Programming Languages List

1. Java

Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is concurrent, class-

based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies
as possible.

Java is compiled into intermediate format (bytecode) which can be executed on any
systems for which Java virtual machine is ported. That means, you can write a Java program
once and run it into Windows, Mac, Linux or Solaris without re-compiling. Thus the slogan “Write
once, run everywhere” of Java.

Features:

Robust – with automatic garbage collection and simple memory management model (no
pointers like C/C++), plus language features like generics, try-with-resources,… Java
guides programmer toward reliable programming habits for creating highly reliable
applications.

Secure – The Java Platform is designed with security features built into the language
and runtime system such as static type-checking at compile time and runtime checking
(security manager), which let you creating applications that can’t be invaded from
outside. You never hear about viruses attacking Java applications.

High-Performance – Java code is compiled into bytecode which is highly optimized by

the Java compiler, so that the Java virtual machine (AVM) can execute Java applications
at full speed. In addition, compute-intensive code can be written in native code and
interfaced with Java platform via Java Native Interface (JNI) thus improve the
performance.

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 Multithreaded – The Java platform is designed with multithreading capabilities built into
language. That means you can build applications with many concurrent threads of
activity, resulting in highly interactive and responsive applications.

Java is known to be such a secure language because it has the following features, they are:

-Java has no explicit pointer

-Programs are run in a virtual machine sandbox

-Java adds a class loader which separates the classes for a package of the local
file system from imported ones to a network

-It has a bytecode verifier which checks the code fragments for any illegal code
that violate the access right

-It has a security manager that defines the access for Java classes

Trademark:

The name Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, which was later acquired by the
Oracle Corporation.

2. Swift

Swift is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language developed

by Apple Inc. for iOS, macOS, watchOS, tvOS, Linux and z/OS. Swift is designed to work with
Apple’s Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks and the large body of existing Objective-C code
written for Apple products.

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 Swift adopts safety patterns for programming and puts in more features in order to make
the programming more flexible and easier. It took years to come up with Swift. The foundations
for Swift were laid by advancing their existing debugger, compiler and framework infrastructure.
They simplified the memory management part using ARC – Automatic Reference Counting.
The framework stack, built upon a solid base of Cocoa and Foundation, has been completely
standardized and modernized.

Features

Features in Swift make the codes easy to read and write, while providing the developers
with the needed of control of a true programming language. Swift also supports inferred types in
order to make the less prone to mistakes and much cleaner, along with the modules that
provides namespaces ad eliminate headers. Memory is automatically managed and you are not
even required to type in the semi colons. Swift also borrows some features from other
languages, like the named parameters brought from the Objective C are written with a clean
syntax which makes the APIs much easier to maintain and read. Some additional features of
Swift are:

-Multiple return values and Tuples.

-Generics

-Concise and fast iteration over a collection or range

-Structures which support extensions, methods and protocols

-Functional programming patterns

-Advanced control flow

-Powerful error handling

Trademark

Swift is a trademark of Apple Inc.

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3. Objective C

The Objective-C language is a simple computer language designed to enable

sophisticated object-oriented programming. Objective-C is defined as a small but powerful set of
extensions to the standard ANSI C language. Its additions to C are mostly based on Smalltalk,
one of their first object-oriented programming languages.

Features

Objective C provides lots of features that are listed below:

Classes are objects – Each class is an instance of a meta-class automatically

created and managed by the run-time. We can define class methods, pass
classes as arguments, put them in collections and so on. To create an object, we
just send a message to the class we want to instantiate. No need to reinvent a
“factory” system. No need for a specific constructor mechanism at the language
level. This helps keeping the language simple and powerful. And, by the way,
meta-classes are objects too!

Dynamic typing – As in Ruby, Python, Smalltalk, Groovy… Extremely useful

because we don’t always know beforehand what our objects are going to be at
run-time. Dynamic typing in Objective-C is simple to use.

Optional static typing – Still, Objective-C also has a support for static typing. Best
of both worlds.

