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Probability, Statistics, and Data Analysis Notes # 3: Favorite Colors of The Class Frequency

1) Graphs are used to present data in a clear and informative way through tables, charts, and graphs. 2) Different types of graphs are used for qualitative versus quantitative data. Bar graphs and pie charts are used for categorical/qualitative data, while histograms, line graphs, and stem-and-leaf plots are used for numerical/quantitative data. 3) Key differences between histograms and bar graphs are that histograms are used for continuous quantitative variables, have no spaces between bars, and usually start the scale at 0, while bar graphs are used for categorical variables.

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38 views

Probability, Statistics, and Data Analysis Notes # 3: Favorite Colors of The Class Frequency

1) Graphs are used to present data in a clear and informative way through tables, charts, and graphs. 2) Different types of graphs are used for qualitative versus quantitative data. Bar graphs and pie charts are used for categorical/qualitative data, while histograms, line graphs, and stem-and-leaf plots are used for numerical/quantitative data. 3) Key differences between histograms and bar graphs are that histograms are used for continuous quantitative variables, have no spaces between bars, and usually start the scale at 0, while bar graphs are used for categorical variables.

Uploaded by

Rin Chester
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability, Statistics, and Data Analysis

Notes # 3

Graphical Presentation of Data

Raw data by themselves do not convey much information. Thus, the data must be turned into something
informative by using tables, graphs, or charts.

When constructing your graphs, make sure that they contain a clear title. The axes should be labeled,
and the scales should begin with a zero point. If lack of space makes it inconvenient to use a zero point,
a scale break may be inserted to indicate its omission. Also, indicate the sample size. Simplicity and
honesty must be observed. Do not distort the graph by exaggerating or omitting details.

Graphs for Qualitative Data

We can summarize categorical or qualitative data using a bar graph or a pie chart.

In a bar graph, the categories are written in the horizontal axis (which can be in any order) while the
frequencies or relative frequencies are written in the vertical axis. The spaces between the bars are
equal, and the height of each bar is proportional to the frequency or relative frequency in each category.

Example Favorite Colors of the Class

Frequency

Yellow Red Blue Green Pink


In a pie chart, the slices must be proportional to the frequency or relative frequency in each category. To
get the angle measure for a slice, multiply the relative frequency of that category by 360 degrees.

Example: Favorite Types of Movie

Action, Comedy, Drama,

Horror, Romance, Sci-Fi

Graphs for Quantitative Data

We can summarize numerical or quantitative data using a histogram, a line graph, or a stem-and-leaf plot.

In a histogram, the horizontal axis represents the quantitative variable, whereas the vertical axis
represents the frequency or relative frequency. Note that a histogram differs in a bar chart in the types of
data it can handle. Usually, there are no spaces between classes in histograms as there are in bar charts
for category data.

Example: Refer to the car mileage example.

Frequency Distribution Table of Car Mileage

Class Interval Tally Frequency Relative Frequency


100 − 109 |||| 4 10%
110 − 119 0 0%
120 − 129 ||| 3 7.5%
130 − 139 |||| || 7 17.5%
140 − 149 |||| |||| | 11 27.5%
150 − 159 |||| ||| 8 20%
160 − 169 |||| || 7 17.5%
n = 40 Total 100%
Histogram of Car Mileage

Frequency

12

10

0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170

Mileages
Questions:

1. What is/are the difference(s) between a histogram and a bar graph?


2. How do we decide which graph to use (bar graph, pie chart, or histogram)?
A line graph is used to describe a trend pictorially. It shows time on the horizontal axis and the
frequencies (or percentages or rates) of another variable on the vertical axis.

Example:

Questions:

1. What is the line graph about?

2. What is the busiest time of day at the store?

3. At what time does business start to slow down?

4. How many people are in the store when it opens?

5. About how many people are in the store at 2:30 pm?

6. What was the greatest number of people in the store?

7. What was the least number of people in the store?

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