Head and Neck Openings in the Base of the Skull and the structures that pass through them ‘Openings in the Skull Bone of the Skull Structures Transmitted ‘Anterior Cranial Fossa [Perforations in the Cribrform plate Ethmoid ‘Ofactory nerves Widdle Cranial Fossa [Optic Canar Tesser wing of the Sphenold ‘Optic nerve, ophthalmic artery ‘Superior Orbital Fissure Between lesser and greater wings of the Sphenoid Tacrimal, frontal, trochiear, oculomotor, nasociliary and abducent nerves; superior ophthalmic vein Foramen Rotundum Greater wing of the Sphenoid Maxillary Division of the Trigeminal Nerve Foramen Ovale Greater wing of the Sphenoid Mandibular division of the Trigeminal Nerve Foramen Spinosum Greater wing of the Sphenoid Middle meningeal artery Foramen Lacerum Between petrous part of temporal and ‘Sphenoid Internal carotid artery Posterior Cranial Fossa | Foramen Magnum ‘Occipital Medulla Oblongata, spinal part of accessory nerve, and right and left vertebral arteries Hypoglossal Canal ‘Occipital Hypoglossal nerve Jugular Foramen Between petrous part of temporal and condylar part of occipital Glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves; sigmoid sinus becomes internal jugular vein Thtermal Acoustic Meatus Patrous part of temporal ‘Vestibulocochlear and facial nerves Muscles of the Eyeball and Eyelids Muscle Origin Tnsertion Tanervation Retion Extrinsic Muscles of Eyeball (Striated Skeletal Muscle) ‘uperior Rectus | Tendinous ring on Superior surface of —| CNT Ralses comea posterior wall of eyeball ust posterior upward and medially orbital cavity to comeoscleral junction Trtarior Rectus Tandinous fing on] Inferior surface of | CRIT Depresses Comoe posterior wall of eyeball just posterior downward and orbital cavity to comeoscleral medially junction Medial Rectus Tendinous fing on | Medial surface of CRIT Rotates eyeball so posterior wall of eyeball just posterior that comea looks orbital cavity to comeoscleral medially junction Lateral Rectus NVITendinous ring on | Lateral surface of Rotates eyeballso posterior wall of eyeball just posterior that comea looks orbital cavity to comeoscieral laterally junetion uperior Oblique | Posterior wall of Passes through TNIV Rotates eyeball so orbital cavity pulley and is that comea looks attached to superior downward and surface of eyeball laterally beneath superior rectus Inferior Oblique | Floor of orbital cavity | Lateral surface of | CNIIT Rotates eyeball so eyeball deep to that comea looks lateral rectus upward and laterally Tntrinsic Muscles of Eyeball (Smooth Muscle) sphincter Pupillae Parasympathetic via] Constricts pupil of Iris NII Dilatory Pupillae of ‘Sympathetic Ditates pupil Iris [Citary Muscle Parasympathatic via] Controls shape of NII tens; in ‘accommodation, makes lens more globular Muscles of Eyelids Orbicularis Ocul 7 Palpebral Part_| Medial palpebral Tateral palpebral __| Facialnerve Closes eyelids and ligament raphe dilates lacrimal sac 7—tibital Part | Medial palpebral Toops retum to origin | Faclatnenve "Throws ekin around ligament and orbit into folds to adjoining bone protect eyeball LevatorPalpebrae | Back of orbital cavity | Anterior surface and | Striated muscle Raises upper id Superioris, upper margin of ‘oculomotor nerve, superior tarsal plate | smooth muscle Sympathetic Muscles of the Head Muscle I Origin [Insertion [Innervation ‘Aetion Muscle of Scalp [Dcciprtofrontalis 7 Occipital belly | Highest nuchaline oF] Eplorantat Fadl nerve Woves scalp on skal ‘occipital bone aponeurosis and raises eyebrows 7 Frontal belly | Skin and superficial facia of eyebrows Muscles of Facial Expression [Orbicularis Ooull 7Palpebral Part | Medial palpebral Lateral palpebral’ | Faciat none Closes syelids and ligament raphe dilates lacrimal sac 7 Orbital Part | Medial palpebral Loops return to origin | Facial nerve Throws skin around ligament and orbit into folds to adjoining bone protect eyeball Corugator ‘Supercliary arch | Skin of eyebrow Fadl nerve Vertical wrinkles of Supercilii forehead, as in frowning Compressor Nasi__| Frontal process of __| Aponeurosis of Facial nerve ‘Compresses mobile maxilla bridge of nose nasal cartilagestwo heads) sphenoid and lateral_| and articular sac pterygoid plate of trigeminal nerve [ Dilator Naris axilla ‘Ala ofn0se Facial nerve Widens nasal, aperture Procerus ‘Nasal bone Skin between Facial nerve Wrinkles skin offiose eyebrows Orbicularis Oris | Maxilla, mandible | Encircies oral orifice | Facial nerve Compresses Ips and skin together jlator Muscles of Lips Levator Lal Superioris Alaeque Nasi Tevator Lal Superioris Zygomaticus Minor Zygomaticus Major__| Arise from bones and fascia around oral [avator Angulr nS] aperture and ince ino substance of tps Facial nerve Separate lips Risorius [Depressor Angull | Oris Depressor Labi Inferioris Mentalis [Buccinator ‘Outer surface of alveolar margins of maxila, | Faclalnerve Compresses cheeks ‘mandible and pterygomandibular ligament and lips against teeth Platysma Deep fascia over | Body of mandible | Facial nerve cervical | Depresses mandible pectoralis major and | and angle of mouth | branch and angle of mouth deltoid juscles of Mastication Masseter Zygomatic arch Tateral surface Mandibular division | Elevates mandible to ramus of mandible _| of trigeminal nerve __| occlude teeth Temporalis Floor oftemporal | Coronoid process of | Mandibular division | Anterior and superior fossa mandible of trigeminal nerve _| fibers elevate mandible; posterior fibers retract mandible Lateral Pterygoid (| Greater wing of Neck of mandible | Mandibular division __| Pulls neck of mandible forward Medial Prerygord( Tuberosity of maxilla | Medial surface of Mandibular division Elevates mandible two heads) and lateral