develops in response to the environment and is
acquired in lifetime is called an acquired trait. A person is not born
with this trait and thus cannot pass it onto the next generation.
For example, losing limbs in an accident. This cannot be passed to the
next generation.
Inherited trait: Traits can be passed onto the next generation in which
changes have occurred in the genes or DNA of the organism. Such
traits are called inherited traits. For example, colour of eyes, hair, etc.

50
 Heredity and Evolution

3. Option D
Gene is the functional unit of inheritance. It is the specific sequence of
nucleotides in DNA located usually on a chromosome.
The order of nucleotides in a gene determines the order of the polypeptide
which makes a protein and is responsible for expression of a trait.

4. The remains of dead plants and animals which were buried under the
rocks millions of years ago are known as fossils. These fossils tell us
about the process of evolution. The fossils of different organisms have
features similar to one species while some features are similar to other
species. In this way they show the link between two species. They tell
us that one species evolves from the other.

5. Human beings are said to belong to the same species because of the
following reasons:
a. DNA studies
b. Number of chromosomes
c. All have a common ancestor
d. They inbreed among themselves to produce fertile young ones
of their own kind.

51
 Heredity and Evolution

6. Genetic drift is the variation in the relative frequencies of different

genotypes in a small population, which leads to the disappearance of
particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.
Variations in the species may confer survival advantages or contribute
to the genetic drift.

7. Some dinosaurs had feathers but they could not fly using the feathers.
The function of feathers initially was to provide insulation but later on
they became useful for flying in birds. Later, birds adapted the
feathers to fly. This shows that wings are analogous to birds and
dinosaurs and, birds are evolved from reptiles.

52
 Visualizing the Basics

1. [C]
∠PQR + ∠POR = 180o
∠POR=(180-50)o=130o
∠PSR= 12 ∠POR
∠PSR= 12 ×130o=65o
⇒∠PSR=∠OSP+∠OSR
⇒∠PSR=∠OSP+20o
65o=∠OSP+20o
∠OSP=45o
∠OPQ=90o
∠SPQ -∠OPS =90o
x + ∠OPS=90o
x = (90- 45)o=45o
2.

53
 Visualizing the Basics

3. 55o

55o= M2
o
65o 65o 35
25o 120o
M1

4. Area of shaded region = area of sector OAB - area of sector OCD

30o π(21)2 30o π(7)2 308
o
- 360o
= 3 cm2
360

5. Ethyl cyclopentane

54