Categories – Categories let us define new methods and add them to classes for
which we don’t have the source code (such as the Standard Cocoa classes
provided by Apple). This makes it easy to extend classes without resorting to sub
classing. Extremely useful to adapt existing classes to the requirements of
frameworks we want to use or create,

Message sending – We interact with objects by sending them messages. Often,

the receiver of a message will have a method that directly matches the message
(i.e. that has the same name, or, in Objective-C terms the same selector). In this
case the method will be invoked. But this is not the only possible outcome, as an
object can choose to handle the message in other ways such as forwarding it to

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 an another object, broadcasting it to a number of objects, introspecting it and
applying custom logic, etc. Very powerful.

Expressive message syntax – Message patterns in Objective-C are like a natural

language sentences with holes in them (prefixed with colons). When we write
code that sends a message to an objects, we fill the holes with actual values,
creating a meaningful sentence. This way of denting messages comes for
Smalltalk and makes the code very expressive.

Dynamic run-time – Objective-C has a dynamic run time. It allows crafting

messages at run-time, dynamically adding methods to existing classes, changing
method implementations and so on.

Automatic garbage collection – The automatic garbage collector runs in its own
thread, concurrently with the application code. It uses a generational model to
improve its efficiency by targeting in priority memory zones that are more likely to
be garbage. It works for a raw C memory blocks allocated with the
NSALLocateCollactable() and similar functions. malloc() works as usual,
providing control over memory not managed by the collector.

C inside – Objective-C is primarily an object-oriented extension to the C

language and constitutes a superset of C. This means that the raw power of C is
available, and that C libraries can be accessed directly (as you know, there is
quite a number of them available out there!). Beside, this creates a symbiotic
relationship between the language and the operating system, as Mac OS X,
which is a UNIX system, is primarily written in C and, for the upper-level parts, in
Objective-C.

C++ fluent – Not only is Objective-C a superset of C but it can also understand
and call C++ code. Used in this configuration, the language is named Objective-
C++ and allows mixing Objective-C and C++ code in the same code statements.
It also allows directly using C++ libraries.

Simplicity – Objective-C’s Smalltalk-inspired object system is leaning toward

simplicity. Many features that tend t render languages complex (templates,
overloading, multiple inheritance, etc.) are simply absent from Objective C++,
which offer simpler programming models taking advantages of its dynamic
nature.

Trademark

Objective-C is a trademark of Apple Inc.

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4. C++

C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroutstrup starting in

1979 at Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, MacOS, and the
various version of UNIX. This general purpose object-oriented programming (OOP) language is
an extension of the C language. It is therefore possible to code C++ in a “C style” or “object-
oriented style”.

Features

C++ language has the following features:

-Encapsulation

-Data Hiding

-Inheritance

-Polymorphism

-Using C++ most reliable software development can be possible

-It is the enhanced form of C programming language

-It is much suitable for large projects

-The language is efficient having less compiled time

-The low memory manipulation features

Trademark

The “Standard C++ Foundation” name and the stylized “C++” logo are the trademarks of
the Standard C++ Foundation and may not be used without permission from the foundation.

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5. C

C is a general-purpose, imperative, computer programming language, supporting

structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system
prevents many unintended operations.

C is a very basic language. There are no frills, no GUIs, no Matrix processing abilities,
very little file I/O support but many legacy programs are written in C.

Features

Here are the features of C programming language:

-It is a robust language with rich set of built-in functions and operators that can
be used to write any complex program.

-The C compiler combines the capabilities of an assembly language with features

of a high-level language.

-Programs written in C are efficient and fast. This is due to its variety of data type
and powerful operators.

-It is many time faster than BASIC.

-C is highly portable this means that programs once written can be run on
another machines with a little or no modification.

-Another important feature of C program, is its ability to extend itself.

-A C program is basically a collection of functions that are supported by C library.

We can also create our own function and add it to C library.

-C language is the most widely used language in operating systems and

embedded system development today.

