Science of Zoology • Reproduction and inheritance chemical content, etc.

must be
maintained
Zoology • Evolution
Reproduction and inheritance
Etymology • Interdependence of organisms
• All organisms produce new
• Zoon = animal • Matter, energy, and
organisms like themselves
organization
• Logos = study of
REPRODUCE
Cell structure and function
• Zoology = study of animals
• Organisms transmit hereditary
• Cell- basic unit of life
• Zoology is the study of animal information to their offspring
• All organisms are made of and INHERITANCE
diversity, the way they function,
develop from cells
DNA
live, reproduce and interact.
• Some organisms are composed
• Genetic Information in all
Subdiscipline Description of only a single cell
cells
(unicellular) which is usually
Entomology Study of
identical to parent • Deoxyribonucleic Acid
insects
Cell • DNA contains instructions for
Herpetology Study of traits (GENES)
• Most organisms are composed
amphibians & of many cells (multicellular) • Make the structures and
reptiles
complex chemicals necessary
Ichthyology Study of fishes • Cells are different (undergo
for life (PROTEINS)
differentiation)
Mammalogy Study of • DNA in every body cell
• Cells are small
mammals (SOMATIC CELLS) is exactly
• Cells are highly organized alike
Ornithology Study of birds
Protozoology Study of -Cells contain specialized Sexual Reproduction
structures (organelles) that carry
protozoa • Hereditary information from
out the cell’s life processes
two different organisms of the
Fundamental Properties of • All cells surrounded by a same species are combined
Life plasma membrane
• Egg and sperm -> zygote
What is life? • Contain a set of instructions (fertilized egg)
• No simple definition called DNA (genetic
• Zygote contains hereditary
information)
• The history of life shows information from both parents
extensive and ongoing change Asexual Reproduction
called evolution Stability and Homeostasis
• Hereditary information from
• Answer must be based on the • Organisms must maintain one, usually unicellular,
common history of life on earth organism that divides
very stable internal conditions –
Themes of Biology HOMEOSTASIS • Resulting cells contain
• Cell structure and function identical hereditary information
• Temperature, water content,
• Stability and homeostasis
• Genetic information from • All organisms need substances • Consume autotrophs
single parent such as nutrients, water, and (herbivores), other heterotrophs
gases from the environment (carnivores) or both
Evolution
(omnivores) for their energy
• The stability of the
• Populations of organisms needs
environment depends on the
change (evolve) over
healthy functioning of • Complex chemicals are broken
generations (time)
organisms in that environment down and reassembled into
• Explains how many different chemicals and structures needed
kinds of organisms came into by organisms
Matter, Energy and
existence SPECIES
Organization 8 General Properties of Living
• Explains how modern Systems
• Living things are highly
organisms are related to past
organized 1. Chemical Uniqueness
organisms
• Require a constant supply of 2. Complexity and Hierarchical
• Explains why organisms look
energy to maintain their orderly Organization
and behave the way they do
state
3. Reproduction
• Provides a basis for exploring
Energy
the relationships among 4. Genetic Program
different groups of organisms • ALL energy comes from the
5. Metabolism
SUN (directly or indirectly)
Natural Selection
6. Growth and Development
• Photosynthesis is the process
• Natural selection is the driving
by which some organisms 7. Environmental Interaction
force in evolution
capture the energy from the sun
8. Movement
• Organisms that have certain (solar) and transform it into
favorable traits are better able to energy (chemical) that can be
successfully reproduce than used by living things
1. Chemical Uniqueness:
organisms that lack these traits
Autotrophs
• Living systems demonstrate a
•Survival of organisms with
-Organisms that make their own unique and complex molecular
favorable traits cause a gradual
food organization
change in populations over
many generations -Phototrophs – use solar energy • Small molecules are
(photosynthesis) to get energy assembled into
• Also called “Survival of the
macromolecules:
Fittest” -Convert H2O and CO2 into
sugar and O2 • Nucleic Acids
Interdependence of organisms
-Chemotrophs – use different • Proteins
• Interaction of organisms with
chemical processes to get
one another and with their • Carbohydrates
energy
environment (ECOLOGY)
• Lipids
Heterotrophs
• Insects depend and flowers
-Although living systems are
DEPEND on each other for • Organisms that must take in
composed of the same kinds of
food & pollination food to meet their energy needs
atoms obeying the same
(COEVOLUTION)
fundamental laws of chemistry • Populations may fragment to systems arose early in the
as nonliving matter, the produce new populations evolutionary history of life
organizational structure of the
• Species may split to produce 6. Development:
macromolecules makes them
new species
unique -All organisms pass through a
4. Possession of a Genetic characteristic life cycle
2. Complexity and Hierarchical
Program:
Organization: •Development describes the
-A genetic program provides characteristic changes that an
• Living systems demonstrate a
fidelity of inheritance organism undergoes from its
unique and complex
origin to its final adult form
hierarchical organization • DNA: Long, linear, chain of
nucleotides containing genetic 7. Environmental Interaction:
• In living systems there exists a
information
hierarchy of levels that -All animals interact with their
includes: • Sequence of nucleotide bases environments
in DNA determines the order of
Macromolecules • Ecology: The study of
amino acids in proteins
organismal interaction with an
Cells
• Genetic Code: correspondence environment
Organisms between base sequences in
• All organisms respond to
DNA and the sequence of
Populations environmental stimuli
amino acids in a protein
Species • Detect and respond to changes
5. Metabolism:
in light, heat, sound and
3. Reproduction:
-Living organisms maintain chemical and mechanical
-Living systems can reproduce themselves by acquiring contact
themselves nutrients from their
8. Movement:
environments
-At each level of the biological
• Living systems and their parts
hierarchy living forms • Metabolic processes include:
show precise and controlled
reproduce to generate others
• Digestion movements arising from within
like themselves:
the system
• Energy production
-All species have the ability to
(Respiration) • Living systems extract energy
reproduce
from their environments
• Synthesis of required
-Not essential to survival of permitting the initiation of
molecules and structures by
individual but is essential for controlled movements
organisms
continuation of a species
-Movements at the cellular level
• Metabolism is often viewed as
• Genes replicated to produce are required for: Reproduction,
an interaction of destructive
new genes. Growth, Responses to stimuli,
(catabolic) and constructive
Development in multicellular
• Cells divide producing new (anabolic) reactions
organisms
cells.
