REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN

DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

ENGR. KEVIN PAOLO V. ROBLES, MSCE

Professor
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
Floor

COLUMN CATEGORIES COLUMN AXIAL LOADS

Columns directly support the
Pedestals. Pedestals are upright compression floor/s above it
members with height less than three times its
least lateral dimensions; may be designed with Columns
unreinforced or plain concrete with maximum Where: 𝐿+ +𝐿-
𝐿=
deisgn compressive stress equal to ∅0. 8 5 𝑓'( , 2
where ∅ = 0.65.
𝑆+ +𝑆-
𝑆=
Short Columns. If columns fail due to initial 2
material failure (crushing of concrete with L
buckling of steel bars or yielding), it is classified
as short column. The load it can support is
controlled by the dimensions of the cross- S1
sections and the strength of the material of
which it is constructed. S

S2
Long Columns. Long columns are more slender
thus fails nby buckling of the member (bending
deformations increase with secondary moments, S3
P – Δ effect).
L1 L2
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE

Wu

Girder
Column
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE

RD

L3

L2

L1

Ground
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE

RD

L3

L2

L1

Ground
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS
LONGITUDINAL BARS– provided to sustain compressive due
to axial load and tensile forces due to bending moments

CONFINEMENT – individual hoop ties with cross ties or

continuous spiral bar to provide :

a) Lateral bracing of longitudinal bars to prevent buckling when

concrete cover spalls.
b) To prevent splitting of the column due to shear failure
c) To confine the concrete column core for increase strength and
S
stability
S
CONFINEMENT COLUMN CONFINEENT
REQUIREMENT Tied 16db

Smax ≤ 48dties
Min. dimension

Spiral

TIED COLUMN SPIRAL COLUMN

ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

NOTE: If cs > 150 mm, cross ties must be provided.

If cs < 150 mm, cross ties are not needed.

VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMETNS

1.5𝑑5
40𝑚𝑚 Steel Ratio
𝑐𝑠 ≥ 4
𝑑 𝑨𝒔𝒕
3 9::
0.01 ≤ 𝝆 = ≤ 0.08
𝑨𝒈

1.5𝑑5 MIN. NUMBER OF BARS

40𝑚𝑚
𝑐𝑠 ≥ 4
TIED – 4 (one bar per corner)
𝑑
3 9:: SPIRAL – 6
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Axially Loaded Columns

Fails with crushing of concrete and 𝑷𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑷𝒏 where:

buckling of long bars in compression
(compression controlled) 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠
∅=D
𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠

Combined Axial and Bending

Under combined axial and bending, it fails 𝑷𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑷𝒏 where:

either by crushing of concrete
(compression controlled) or yielding of
𝑴𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑴𝒏 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠
steel in tension (tension controlled). ∅𝒄𝒄 = D
𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠

∅𝒕𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
cc – compression controlled
tc – tension controlled
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Axially Loaded Columns

Pure Axial Load Capacity 𝐏𝐨 = 𝐂𝐜 + 𝐂𝐬𝟏 + 𝐂𝐬𝟐

Pf where: 𝐂𝐜 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇(𝒄 𝑨𝒄 ; 𝐴' = 𝐴: − 𝐴cd

𝐂𝐬 = 𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝒇𝒚

𝐏 𝐨 = 𝟎 . 𝟖 𝟓 𝒇 (𝒄 ( 𝐴 : − 𝐴 c d ) + 𝑨 𝒔 𝒕 𝒇 𝒚

NSCP PROVISION

PERMISSIBLE NOMINAL AXIAL CAPACITY fPn £ faPo

- consider minimum eccentricity,
f = 0.65
emin = 0.10h TIED
a = 0.80
𝐶c+ 𝐶' 𝐶c- f = 0.75
∅ 𝐏𝐧 = ∅ 𝜶 [ 𝟎 . 𝟖 𝟓 𝒇 (𝒄 ( 𝐴 : − 𝐴 cd ) + 𝑨 𝒔𝒕 𝒇 𝒚 ] SPIRAL
a = 0.85
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE

Design a square tied column F at the 2nd floor 5.5 m 6m

B C
A
of an 8-storey building. The total floor dead L
2.5 m
load is 3 kPa and the live load is 4.8 kPa with the
E F G
distance between floors is 3 m and girders 250 S
mm by 400 mm below the slab. Use f’ç = 21 2.5 m
MPa, and fy = 420 MPa. Initially assume gross J K
I
steel ratio of 2%. Include the design of ties and
2.5 m
sketch of the cross sections selected, including
M N O
bar arrangements. Form sizes are in 50 mm
increments. Neglect girder unbalanced
moment.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
𝑃o 𝑥c+
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 𝑥c-
Eccentrically Loaded Columns

𝐴c+ 𝐴c-
Plastic
Centroid
Geometric
Centroid

𝑥'
𝑥q'

𝑃o 𝑃o
𝑒
𝑃o

𝐶c+ 𝐶' 𝐶c-

ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
𝑃o
Capacity of Columns with Eccentricity

As eccentricity increases
• area of concrete decreases (c, Cc and Cs
DECREASE)
PC
• Tensile stress in bars increases (T
INCREASES)
• Pn decreases, Mn increases