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6. Delphi

Delphi is an integrated development environment (IDE) for rapid application

development of desktop, mobile, web, and console software, developed by Embarcadero
Technologies. It is also an event-driven language.

Delphi is the choice for developers wanting the power, readability, and flexibility of the
Modern Object Pascal language, coupled with native compilers and component libraries for fast
single source code development on Windows, macOS, iOS, Android and Linux.

Features

These are the features of Delphi:

-NEW: RAD Studio Linux compiler

-NEW: Improved IDE menus for faster navigation

-NEW: FireMonkey updates and new features

-NEW: Additional TDataSet capabilities

-NEW: Multi-tenacy support in RAD server

-NEW: Updates to FireDAC

-NEW: RTL enhancements

-NEW: Improvements in SOAP support

-NEW: Greatly improved compiled C++ performance

-Single Source Multi-Device Application Development

-Live Prototyping with connectivity to leading enterprise databases

-Rapid Wimdows Development with VCL

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 -LiveBindings Designer

-Internet of Things Support

-Powerful Enterprise Database Connectivity

-Middleware and Cloud solutions

-Desktop and mobile application development

-High performance Delphi compilers for Desktop and Mobile

-FireMonkey Cross-Platform Framework

-Target Multiple Devices and Platforms

-Multi-Threading/Parallel Library

Trademark

DELPHI is a trademark of DELPHI Technologies IP Limited.

7. Ruby

Ruby is a dynamic programming languge with a complex but expensive grammar and a
core class library with a rich and powerful API. Ruby draws inspiration from Lisp, Smalltalk and
Perl , but uses grammar that is easy for C and Java programmers to learn. Ruby is a pure
object-oriented language, but is also suitable for procedural and functional programming styles.
It includes powerful metaprogramming capabilities and can be used to create domain-specific
DSLs.

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Features

These are the following features of Ruby:

-Ruby is an open-source and is freely available on the Web, but it is subject to a

license.

-Ruby is a general-purpose, interpreted programming language.

-Ruby is a true object-oriented programming language.

-Ruby is a server-side scripting language similar to Python and PERL.

-Ruby can be used to write Common Gateway Interference (CGI) scripts.

-Ruby can be embedded into Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).

-Ruby has a clean and easy syntax that allows a new developer to learn very
quickly and easily.

8. Visual Basic .NET

Visual Basic (VB) is a programming environment from Microsoft in which a programmer uses a
graphical user interface (GUI) to choose and modify preselected sections of code written in the
BASIC programming language.

Features

VB. Net has numerous strong programming features that make it endearing to multitude
of programmers worldwide.

-Boolean Conditions

-Automatic Garbage Collection

-Standard Library

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 -Assembly Versioning

-Properties and Events

-Delegates and Events Management

-Easy-to-use Generics

-Indexers

-Conditional Compilation

-Simple Multithreading

Trademark

Visual Basic and Visual Studio are registered trademarks. Visual C# is a trademark of
Microsoft Corporation, while the association between the image of a catfish and the topic of
Visual Basic .Net is a trademark of O’Reilly & Associates, Inc.

9. Perl

Perl, short for Practical Extraction and Report Language, is a general-purpose

programming language originally developed for text manipulation and now used for a wide
range of tasks including system administration, web development, network programming, GUI
development, and more. Perl is developed by Larry Wall. Because of its strong text processing
abilities, Perl has become one of the most popular language for writing CGI scripts.

Features

The following below are Perl’s features:

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 -Perl takes the best features from other languages, such as C, awk, sed, sh, and
BASIC, among others.

-Perl’s database integration interface DBI supports third-party databases

including Oracle, Sybase, Postgres, MySQL, and others.

-Perl works with HTML, XML, and other mark-up languages.

-Perl supports Unicode.

-Perl is Y2K compliant.

-Perl supports both procedural and object-oriented programming.

-Perl interfaces with external C/C++ libraries through XS or SWIG.

-Perl is extensible. There are over 20,000 third-party modules available from the
Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN).

-The Perl interpreter can be embedded into other sytems.