pterygoid | angle of mandible —_ of trigeminal nerve plate Muscles of Tongue Muscle I Origin [insertion [__Tnnervation Retion Thtrinsic Muscles: Longitudinal Median septum and Mucous membrane | CNXIl ‘Alters shape of submucosa tongue [Transverse Vertical Extrinsic Muscles Genioglossus ‘Superior genial spine | Blends with other | CNXIl Protrudes apex of of mandible muscles of tongue tongue through mouth Hyogiossus Body of greater Blends with other | CNX Depresses tongue comu of hyoid bone _| muscles of tongue Styloglossus Styloid process of __| Blends with other | CNXIl Draws tongue temporal bone muscles of tongue upward and backward [Palatoglossus Palatine aponeurosis | Side of tongue Pharyngeal plexus | Pulls roots of tongue upward and backward, narrows:‘oropharyngeal isthmus Muscles of the Neck Muscle Origin Tasertion Tanervation Retion Platysma Deep fascia over | Body of mandible | Facial nerve cervical | Depresses mandible Pectoralis major and | and angle of mouth | branch and angle of mouth deltoid SoM Manubrium stemi_ | Mastoid process of _ | Spinal part of Two muscles acting and medial third of | temporal bone and | accessory nerve and | together extend head the clavicle occipital bone C2 and C3 and flex neck; one muscle rotates head to opposite side Digastric 7 Posterior belly_| Mastoid process of __| Intermediate tendon | Facial nerve Depresses mandible temporal bone is held to hyoid by or elevates hyoid fascial sling bone 7 Anterior belly _| Body of mandible Nerve to mylohyoid Stylohyoid Styloid process: Body of hyoid bone __| Facial nerve Elevates hyoid bone [Mylohyoid Mylohyoid line of | Body of hyoid bone [Inferior alveolar Elevates floor of body of mandible | and fibrous raphe -—_| nerve mouth and hyoid bone or depresses mandible Geniohyord Inferior mental spine | Body ofhyoid bone _ | First cervicalnerve _ | Elevates hyoid bone of mandible ‘or depresses, mandible ‘Stemohyold Manubrium stemi | Body of Hyoid bone _ | Ansa cervicalis; C1, _| Depresses hyoid and clavicle 283 bone Stemothyroid Manubrium stemni | Oblique line on ‘Ansa cervicalis; C1, _| Depresses larynx lamina of thyroid 283 cartilage Thyrohyord ‘Oblique tine on Lower border of body | First cervical nerve | Depresses hyoid lamina of thyroid —_| of hyoid bone bone or elevates cartilage larynx ‘Omohyord 7 Inferior belly —] Upper margin of Tntermediate tendon | Ansa cervicalls; C1, | Dapresses hyold scapula and is held to clavicle and | 2.& 3 bone suprascapular first rib by fascial ligament sling 7 Superior belly | Lower border of body of hyoid bone Scalenius Anterior_| Transverse First ib C4586 Elevates first rib; processes of 3, 4" laterally flexes and 5® and 6" cervical rotates cervical part vertebrae cof vertebral column ‘calentus Medius | Transverse First ‘Anterior rami of Elevates first rib; processes of upper cervical nerves laterally flexes and six cervical vertebrae rotates cervical part of vertebral column Transverse process | Second rib “Anterior rami of Elevates second rib; of lower cervical vertebrae cervical nerves. laterally flexes and rotates cervical part of vertebral column Cranial NervesNerve Components Function ‘Opening in Skull Olfactory ‘Sensory ‘Simei ‘Openings in cribriform plate of ethmoid Optic ‘Sensory Vision ‘Optic canal ‘Oculomotor Motor Lifts upper eyelid, turns eyeball upward, downward and medially; constricts pupil; accommodates eye ‘Superior Orbital Fissure Trochlear Assists in turning eyeball downward and laterally ‘Superior Orbital fissure [Tigerinar TE OpRITATTS GTSTOT Tomea, skin of forehead, scalp, eyelids and nose; also mucous membrane of paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity ‘Superior Orbital Fissure 7 Maxllary Avision ‘Sensory ‘Skin of face over maxilla and the upper lip; teeth of upper jaw; mucous, membrane of nose, the maxillary air sinus, and palate Foramen Rotundum ‘Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastrics, tensor vei palatini and tensor tympani ‘Sensory ‘Skin of cheek, skin over mandible, lower lip and side of head; teeth of lower jawand temporomandibular joint; mucous membrane of ‘mouth and anterior two thirds of tongue Foramen Ovale bducent Tateral rectus muscle: turns eyeball laterally ‘Superior orbital fesure Facial ‘Muscles of face, cheek and scalp; stapedius muscle of middle ear; stylohyoid; and posterior belly of digastrics ‘Sensory Taste from anterior two thirds of tongue, floor of ‘mouth and palate ‘Secretomator parasympathetic ‘Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal gland and glands of nose and palate Internal acoustic meatus, facial canal stylomastoid foramen Vestibulocochiear 7 Vestibular ‘Sensory Position and movement of head 7__Cochlear Sensory Hearing Internal acoustic meatus Glossopharyngeal Motor ‘Stylopharyngeus muscle; assists swallowing ‘Secretomator parasympathetic Parotid salivary gland ‘Sensory ‘General sensation and taste from posterior third of tongue and pharynx; carotid sinus and carotid bod} Jugular Foramen Tagus Constricior muscles of phaynx and intrinsic muscles of larynx; involuntary muscle ofachea and bronchi, hear, alimentary tract from pharynx to splenix flexure Of colon; liver and pancreas Sensory above Taste from epigiottis and vallecula and afferent fibers from structures named Jugular Foramen (Accessory v Cranial root Motor Muscles of soft palate, pharynx and larynx 7 Spinal root Motor ‘Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles Jugular Foramen Fypogiossal ‘Muscles of tongue controlling its shape and. movement (except palatoglossus) Hypoglossal Canal Upper Extremity Muscles Connecting the Upper Limb to the Thoracic Wall Muscles of the Pectoral Region (except Serratus. Anterior) Muscle Origin Insertion Thnervation Aetion