FORMULAE USING SYMBOLS

NOTATION

GREEK LETTERS
α = coefficient of linear thermal expansion, C-1 k = Thermal Conductivity, W/m.C
β = coefficient of volume expansion, C -1
kB = Boltzmann Constant
γ = Cp / C v ke =
Δ = Change in, small value L = Length, m
ε = EMF, V L = Latent Heat, J/kg
εo = Permittivity of free space, C /Nm
2 2
L = Inductance, H
ρ = electrical resistivity m = mass, kg
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant N = Number of particles
κ = Dielectric Constant NA = Avagadro Number
μo = Permeability of Free Space N = Number of turns
μ = micron n = number of moles
λ = wavelength P = Pressure, N/m2, atm, psi
p = Lens/mirror Distance to object, m
q = Lens/mirror Distance to image, m
q = charge, C
Q = Energy, J
R = Universal Gas Constant
ENGLISH LETTERS R = Electric Resistance, Ω
A = Area, m2 T = Temperature, C, K, F
B = magnetic field strength, T U = Potential Energy
C = Specific Heat, J/kg.C V = Volume, m3
C = Capacitance of a capacitor, F V = Voltage, V
d = small value, distance W = Work
e = Emissivity
F = Force, N E = internal energy
f = frequency, Hz, cps S = entropy
g = acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
I = Electric current, A
J = Current density
 UNITS

A ampere Ω ohm
C coulomb C celcius
F farad F Fahrenheit
H henry K Kelvin
J joule = Nm W watt = J/s
m meter L liter
N newton atm atmosphere pressure
Pa pascal = N/m2
s second
T tesla
V volt