Trademark

The use of the camel image in association with the Perl language is a trademark of
O’Reilly & Associates, Inc.

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10. UNIX Shell

A UNIX Shell is a command-line interpreter or shell that provides a command line user
interface for Unix-like operating systems. The shell is both interactive command language and a
scripting language, and is used by the operating system to control the execution of the system
using shell scripts.

Features

As programming languages, shells typically have very limited features: their main power
is from calling external commands.

However, there are few features that are quite powerful and less commonly found or less
well-known in other languages:

Streams, pipes, and redirection – Streams allow one to operate on arbitrarily

large data (codata) without needing to read it all at once, progressively reading
input or writing output; the most basic streams are standard input and standard
output.

Process Management – Process management allows one to run and control

multiple processes asynchronously (without blocking). If a command ends with a
“&” the process runs in the background (immediately proceeding to the next
command). Shells can manage processes – and generally should manage its
own children.

Traps – Complementary to sending signals, shell scripts can receive signals from
the other processes and set up handlers to respond to them, using trap. These
are primarily used by longer-running scripts to allow them to be cleanly
terminated, reloaded, suspended, or resumed.

Trademark

UNIX is the trademark for the original Unix operating system developed by Bell
Labs/AT&T. The trademark was then transferred to The Open Group in 1993. However, the
term is more generally used as a more generic name for all Unix-like operating systems,
including Linux.

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11. LaTeX

LaTeX is a free software package created in 1985 by the American computer scientist
Leslie Lamport as an addition to the TeX typesetting system. LaTeX was created to make it
easier to produce general-purpose books and the articles within TeX. Because LaTeX is an
extension to the TeX typesetting system, it has TeX’s ability to typeset technical documents that
contain complex mathematical equations. This feature made LaTeX popular with scientists and
engineers.

Producing a LeTeX document begins with a single text file containing content that is
tagged with special LaTeX codes used to indicate how the text will be styled. When the file is
run through a LaTeX processor, typeset pages are produced. Because LaTeX typesetting
requires wrapping text in complicated computer codes, it has a fairly steep learning curve.
Although there are now software programs that help automate the creation of LaTeX
documents, a working knowledge of LaTeX is still desirable for this kind of typesetting.

Features

These are the Basic features of LaTeX software:

-It is a typesetting software.

-It is a text editor software

-document.tex is widely used in LaTeX software.

-Macro package provides a set of macros in LaTeX.

Trademark

LaTeX is distributed under a free software license, the LaTeX Project Public License.
The name itself could not be trademarked because of the pre-existing word.

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12. Haskell

Haskell is a computer programming language. In particular, it is a polymorphically

statically typed, lazy, purely functional language, quite different from most other programming
languages. The language is named for Haskell Brooks Curry, whose work in mathematical logic
serves as foundation for functional languages. Haskell is based on the lambda calculus, hence
the lambda we use as a logo.

Features

These are the following features of Haskell:

Statistically typed – Every expression in Haskell has a type which is determined

at compile time. All the types composed together by function application have to
match up. If they don’t, the program will be rejected by the compiler. Types
become not only a form of guarantee, but a language for expressing the
construction programs.

Purely functional – Every function in Haskell is a function in the mathematical

sense (i.e., “pure”). Even side-effecting O operations are but a description of
what to do, produced by pure code. There are no statements or instructions, only
expressions which cannot mutate variables (local or global) nor access state like
time or random numbers.

Type inference – You don’t have to explicitly write out every type in a Haskell
program. Types will be inferred by unifying every type bidirectionally. However,
you can write out types if you choose, or ask the compiler to write them for you
for handy documentation.

Concurrent – Haskell lends itself well to concurrent programming due to its

explicit handling of effects. Its flagship compiler, GCH, comes with a high
performance parallel garbage collector and light-weight concurrency library
containing a number of useful concurrency primitives and abstractions.

Lazy – Functions don’t evaluate their arguments. This means that programs can
compose together very well, with the ability to write control constructs (such as
if/else) just by writing normal functions together, allowing for performance benfits.