Pectoralis Major | Clavicle, sternum | Lateral lip of the Medial and lateral | Adducts arm and and upper six costal cartilages bicipital groove of humerus pectoral nerves form brachial plexus rotates it medially; clavicular fibers also flex arm [Pectoralls Minor FF a and orbs ‘Coracoid process oF scapula Medial pectoral nerve from brachial plexus Dapresses point of shoulder; ifthe scapula is fixed, it elevates the ribs of origin ubclavius First costal carllage Clavicle Nerve to subdlavius from upper trunk of brachial plexus, Depresses the clavicle and steadies this bone duringmovements ofthe, shoulder girdle Serratus Anterior Upper eight ibs Medial border and inferior angle of the scapula Tong thoracic nerve Draws the scapula forward around the thoracic wall; rotates the scapula Muscles Connecti ing the Upper limb to the Vertebral Column/ Superficial (Appendicular) Group of Back Muscles Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation ‘Retion [Trapezius ‘Oxcipiial bone, Upper fibers into | Spinal part of Upper fibers elevate ligamentum nuchae, | lateral third of clavicle | accessory nerve ( | the scapula; middle spine of 7® cervical’ | ; middle and lower | motor) and C3 and _| fibers pull the vertebra, spines ofall | fibers into acromion | C4 (sensory) scapula medially; thoracic vertebra | and spine of the lower fibers pull scapula medial border of the scapula downward Tatissimus Dorsi | Tiac crest, lumbar __ | Floor of bicipital Thoracodorsalnerve | Extends, adducts and fascia, spines of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lower three or four ribs, and inferior angle of the scapula groove of humerus medially rotates the arm Tevator Scapulae Transverse: processes of first four cervical vertebrae Medial border of the scapula Cand C4 and dorsal scapular nerve Raises medial border of the scapula, Rhomboid Minor Tigamentum nuchae and spines of 7 cervical vertebra and 1" thoracie vertebra Medial border of the scapula Dorsal scapular nerve Raises medial border of scapula upward and medially Rhomboid Major Pato 6 thoracic spines Medial border of scapula Dorsal scapular nerve Raises medial border of scapula upward and medially Muscles Connecting the Scapula to the Humerus, Muscle Origin Tasertion Thnervation Retion Det Tateral third of Middle of lateral Paillary nerve ‘Abducts arm; anterior dlavicle, acromion, spine of scapula surface of shaft of humerus fibers flex and medially rotate arm; posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate arm ‘Supraspinatus ‘Supraspinous fossa | Greater tuberosity of | Spurascapular nerve | Abducts arm and of scapula humerus; capsule of stabilizes shoulder shoulder joint joint Tnfraspinatus Tnfraspinous fossa | Greater tuberosity of | Suprascapular nerve | Laterally rotates arm humerus; capsule of and stabilizes shoulder joint shoulder joint Teres Major Lower third of fateral border of scapula Medial ip of bicipital groove of humerus Tower subscapular nerve Medially rotates and adducts arm and stabilizes shoulder joint[ Teres Minor Upper two thirds of —] Greater tuberosity of | Axllary nerve Taterally rotesarm lateral border of the | the humerus; capsule stabilizes shdulder scapula of shoulder joint joint UbScapulanis ‘Subscapular fossa | Lesser tuberosiy of | Upper and ower | Medially rotates arm humerus subscapular nerves | and stabilizes shoulder joint Muscles of the Arm Muscle Origin [__Tnsertion____Tnnervation ‘Ration ‘Anterior Compartment Biceps Brachit 7 Longhead | Supraglenoid Tuberosity of radius | Musculocutaneous | Supinator of forearm tubercle of scapula | and bicipital nerve and flexor of elbow > ‘aponeurosis into joint; weak flexor of Short head | Coracoid provess oF | deep rasa of shoulder joint Pt forearm | Coracobrachtalls | Coracord process of _| Medial aspect of | Muscufocutaneous | Flexes arm and also scapula shaftofhumerus | nerve weak adductor Brachialis Front of lower half of _| Coronold process of | Musculocutaneous | Flexor of elbow joint humerus ulna nerve Posterior Comparten Triceps 7 Tong head | Tafragienoid tubercle of scapula 7 Lateralhead | Upper half of posterior surface of | Olecranon process of Extensor of elbow shaft ofhumenus | ging Radial nerve joint 7 Medial head | Lower half of posterior surface of shaft of humerus Muscles of the Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Forearm Muscle Origin Tasenton Tanervation Ration Pronator Teres 7 Humeral head Medial epicondyle of humerus Lateral aspect of the Pronation and flexion bone 7 Uinarhead | Medial border of hen teas Median nerve Pron coronoid process of ulna [Flexor Carpt Wedial eplcondyle of | Bases of and S| Median none Flaxes and abqucts Radialis humerus metacarpal bones hand at wrist joint Palmaris Longus | Medial epicondyle of | Flexor retinaculum | Median nerve Flexes hand humerus and palmar aponeurosis Flexor Carpi Uinaris 7 -Humeralhead | Medial epicondyle of | Pisitorm bone, hook humerus of the hamate, base Flexes and adducts 7 nar head atS® metacarpal —_| Uinarnerve hand at wrist jointMedial aspect of olecranon process and posterior border ofulna anterior surface of | Flexor Digitorum Superfci 7 Humeroulnar | Medial epicondyle of head humerus; medial i Flexes middle border of coronoid phalanx of fingers Process of ulna Miele phalanx of | Median nerve and assists in flexing 7 Radialhead | Oblique Tine on a proximal phalanx and hand Radialis Longus supracondylar ridge pf the humerus base of 24 metacarpal bone shaft of radius Flexor Pollcis ‘Anterior surface of | Distal phalanx of ___| Anteriorinterosseus | Flexes distal phalanx Longus shaft of radius thumb branch of median —_| of thumb nerve Flexor Digitorum | Anteromedial surface | Distal phalanges of _ | Ulnar (medial haify | Flexes distal phalanx Profundus of shaft of ulna medial four fingers | and median (lateral _| of fingers; then half) nerves assists in flexion of middle and proximal phalanges and wrist Pronator Quadratus | Anterior surface of | Anterior surface of | Anterior interosseus _| Pronates forearm shaft of uina’ shaft or radius branch of median nerve Muscles of the Lateral Fascial Compartment of the Forearm Muscle Orig Insertion Thnervation Aetion Brachioradialis, Tateral Base of styloid Radial nerve Flexes forearm at supracondylar ridge | process of radius elbow joint; rotates of humerus: forearm to the rmidprone position Tateral Posterior surface of | Radial nerve Extends and abducts hand at wrist joint Muscles of the Posterior Fascial Compartment of the Forearm humerus olecranon process of ulna Muscle or Insertion Tanervation Aetion Extensor Car Lateral epicondyle of | Posterior surface of | Deep branch of Extends and abducts Radialis Brevis | humerus base of third radial nerve hand at wrist joint metacarpal bone Extensor Digitorum | Lateral epicondyle of | Middie and distal | Deep branch of Extends fingers and humerus phalanges of medial | radial nerve hand four fingers. Extensor Digit Lateral epicondyle of | Extensor expansion | Deep branch of Extends Minimi humerus of little finger radial nerve metacarpophalangeal joint of ite finger [Extensor Carpr Tataral epicondyle of | Base of Tin Deep branch of Extends and adducs Ulnaris humerus metacarpal bone _| radial nerve hand at wrist joint “Anconeus, Lateral epicondyle of | Lateral surface of | Radial nerve Extends elbow jointdeep branch of ulnar nerve upinator Lateral epicondyle of | Neck and shaft of —] Deep branch of ‘Supination of forearm: humerus radius radial nerve ‘Abductor Pol Posterior surface of | Base of frst Deep branch of Extends and abducts Longus shaft of radius and | metacarpal bone —_| radial nerve thumb ulna Extensor Pollicis | Posterior surface of | Base of proximal | Deep branch of Extends Brevis shaft or radius phalanx of thumb | radial nerve metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb Extensor Pollicis | Posterior surface of | Base of distal Deep branch of Extends distal phalanx Longus shaft of ulna phalanx of thumb | radial nerve of thumb [Extensor Indicis | Posterior surface of | Extensor expansion | Deep branch of Extends shaft of ulna of index finger radial nerve metacarpophalangeal joint of index finger mall Muscles of the Hand Muscle Orgin Thsertion Tanervation ‘ation [Palmaris Brevis] Flexor retinaculum, | Skin of palm ‘Superficial branch of | Comugates skin To palmar aponeurosis ulnar nerve improve grip of palm Tumbricals (4) Tendons offiexor __| Extensor expansion | 1 and 2™ (.e. Flexes digitorum profundus | of medial four lateral two) median | metacarpophalangeal fingers nerve; 3" and 4® | joints and extend interphalangeal joints of fingers except thumb First arises from base of 1st metacarpal; remaining three from anterior surface of shafts of 2%, 4® and 5? metacarpals Proximal phalanges of thumb and index, ring and litte fingers and dorsal extensor ‘expansion of each finger Deep branch of ulnar nerve Palmar interossel adduct fingers toward center of third finger Tnterossel (@) 7 Palmar (4) 7 Dorsal (4) Contiguous sidesof shafts of metacarpal bones Proximal phalanges of index, middle and ring fingers and dorsal extensor expansion Deep branch of ulnar nerve Dorsal interossel abduct fingers from center of third finger; both palmar and dorsal flex metacarpophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints ‘Short Muscles of Thumb (Thenar Muscles; pollcls- thumb) finger ‘Scaphoid, trapezium | Base of proximal | Median nerve ‘Abduction of thumb » flexor retinaculum | phalanx of thumb [Flexor Polls Flexor retinaculum —| Base of proximal | Median nerve Flexes Brevis phalanx of thumb metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb ‘Opponens Pollicis | Flexor retinaculum | Shaft of metacarpal _| Median nerve Pulls thumb medially bone of thumb and forward across palm ‘Adductor Pollicis | Oblique head; 27 | Base of proximal _| Deep branch of ‘Adduction of thumb and 3" metacarpal | phalanx of thumb | ulnar nerve bones; transverse head; 3" metacarpal bone ‘Short Muscles of Little Finger (Hypothenar Muscles; digiti minimi- 6 digit) | Abductor Digit] Pisiform bone Base of proximal] Deep branch of ‘Abducis Tile finger Minimi phalanx of little ulnar nerve[ Flexor Digit Flexor relinaculum | Base of proximal] Deep branch of FIexes Tile gar Minimi phalanx of tle ulnar nerve finger | Opponens Digi | Flexor retinaculum —| Medial border of" | Deep branch of Pulls 5 metacarpal Minimi metacarpal bone | ulnar nerve forward as in cupping the palm ‘Summary of the Branches of the Brachial Plexus and their Distribution Branches Distribution Roots Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C5) Rhomboid minor, rhomboid major, levator scapulae Tong Thoracic Nerve (C5, 6, 7) ‘Serratus anterior Upper Trunk ‘Suprascapular Nerve (C5, 6) ‘Supraspinatus and infraspinatus Nerve to Subclavius (C5, 6) ‘Subdlavins Lateral Cord Tateral Pectoral Nerve (C5, 6, 7) Pectoralis major Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5, 6, 7) Coracobrachialis, biceps brachi, brachialis; supplies skin along lateral border of forearm when it becomes the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm Tateral root of Median Nerve (C5, 6, 7) {See medial root of median nerve) Posterior Cord Upper Subscapular Nerve (C5, 6) ‘Subscapularis Thoracodorsal Nerve (C6, 7, 8) Tatissimus dorsi Tower Subscapular Nerve (C5, 6) ‘Subscapularis and teres major Faillary Nerve (C5, 6) Deltoid and teres minor, upper and lateral cutaneous nerve of arm supplies skin over lower half of dettoid