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Column1 Datatype Constraint, Column2 Datatype Constraint, Column3 Datatype Constraint

The document describes various integrity constraints that can be implemented in SQL to enforce data validity. It explains that constraints like NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK, DEFAULT, and INDEX can be defined when creating or altering tables to restrict or provide default values for columns. Examples are provided for creating each constraint through CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE statements.

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63 views4 pages

Column1 Datatype Constraint, Column2 Datatype Constraint, Column3 Datatype Constraint

The document describes various integrity constraints that can be implemented in SQL to enforce data validity. It explains that constraints like NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK, DEFAULT, and INDEX can be defined when creating or altering tables to restrict or provide default values for columns. Examples are provided for creating each constraint through CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE statements.

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anon_831283128
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EX NO: 5 INTEGRITY AND CONSTRAINTS

Date:

Aim: To implement the integrity constraints.

Description:

Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype constraint,
column2 datatype constraint,
column3 datatype constraint,
....
);
The following constraints are commonly used in SQL:
 NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value
 UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different
 PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely identifies
each row in a table
 FOREIGN KEY - Uniquely identifies a row/record in another table
 CHECK - Ensures that all values in a column satisfies a specific condition
 DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column when no value is specified
 INDEX - Used to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly
 SQL NOT NULL Constraint
By default, a column can hold NULL values.
The NOT NULL constraint enforces a column to NOT accept NULL values.
Example
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
Age int
);

 SQL UNIQUE Constraint


The UNIQUE constraint ensures that all values in a column are different.
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL UNIQUE,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int
);

To name a UNIQUE constraint, and to define a UNIQUE constraint on multiple columns, use the
following SQL syntax:

CREATE TABLE Persons (


ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int,
CONSTRAINT UC_Person UNIQUE (ID,LastName)
);

 SQL UNIQUE Constraint on ALTER TABLE


To create a UNIQUE constraint on the "ID" column when the table is already created, use the
following SQL:
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD UNIQUE (ID);

To name a UNIQUE constraint, and to define a UNIQUE constraint on multiple columns, use the
following SQL syntax:

ALTER TABLE Persons


ADD CONSTRAINT UC_Person UNIQUE (ID,LastName);

DROP a UNIQUE Constraint


ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP CONSTRAINT UC_Person;

 SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint


The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database table.
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

SQL PRIMARY KEY on ALTER TABLE


To create a PRIMARY KEY constraint on the "ID" column when the table is already created, use
the following SQL:
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD PRIMARY KEY (ID);

DROP a PRIMARY KEY Constraint


To drop a PRIMARY KEY constraint, use the following SQL:
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP PRIMARY KEY;

 SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint


A FOREIGN KEY is a key used to link two tables together.
A FOREIGN KEY is a field (or collection of fields) in one table that refers to the PRIMARY
KEY in another table.
CREATE TABLE Orders (
OrderID int NOT NULL,
OrderNumber int NOT NULL,
PersonID int,
PRIMARY KEY (OrderID),
FOREIGN KEY (PersonID) REFERENCES Persons(PersonID)
);
SQL FOREIGN KEY on ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLE Orders
ADD FOREIGN KEY (PersonID) REFERENCES Persons(PersonID);
 SQL CHECK Constraint
The CHECK constraint is used to limit the value range that can be placed in a column.
If you define a CHECK constraint on a single column it allows only certain values for this
column.
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int,
CHECK (Age>=18)
);
SQL CHECK on ALTER TABLE
To create a CHECK constraint on the "Age" column when the table is already created, use the
following SQL:
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD CHECK (Age>=18);

 SQL DEFAULT Constraint


The DEFAULT constraint is used to provide a default value for a column.
The default value will be added to all new records IF no other value is specified.
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int,
City varchar(255) DEFAULT 'Sandnes'
);
SQL DEFAULT on ALTER TABLE
To create a DEFAULT constraint on the "City" column when the table is already created, use the
following SQL:
ALTER TABLE Persons
MODIFY City DEFAULT 'Sandnes';
Questions:

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