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 Packages – Open source contribution to Haskell is very active with a wide range
of packages available on the public package servers.

13. Assembly

An assembly language is the most basic programming language available for any
processor. With assembly language, a programmer works only with operations that are
implemented directly on the physical CPU.

Assembly language is not just a single language, but rather a group of languages. It
implements a symbolic representation of the machine code needed to program a given CPU
architecture.

Assembly languages generally lack high-level conveniences such as variables and

functions, and they are not portable between various families of processors. They have the
same structures and set of commands as machine language, but allow a programmer to use
names instead of numbers. This language is still useful for programmers when speed is
necessary or when they need to carry out an operation that is not possible in high-level
language.

Assembly language is also known as assembly code. The term is often also used
synonymously with 2GL.

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Features

Assembly Language Features:

Parameterized

– Number of registers
– Type of interconnect.
– Width of stripe

Promotes Abstraction

– Can name PEs

– Can reuse stripes
– Can define operations

Simple Interconnect Specification

14. Python

Python is an interpreted, object-oriented programming language similar to PERL that

has gained popularity because of its clear syntax and readability. Python is said to be relatively
easy to learn and portable, meaning its statements can be interpreted in a number of operating
systems, including UNIX-based systems, MacOS, MS-DOS, OS/2 and various versions of
Microsoft Windows 98. Python was created by Guido van Rossum, a former resident of the
Netherlands, whose favourite comedy group at the time was Monty Python’s Flying Circus. The
source code is freely available and open for modification and reuse. Python has a significant
number of users.

Python can be used as the script in Microsoft’s Active Server Page (ASP) technology.
The scoreboard system for the Melbourne (Australia) Cricket Ground is written in Python. Z
Object Publishing Environment, a popular Web application server, is also written in Python.

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Features

A notable feature of Python is its indenting of source statements to make the code easier
to read. Python offers dynamic data type, ready-made class, and interfaces to many system
calls and libraries. It can be extended, using the C or C++ language.

Python provides lots of features that are listed below:

Easy to learn and use – Python is easy to learn and use. It is developer-friendly
and high level programming language.

Expressive language – Python language is more expressive means that it is

more understandable and readable.

Cross-platform language – Python can run equally on different platforms such as

Windows, Linux, Unix and Macintosh etc. So, we can say that Python is a
portable language.

Free and open source – Pyhton language is freely available at official web
address. The source-code is also available. Therefore it is open source.

Object-oriented language – Python supports object oriented language and

concepts of classes and objects come into existence.

Extensible – It implies that the other languages such as C/C++ can be used to
compile the code and thus further in our python code.

Large standard Library – Python has a large and broad library and provides rich
set of module and functions for rapid application development.

GUI Programming Support – Graphical user interfaces can be developed using

Python.

Integrated – It can be easily integrated with languages like C, C++, JAVA etc.

Trademark

The Python logo is a trademark of the Python Software Foundation.

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15. LISP

LISP, in full list processing, a computer programming language developed about 1960
by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). LIPS was founded on the
mathematical theory of recursive functions (in which a function appears in its own definition). A
LISP program is a function applied to data, rather than being a sequence of procedural steps as
in FORTRAN and ALGOL. LISP uses a very simple notation in which operations and their
operands are given in a parenthesized list.

LISP become a common language for artificial intelligence (AI) programming, partly
owing to the confluence of LISP and AI work at MIT and partly because AI programs capableof
“learning” could be written in LISP as self-modifying programs. LISP has evolved through
numerous dialects, such as Scheme and Common LISP.

Features

LISP Features:

-It is machine independent

-It uses iterative design methodology, ad easy extensibility

-It allows updating the programs dynamically

-It provides high level debugging

-It provides advanced object-oriented programming

-It provides convenient macro system

-It provides wide-ranging data types like, objects, structures, lists, vectors,
adjustable arrays, hash-tables, and symbols.

-It is expression-based

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-It provides and object-oriented condition system

-It provides complete I/O library

-It provides extensive control structures

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