• The most fundamental
• Organisms reproduce, sexually anabolic and catabolic chemical
or asexually, to produce new processes used by living
organisms
On a larger scale: Entire 4. Empirical test particular factor (dependent
populations or species may variable) in both groups
5. Conclusions
disperse from one geographic
• Driven by or results from
location to another over time 6. Publication
independent variable
Defining Animals Observation
 Measuring
1. Animals are multicellular, • Employing your five senses to
• Involves quantitative data that
heterotrophic eukaryotes. perceive objects or events
can be measured in numbers
2. Animals generally store their Asking a Question &/or qualitative data
carbohydrate reserves as information that isn’t numbers
• Based on observations; one or
glycogen
more questions are generated  Sampling
3. Animal cells possess a
• A statement is testable if • Technique of using a sample –
number of unique cellular
evidence can be collected that a small part –to represent the
structures, e.g., gap junctions -
either does or doesn’t support it entire population
intracellular junctions that allow
the passage of materials • It can never be proven beyond Experimental Design
between cells doubt
-All experiments have key
4. Animals possess special • Often must be refined and elements in common:
tissues that are responsible for revised or discarded
Experiments must be
impulse conduction (nervous
• Is a statement made in controlled- this means that all
tissue) and movement (muscle
advance that states the results aspects except for one variable
tissue).
that will be obtained from must be kept constant usually
5. Most animals reproduce testing the hypothesis include any two groups.
sexually, with the diploid stage
• Often written in the form of an Experimental group: variable is
dominating the life cycle
“if-then” statement altered, independent variable
The Scientific Method
Empirical test Control group: variable is not
Hypothetico-deductive Method altered, dependent variable
• Testing a hypothesis or
-Hypothesis derived from prior prediction by gathering data -Experiments use models to
observations of nature or from under controlled conditions – recreate occurrences, but in a
theories based on such conducting a controlled controlled setting (i. e., model
observations. experiment organisms, cohorts)
-The best hypotheses are those • Based on a comparison of a Experiments must:
that make many predictions control group with an
• use large numbers of subjects
that, if found erroneous, cause experimental group
and/or must be repeated several
rejection, or falsification of the
• Both groups are identical times (replication)
hypothesis
except for one factor
• be independently reproducible
1. Observation (independent variable)
The validity of experimental
2. Question • Observations and
results must:
measurements are taken for a
3. Hypothesis
• be tested statistically
-chi-squared test for statistical • Only publish & report tested • used the mechanics of
significance & proven ideas hydraulic systems in his
argument for the circulation of
• be scrutinized by other • Sharing of information is
the blood
scientists essential to scientific process
Carolus Linnaeus
-peer reviewed • Subject to examination and
verification by other scientists -Binomial nomenclature: use of
Organizing Data
two-term naming system
• Allows scientists to build on
• Involves placing observations composed of a Genus and a
the work of others
and measurement (data) in order species epithet
Principles of Science
• Graphs, charts, tables, or maps
• Powerful theories that guide
Analyzing Data
extensive research are called
• Collected and organized data paradigms
must be analyzed
• The refinement and
• Process of determining replacement of a paradigm is Matthias Schleiden and
whether data are reliable or known as a scientific revolution
whether they support or do not Theodor Schwann
• Two major paradigms that
support a hypothesis or -the introduction of the word
guide zoological research:
prediction cell in the 17th century
1.Darwin’s Theory of Evolution -microscopic observation of
Conclusion
2.The Chromosomal Theory of these structures throughout the
• Conclusions are made on the 18th century
Inheritance
basis of facts, not observations - the cell was incisively defined
History of Zoology as the common structural unit of
• Often drawn from data
gathered from a study or • Domestication of animals living things in 1839 by two
experiment forced man to make a Germans
systematic and measured view René Antoine Ferchault de
• Should support the hypothesis
of animal life Réaumer
• Should be re-testable
Communication
Aristotle • 18th century the French
• Pioneered systematic study of physicist
• Scientists must share the
results of their studies with
animals • demonstrated that the
other scientists (peers) • Extensive descriptions of fermenting action of stomach
living things juices is a chemical process.
• Publish findings in journals
William Harvey
• Present their findings at
scientific meetings • mechanistic views of life
processes provided a hopeful
• Scientists must be unbiased
method for analyzing animal
• Should not tamper with their functions
data