muscle Radial Nerve (C5, 6, 7, 8 T1) Triceps, anconeus, part of brachialis, ECRL; via deep radial nerve branch supplies extensor muscles of forearm: supinator, ECRB, ECU, ED, EDM, El, AbPL, EPL, EPB; skin, lower lateral cutaneous nerve of arm, posterior cutaneous nerve of arm, and posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm; skin on lateral side of dorsum of hand and dorsal surface of lateral three and a half of fingers; articular branches to elbow, wrist and hand Medial Cord Medial Pectoral Nerve (C8; T1) Pectoralis major and pectoralis minor Medial Cutaneous Nerve of arm joined by intercostals brachial nerve from second intercostals nerve (C8; T1 +2) ‘Skin of medial side of arm Medial Cutaneous Nerve of forearm (C8; Ti) ‘Skin of medial side of forearm Uinar Nerve (CB; Ti FCU and medial half of FOP, FDM, ODM, ABDM, AdP, 3 and 4" lumbricals, interossel, PB, skin of medial half of dorsum of hand and palm, skin of palmar and dorsal surfaces of medial one and a half fingers Medial root of Median Nerve (with lateral root) forms Median Nerve (C5, 6, 7, 8; T1) PT, FOR, PL, FDS, ABP, FPB, OP, first two lumbricals ( by way of anterior interosseus branch), FPL, FDP (lateral half), PQ, palmar cutaneous branch to lateral half of palm and digital branches to palmar surface of lateral three anda half fingers; articular branches to elbow, wrist and carpal joints Lower Extremity Muscles of the Gluteal RegionMuscle ‘Origit Tasertion Nerve Supply, tion luteus Duter surface of ium, —[ictibial tract and gluteal}nferior gluteal nerve Extends and laterally rotates hip] Inaximus acrum, Coccyx, berosity of femur Joint; through iliotbial tract, it acrotuberous ligament extends knee joint luteus [Duter surface of ium [Lateral surface of uperior gluteal Abducts thigh at hip joint tits Inedius reater trochanter of herve pelvis when walking to permit femur pposite leg to clear ground luteus [Duter surface ofium Anterior surface of Superior gluteal Abducts thigh at hip joint; tits minimus reater trochanter of herve pelvis when walking to permit femur pposite leg to clear ground [Tensor fasciae flac crest fiotbial act ‘uperior gluteal Assists gluteus maximus in latae erve extending the knee joint irformis [anterior surface of jpper border of greater First and second Lateral rotator of thigh at hip acrum chanter of femur acral nerves joint pturator nner surface of jpper border of greater Bacral plexus Lateral rotator of thigh at hip Internus bturator membrane __frochanter of femur joint Gemellus pine of fschium pper border of greater Sacral plexus teral rotator of thigh at hip superior ichanter of femur Joint Gemellus _ }schial tuberosity jpper border of greater Sacral plexus Lateral rotator of thigh at hip inferior ichanter of femur Joint Quadratus —[ateral border offschial Quadrate tubercle of — Sacral plexus teral rotator of thigh at hip femoris berosity femur Joint Muscles of the Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Thigh Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Supply ation fartorius [Anterior superior liac Upper medial surface offFemoral nerve Texes, abducts, laterally rotates pine hat of tibia high at hip joint; flexes and vedially rotates leg at knee joint jiacus fiac fossa of hip bone With psoas into lesser Femoral neve exes thigh on trunk; if thigh is rochanter of fernur ixed, it flexes the trunk on the high as in siting up from lying fown 50aS [Transverse processes, With llacus into lesser [Lumbar plexus Texes thigh on trunk; thigh is ods and yocante oer fre fons he nko igh intervertebral discs of 3s in sitting up from lying down the 12th thoracic and ive lumbar vertebrae "ectineus Superior ramus of pubislUpper end oflinea ___ Femoral nerve Texes and adducts thigh at hip sspera of shaft of femur int quadriceps: smoris [-Rectus Straight head: anterior [uadniceps tendon into Femoral none Sansion of fog at knee Jone femoris inferior iliac spine vatella, then via jexes thigh at hip joint ‘flected head: ilium jigamentum patellae bove acetabulum __|nto tubercle of tibia Vastus Upper end and shaft of (Quadriceps tendon into Femoralnerve [Extension of leg at knee joint lateralis femur vatella, then via jigamentum patellae into tubercle of tia Vastus [Upper end and shaft of (Quadriceps tendon into Femoralnere Extension of eg at knee joint; Inedialis femur stella, then via stabilizes patella ligamentum patellae nto tubercle of tia [Anterior and Tateral __[Quadriceps tendon into Femoral nerve Exiension of leg at knee joint; surfaces of shaft of _ patella, then via rticularis genus retracts femur ligamentum patellae synovial membrane into tubercle of tia Muscles of the Medial Fascial Compartment of the ThighMuscle Orig Tasertion Nerve Supply, Ration racilis inferior ramus of pubis, Upper part of shaft of _Obturatornerve __ Adducts thigh at hipJoint flexes ramus of ischium. bia on medial surface leg at knee joint AAdductor Body of pubis, medial toPosterior surface of — Dbturatornerve _fAdducts thigh at hip joint and Jongus bic tubercle Shaft of femur (linea hssists in lateral rotation spera) AAdductor __Jnferior ramus of pubis Posterior surface of _ Dbturatornerve __fAdducts thigh at hip joint and revs Shaft of femur (linea hssists in lateral rotation spera) Adductor __Jnferior ramus of pubis, Posterior surface of __Adductor portion: Adducts thigh at hip joint and Inagnus famus of ischium, Shaft of femur, adductorppbturator nerve assists in lateral rotation; |schial tuberosity bercle of femur Hamstring portion: hamstring portion extends thigh] sciatic nerve: bt hip joint pturator __uter surface of jedial surface of ___Dbturator nerve __Laterally rotates thigh at hip pxterus bturator membrane _fyreater trochanter Joint and pubic and