EQUATIONS

19 ΔL = α L ΔT ΔV = β V ΔT TC = T – 273.15 P1 V1 / T1 = P2 V2 / T2
kB = R / NA β=3α TF = (9/5) TC + 32 P V = n R T = N kB T
20 Q = m C ΔT Q = L Δm P = k A (Th – Tc) / L
W = -P ΔV ΔE = Q + W P = σ A e T4 W = n R T ln(Vi / Vf)
21 P V = N kB T T V γ -1 =constant Vrms = √(3 kB T / mo) Eint = KE = N(mov2)/2
Q = n Cp ΔT P V γ = constant Vavg = √(8 kB T / π mo) Eint =KE=(3/2)N kBT =(3/2) nRT
γ = Cp / C v P1 V1γ = P2 V2 γ Vmp = √(2 kB T / mo) Q = n Cv ΔT = ΔEint
22 COP= |Qh|/ W COP = |Qc|/ W eC = 1 – Tc / Th e = Weng / |Qh| = 1 – |Qc|/ |Qh|
dS = dQr / T S = kB ln W ΔS = n R ln (Vf / Vi) e = 1 – 1 / (V1 / V2) γ -1
23 E = Fe / q0 Fe = (ke q1 q2 / r2) ȓ12 Fe = q E E = (ke q / r2) ȓ
E = ke ∫(dq / r2) ȓ E = ke Σ (qi / ri2) ȓ
24 ØE = E A Cosθ ØE = ∫ E • dA ØE = qin / εo
25 ΔV = ΔU / qo ΔV = - ∫ E • ds ΔV = - E d
V = ke q / r U = ke q1 q2 / r12 Ex = - dV / dx V = ke ∫ dq / r
26 C = Q / ΔV Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 C o = εo A / d U = Q2/2C = ½ Q ΔV = ½C(ΔV)2
C = κ Co τ=ρxE U=-ρ•E 1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3
27 I = dQ / dt J=I/A R = ΔV / I Iavg = n q vd A
J=σE R=ρL/A Vd = q E τ / me Ρ = me / (n q2 τ)
ρ= ρo [1+α(T – To)] R = Ro [1+α(T – To)] P = I ΔV = I2 R = (ΔV)2 / R
28 ε=IR+Ir Σ (∆V) = 0 Req = R1 + R2 + R3 P = I2 R = (ΔV)2 / R = V I
ΣI=0 q(t) = Q e-t/RC q(t) = Q (1 – e-t/RC) 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
τ=RC I(t) = (ε/R)e-t/RC I(t) = -Ii e-t/RC
29 FB = q v x B r = m v / (q B) ω=2πf dFB = I ds x B
FB = I L x B ω=qB/m τ=μxB τ = I A B Sin θ = I A x B
U=-μ•B
30 B = μo I / (2 π r) B = μo N I / (2 π r) B = μo N I / l = μon I B = (μo I /4πa) θ
B = μo I / (2 π a) B=μo I a2 / 2(a2+x2)3/2 B = (μo I /4πa)(Sins θ1 – Sin θ2)
∫ B • ds = μo I ∫ B • dA = 0 B = μo I / 2a (x=0) F = I l B = μo I1 I2 l/(2 π a)
31 ε = -dØB / dt ε=-Blv ∫ E• ds = -dØB / dt ε = N A B ω Sin(ωt)
32 εL = -L dI / dt L = N ØB / I L = μo N2 A / l I = (ε/R) (1 – e-t/τ) τ = L/R
I = (ε / R) e-t/τ U = ½ L I2 uB = B2 / (2 μo) M12 = N2Ø12/I1 = N1Ø21/I2 =M21
ε1 = -M21 dI2 / dt ω = 1 / √(LC) Q = Qmax e-Rt/2L Cos (ωdt)
ω=2π f ε2 = -M12 dI1 / dt I = - ω Qmax Sin(ωt) ωd = [ 1/(LC) – (R/2L)2 ]½
33 XL = ω L XC = 1 / (ω C) θ = tan-1[(XL–XC )/R] Z = √{R2 + (XL – XC )2 }
Irms = Imax / √2 Vrms = Vmax / √2 I1 ΔV1 = I2 ΔV2 Pave = Irms Vrms Cos φ
Pave = I2rms R Irms = Vrms / Z ωo = 1 / √(LC) ΔV2 = (N2 / N1 ) ΔV1
34
35 n=c/v n1 Sinθ1 = n2 Sinθ2 Sinθ1 / Sinθ2 = v1 / v2 Sin θc = n2 / n1 (n1 > n2)
n1 λ1= n2 λ2 v=λf 1/p + 1/q = 1/f M = h’/h = - q/p = θ / θo
M=(L/fo)(25/fe) Mmax = 1 + 25/f n0/p + n2/p =(n2-n1)/R 1/f = (n-1)(1/R1 – 1/R2)
M = - fo / fe M = M 1 M2
2nt=mλ 2 n t = (m + ½) λ I=ImaxCos2(πdSinθ/ λ) d Sin θbright = m λ
θmin = λ / a Sin θdark = m λ / a d Sin θdark = (m + ½) λ
θmin = 1.22 λ / D tan θp = n2 / n1 I = Imax Cos2θ 2d Sin θ = m λ m = 1, 2, 3..
CONSTANTS

Avagadro’s Number NA 6.02x1023 particles/mole

Bolzmann’s Constant kB 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
Coulomb Constant ke 1/4πεo = 8.99x109 Nm2/C2
Elementary Charge e 1.60x10-19 C
Gas Constant R 8.314 J/mol.K = 0.08206 L.atm/mol.K
Gravitational Constant G 6.674 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
Permeability of free space μo 4π x 10-7 Tm/A
Permittivity of free space εo 1/ μoc2 = 8.854x10-12 C2/Nm2
Speed of Light c 2.997 x 108 m/s
Atomic Mass Unit u 1.66x10-27 kg
Mass of proton 1.007276 u = 931 MeV/c2
Mass of Electron 9.1 x 10-31 kg = 0.511 MeV/c2
Planck’s constant h 6.625 x 10-34 J.s
Electron Volt eV 1.602 x 10-19 J

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 cal = 4.186 J
1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa
1 psi = 8895 pascal
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φω