ischial ami Muscles of the Posterior Fascial Compartment of the Thigh Fuss ‘Origin Insertion Nerve Supply Retion Toaps femoris [Long head: Ischia ied oF fibula ‘ong head: Ubial Taxes and laterally rotates) tuberosity ortion of sciatic eg at knee joint; long head] erve 3150 extends thigh at hip joint hort head: linea hort head: common] pera, lateral peroneal portion of tupracondylar ridge of jatic nerve Shaft of femur jemitendinosus — jschial tuberosity [Upper part of medial [Tibial portion of __Fiexes and medially surface of shaft of tibia sciatic nerve tates leg at knee joint; sxtends thigh at hip joint Semimembranosus|schial tuberosity jedial condyle of tbia_|Tiblal portion of —FFlexes and medially sxtends thigh at hip joint AAdductor magnus (jschial tuberosity ___|Adductor tubercle of __|Tibial portion of __ Extends thigh at hip joint yamstring portion) femur jatic nerve Muscles of the Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Leg ‘Orig Tnsertion Nerve Suppl ation [ateral surface of shaft Medial cuneiform and Deep peroneal __Extendsb foot at ankle joint; tibia and base of frst metatarsal herve Inverts foot at subtalar and Interosseous membranebone fransverse tarsal joints; holds ip medial longitudinal arch of ot Extensor __ [Anterior surface of shaft Extensor expansion of Deep peroneal Extends toes; extends foot at igitorum fibula Jateral four toes erve fankle joint Jongus feroneus Anterior surface of shaft Base of fifth metatarsal Deep peroneal Extends foot al ankle joint; fertius fibula ne erve verts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints Extensor [Anterior surface of shaft Base of distal phalanx Deep peroneal Extends big toe; extends foot al allucis fibula ‘great toe erve ankle joint; inverts foot at Jongus wubtalar and transverse tarsal joints tensor __[aleaneum By four tendons into the Deep peroneal fligitorum roximal phalanx of big herve revis, e and long extensor tendons to second, third] and fourth toesMuscles of the Lateral Fascial Compartment of the Leg [Mussa On Thsertion Nerve Supph ‘ation TeToneUs eral surface of shaft ase of first metatarsal Superficial peroneal Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint longus fibula hand the medial erve everts foot at subtalar and wuneiform fransverse tarsal joints; Supports lateral longitudinal band transverse arches of foot Peroneus Teral surface of fibula Base of fiih metatarsal Superficial peroneal Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint revis shaft of ne erve everts foot at subtalar and fibula transverse tarsal joint; supports lateral longitudinal arch of foot Muscles of the Posterior Fascial Compartment of the Leg Muscle] Origin [Insertion ——|_Nerve Supply tion ‘Superficial Group jastrocnemiusLateral head from ja tendo calcaneus fibial nerve Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint lateral condyle of femur nto posterior surface of| | flexes knee joint ind medial head from |calcaneum bove medial condyle Tantaris fate ‘supracondylar Posterior surface of __|fibialnerve Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint idge of femur alcaneumn | flexes knee joint soleus Shafts of tibia and fibulalVia tendo calcaneus Tibial nerve Together with gastrocnemius Into posterior surface of| nd plantaris is powerful alcaneum lantar flexor of ankle joint; pees tan propulsive force in walking and running Deep Group ‘opliteus _ateral surface of lateralPosterior surface of |fibial nerve Flexes leg at knee joint, condyle of femur Shaft of tibia above inlocks knee joint by lateral eal line ion of femur on tibia and lackens ligaments of joint Texor "osterior surface of [Bases of distal Tibial nerve FFiexes distal phalanges of Lligitorum —_haft of tibia phalanges of lateral jateral four toes; plantar flexes Jongus ur toes foot at ankle joint; supports edial and lateral longitudinal ches of foot Texor hallucis Posterior surface of [Base of distal phalanx [Tibial nerve FFiexes distal phalanx of big toe longus Shaft of fibula big toe lantar flexes foot at ankle joint | supports medial longitudinal rch of foot Tbialls “osterior surface of __[Tuberosity of navicular Tibial nerve Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint josterior Shafts of tibia and fibula one and other | inverts foot at subtalar and hand interosseous _eighboring bones ransverse tarsal joints; jembrane upports medial longitudinal rch of foot Muscles of the Sole of the Foot Muscle Tnsertion Nerve Supph ation First Layer Abductor fedial tuberosity of ase of proximal fedial plantar nerve Flexes and abducts big toe; hallucis alcaneum and flexor phalanx of big toe races medial longitudinal arch tinaculum Texor jedial tubercle of Four tendons to four _ (Medial plantar nerve Flexes lateral four toes; braces igitorum —_falcaneum lateral toesa€" inserted edial and lateral longitudinal revis Into borders of middle prcheshalanx; tendons perforated by those of lexor digitorum longus AAbductor digitiMedial and lateral Base of proximal [ateral plantar nerve Flexes and abducts fifth toe fninimi bercles of calcaneum phalanx of fifth toe races lateral longitudinal arch jecond Layer Quadratus Medial and lateral sides [Tendon of flexor Lateral plantar nerve Assists flexor digitorum longus lantae calcaneum, jigitorum longus In flexing lateral four toes ‘umbricals (4) |fendons of flexor Dorsal extensor Firstlumbrical: __ Extends toes at interphalangeal jigitorum longus fxpansion; bases of fnedial plantar nerve Joints roximal phalanges of } remainder: lateral Jateral four toes antar nerve Texor igitorum Jongus tendon lexor hallucis Jongus tendon Third Layer Texor hallucis Cuboid, lateral fedial tendon into jedial plantar nerve Flexes metatarsophalangeal revs uneiform, tibialis iedial side of base of Joint of big toe; supports medial terior insertion roximal phalanx of big longitudinal arch 32; lateral tendon into lateral side of base of roximal phalanx of big 2 AAdductor Dblique head bases of [Lateral side of base of Deep branch lateral Flexes metatarsophalangeal hallucis ;econd, third, and roximal phalanx of big plantar nerve Joint of big toe; holds together rth metatarsal bones foe tatarsal bones transverse head from antar ligaments Flexor digit’ Base of th metatarsal [ateral side of base of [-ateral plantar nerve Flexes metatarsophalangeal brevis bone roximal phalanx of ltt] Joint of little toe e Fourth Layer interossel Dorsal (4) Adjacent sides of Bases of proximal Lateral plantar nerve Abduction of toes; flexes metatarsal bones _phalanges first: medial metatarsophalangeal joints and side of second toe; ‘extends interphalangeal joints remainder: lateral sides of second, third, and fourth toes also dorsal extensor expansion Plantar (3) Inferior surfaces of third, Medial side of bases of Lateral plantar nerve Adduction of toes; flexes fourth, and fifth proximal phalanges of metatarsophalangeal joints and metatarsal bones _lateral three toes ‘extends interphalangeal joints Peroneus longus tendon Tibiali posterior tendon Muscle of the Dorsum of the Foot Muscle ‘Origin Thsertion Nerve Supph Ration tensor Anterior part of upper By four tendons into the Deep peroneal fends toes igitorum —_urface of the roximal phalanx of big herve revis alcaneum and from thefoe and long extensor Inferior extensor tendons to second, third] tinaculum and fourth toesBranches of the Sacral Plexus and Th istribution Branches Distribution ‘uperior gluteal nerve Juteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae fruscles. inferior gluteal nerve [Gluteus maximus muscle Nerve to piriformis Piriformis muscle Nerve to obturator infemus [Obturator intemus and superior gemellus muscles [Quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus muscles "erforating cutaneous nerve pat to quadratus femoris ‘osterior cutaneous nerve of thigh kin over medial aspect of buttock. kin over posterior surface of thigh and popliteal fossa, also over lower part of buttock, scrotum, of labium majus. ionerve (L4, 5; S1, 2, 3) Tibial portion jamstring muscles (semitendinosus, biceps femoris [long head], {ductor magnus [hamstring part), gastrocnemius, soleus, lantaris, popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor llucis longus, and via medial and iateral plantar branches to iuscles of sole of foot; sural branch supplies skin on lateral side of Jeg and foot "ommon peroneal portion iceps femoris muscle (shor head) and via deep peroneal branch: bialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus| Peroneus tertius, and extensor digitorum brevis muscles; skin er cleft between first and second toes. The superficial peroneal ranch supplies the peroneus longus and brevis muscles and skin er lower third of anterior surface of leg and dorsum of foot Pudendalnene juscles of perineum including the external anal sphincter, mucous jembrane of lower half of anal canal, perianal skin, skin of penis, ;orotum, clitoris, and labia majora and minora Branches of the Lumbar Plexus and Their Distribution Branches Distibution Jiohypogastc nerve Sxtemal oblique, Internal oblique, transversus abdomints muscles anterior abdominal wall; skin over lower anterior abdominal wall ind buttock ficinguinal nerve Extemal oblique, infemal oblique, Tansversus abdominis muscles ‘anterior abdominal wall; skin of upper medial aspect of thigh; foot of penis and scrotum in the male; mons pubis and labia ajora in the female [Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh [Skin of anterior and ataral surfaces of he thigh [Genitofemoral nerve (L1, 2) remaster muscle in scrotum in male; skin over anterior surface of igh; nervous pathway for cremasteric reflex “amoral nerve (LZ, 3, 4) fiacus, pectineus, sartorus, quadriceps femoris muscles, and intermediate cutaneous branches to the skin of the anterior surface| the thigh and by saphenous branch to the skin of the medial side| the leg and foot; articular branches to hip and knee joints bturator nerve ((2, 3, 4) ineus, adductor magnus (adductor portion), and skin on medial racilis, adductor brevis, adductor longus, obturator extemus, surface of thigh; articular branches to hip and knee joints jegmental branches Back Jauadraius lumborum and psoas musclesMuscles Connecting the Upper limb to the Vertebral Column/ Superficial (Appendicular) Group of Back Muscles “Trapezius *Latissimus Dorsi *Levator Scapulae *Rhomboid Major *Rhomboid Minor Intermediate (Respiratory) Group of Back Muscles Muscle Origin Tnsertion Thnervation Aetion ‘Serratus Tower portion of | Upper border of | Anterior rami of | Elevates ribs 2to Posterior ligamentum ribs 2to5just | upperthoracic | 5 ‘Superior nuchae, spinous | lateralto their | nerves (T2 to T5) process of C7 to | angles T3 and supraspinous ligaments ‘Serratus ‘Spinous process | Lower border of _| Anterior rami of | Depresses ribs © Posterior Inferior | ofT11toL3and |ribs9to12just | lowerthoracic _| to 12. and may supraspinous —_| lateral to their | nerves (T9 to T12 | prevent lower ribs ligaments angles ) from being elevated when the diaphragm contracts Deep Group of Back Muscles SpinoTransversales Muscles Muscle Origin Thsertion Thnervation Action ‘Splenius Capitis | Lower half of Mastoid process, | Posterior rami | Together- draw ligamentum skull below lateral | middle cervical | head backwards nuchae, spinous | 1/3 of superior —_| nerves extending neck; processes of C7 | nuchal line individually- draw toT4 and rotate head to one side (turn face to same side ) ‘Splentus Canis | Spinous Transverse Posterior rami | Together- extend processes of T3 | processes of C1 | middle cervical neck; individually. toT6 toC3. nerves draw and rotate head to one side ( tum face to same side) Erector Spinae Group of Back Muscles, Muscle Origin Insertion Tiocostalis Lumborum ‘Sacrum, spinous process of | Angles of the lower 6 or 7 ribs lumbar and lower two thoracic vertebrae and their‘Supraspinous ligaments and the iliac crest Tiocostalis Thoracis “Angles of the lower 6 ribs “Angles of the upper 6 ribs and the transverse process of C7 Tiocostalis Cervicis ‘Angles of ribs 3106 "Transverse processes of C4 to ce Tongissimus Thoracis Blends with Miocostalls in “Transverse processes ofall lumbar region and is attached _| thoracic vertebrae and just to transverse processes of lateral to the tubercles of the lumbar vertebrae lower 9 or 10 ribs: Tongissimus Cenvicis Transverse processes of upper | Transverse processes of C2 to 4oor 5 thoracic vertebrae ce Longissimus Capitis ‘Transverse processes of upper | Posterior margin of the mastoid 4orS thoracic vertebrae and | process articular processes of lower three or four cervical vertebrae ‘Spinalis Thoracis ‘Spinous processes of T10 or | Spinous processes of 11 to TS T11 to L2 (varies) Spinalis Cervicis Lower part of figamentum ‘Spinous process of C2 (axis) nuchae and spinous processes of C7 (sometimes T1 to T2) Spinalis Capitis Usually blends with With semispinalis capitis semispinalis capitis Transversospinales Group of Back Muscles Muscle Origin Tasertion ‘Semispinalis Thoracis Transverse processes of T2 to _| Spinous processes of upper 4 T10 thoracic and lower 2 cervical vertebrae ‘Semispinalis Cervicis, Transverse processes of upper | Spinous processes of C2 (axis) 5 or 6 thoracic vertebrae toC5 ‘Semispinalis Capitis Transverse processes of 11 to_| Medial area between the T6 (or T7) and C7 and articular | superior and inferior nuchal processes of C4 to C6 lines of occipital bone Multfidus ‘Sacrum, origin of erector Base of spinous processes of spinae, PSIS, mammillary all vertebrae from L5 to C2 processes of lumbar vertebrae, transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae and articular processes of lower four cervical vertebrae Rotatores Lumborum Mammillary processes of ‘Spinous processes of umbar lumbar vertebrae vertebrae Rotatores Thoracis Transverse processes OF ‘Spinous processes of thoracic thoracic vertebrae vertebrae Rotatores Cervicis: ‘Arlicular processes of cervical _| Spinous processes of cervical vertebrae vertebrae Segmental Back Muscles Muscle Origin Insertion ation Tevatores Costarum | Short paired muscles _| The rib below vertebra _| Contraction elevates arising from transverse | of origin near tubercle _| rib processes of C7 toTHT Tnterspinales ligament ‘Short paired muscles, attached to the spinous process of contiguous vertebrae, ‘one on each side of the interspinous Tntertransversari between the vertebrae ‘Small muscles transverse processes of contiguous Suboccipital Gorup of Back Muscles Muscle ‘Origin Tnsertion Tnnervation Function Rectus Capliis | Spinous process _| Lateral portion of | Posterior ramus — | Extension of head Posterior Major | of axis (C2) occipital bone | of C1. + rotation of face below inferior to same side as ‘nuchal line muscle Rectus Capliis | Posterior tubercle | Medial portion of | Posterior ramus — | Extension of head Posterior Minor | of atlas (C1) occipital bone | of C1. below inferior ‘nuchal line ‘Obliquus Capliis | Transverse ‘Occiphal bone | Posterior ramus | Extension of head ‘Superior process of atlas ( | between superior | of C1 and bends it to ct) and inferior ‘same side ‘nuchal lines ‘Obliquus Capitis | Spinous process | Transverse Posterior ramus | Rotation of face Inferior of axis (C2) process of atlas ( | of C1 to same side ct) Thorax Muscles Connecting the Upper Limb to the Thoracic Walll/ Muscles of the Pectoral Region (except Serratus Anterior) *Pectoralis Major *Subclavius *Pectoralis Minor Muscles of the Thorax! Thoracic Wall Muscle ‘Origin Tnsertion Tnnervation Function External Tnferior margin of | Superior surface t | Intercostal nerves | Most active Intercostal rib above rib below TT during inspiration; ‘supports intercostals space ; moves ribs ‘superiorly Internal Lateral edge of | Superior surface | Intercostal nerves | Most active Intercostal costal groove of | of rib below deep |; T1-T11 during expiration;Tb above tothe atachment Suppo of the related intercostals space external moves tbs intercostal inferiorly Tnnermost Medial edge of Internal aspect of | Intercostal nerves | Acts with intemal intercostal costal groove of | superior surface | ;T1-T11 intercostals tib above ofrib below muscles ‘Subsostales | Tnternal surface (| intemal surface of | Related May depress rs near angieyof | 2%to 3rd | intercostal nerves Tower rs below Transversus | Lower margins | inferior aspect of | Related Depresses costal Thoracis and intemal deep surface of | intercostals cartlages surfaces of ody of sternum, | nerves cocostal xiphoid process cartlages of 2" | and costal to 6" ribs cartlages ribs 4.7 Diaphragm (most ] Xiphoid process; —| Central tendon | Phrenionarve | Vary Important important muscle. | iower six costal muscle of oftespiration) | cartilages, fst inspiration; three lumbar increases vertical vertebrae diameter of thorax by puling central tendon ‘downward; assists in raising lower ribs. Also used in abdominal staining and weight ting Tevatores Tip of ransverse | Rib below Posterior rami of | Ralses ribs and Costarum (12) | process of C7 thoracic spinal | therefore and Tt-11 nerves inspiratory vertebrae muscles Serratus Posterior Superior (see Intermediate (Respiratory) Group of Back Muscles) Serratus Posterior Inferior