At balanced condition, e = eb
• Extreme tension bars yield (fs = fy)

Beyond balanced condition, extreme T force

becomes limited (T = Asfy) (Mn decreases)
For very large eccentricities, column behaves like
a beam (C = T) (Pn = 0)
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
𝑃o
Capacity of Columns with Eccentricity

As eccentricity increases
• area of concrete decreases (c, Cc and Cs
DECREASE)
PC
• Tensile stress in bars increases (T
INCREASES)
• Pn decreases, Mn increases

At balanced condition, e = eb
• Extreme tension bars yield (fs = fy)
c
εs
Beyond balanced condition, extreme T force
becomes limited (T = Asfy) (Mn decreases)
0.003
For very large eccentricities, column behaves like
a beam (C = T) (Pn = 0)
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
𝑃o
Capacity of Columns with Eccentricity

As eccentricity increases
• area of concrete decreases (c, Cc and Cs
DECREASE)
PC
• Tensile stress in bars increases (T
INCREASES)
• Pn decreases, Mn increases

At balanced condition, e = eb
• Extreme tension bars yield (fs = fy)
c
εs
Beyond balanced condition, extreme T force
becomes limited (T = Asfy) (Mn decreases)
0.003
For very large eccentricities, column behaves like
a beam (C = T) (Pn = 0)
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
𝑃o
Capacity of Columns with Eccentricity

As eccentricity increases
• area of concrete decreases (c, Cc and Cs
DECREASE)
PC
• Tensile stress in bars increases (T
INCREASES)
• Pn decreases, Mn increases

At balanced condition, e = eb
• Extreme tension bars yield (fs = fy)
c
εs
Beyond balanced condition, extreme T force
becomes limited (T = Asfy) (Mn decreases)
0.003
For very large eccentricities, column behaves like
a beam (C = T) (Pn = 0)
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Analysis of Column Strength under Combined Axial and Bending . 𝑑
𝐴
𝑁.
𝑥q'

𝑑′
𝑃𝐶

𝑏
𝑎=
𝑐𝛽
+

𝑇
𝐶'
𝐶′c
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Analysis of Column Strength under Combined Axial and Bending
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
5 LOADING CONDITIONS PURE AXIAL
1. Pure Axial
∅ 𝐏 𝐧 = ∅ 𝜶 [ 𝟎 . 𝟖 𝟓 𝒇 (𝒄 ( 𝐴 : − 𝐴 c d ) + 𝑨 𝒔 𝒕 𝒇 𝒚 ]
2. Balanced Condition ∅ 𝐌 𝐧 = ∅ 𝐏𝐧 ( 𝒆 𝒎 𝒊 𝒏 = 𝟎 . 𝟏 𝟎 𝒉 )
“h” is always perpendicular
3. Compression Controlled fPn £ faPo to the axis of bending
f = 0.65
4. Tension Controlled TIED
a = 0.80
5. Pure Bending f = 0.75
SPIRAL
a = 0.85

BALANCED CONDITION

𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒅 *T = Asfy – automatic for extreme tension,

𝒄𝒃 = other tension, check fs
𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚
Solve for: Pnb, Mnb, ϕPnb, ϕMnb
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
5 LOADING CONDITIONS Compression Controlled
1. Pure Axial Assume value for “c” , c > cb
Extreme T is non yielding (fs < fy) use ϕ = 0.65
2. Balanced Condition
Therefore, Pn > ϕPn , Mn < ϕMn

3. Compression Controlled
Tension Controlled
4. Tension Controlled
Assume value for “c” , c ≤ c5 ; c5 = 3d/8
5. Pure Bending Extreme T is beyond yielding (fs = fy) use ϕ = 0.90
Therefore, Pn < Pnb , Mn < Mnb

Pure Bending

ϕPn = 0 Equate Cc + C’s = T

ϕMn (consider the column as DRRB)
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
EXAMPLE

d
SECTION PROPERTIES:
d' fc’ = 21 MPa
fy = 275 Mpa
b = 250 mm
b h = 400mm
dties = 10 mm
cc = 40 mm
db = 16 mm
d = 342 mm
h
d’ = 58 mm
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
P
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS p ress
io n
Co m
Ax ial
Column Interaction Diagram Pure
Po en ding
imu mB
Min
Interaction diagrams are useful for
re
studying the strengths of columns led Failu
o l
n C ontr = 0.002
with varying proportions of loads sio 𝜀y
pres , 𝜀t <
ϕ⍺Po Com c > c b
and moments. Any combination of
loading that falls inside the curve is Desoign strength with
satisfactory, whereas any ϕ = 0.65

combination falling outside the ϕ linearly increases from

0.65 to 0.90
curve represents failure.
ion
C o ndit
nced c = cb
Bala

ed
o n troll .005
ion C 𝜀t = 0
Tens c < c b ,
ϕ = 0.90

g
B endin
Pure
M
Min ϕMn
 10.6 Design and Analysis of Eccentrically Loaded Columns Using Interactio
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE 2.0
INTERACTION DIAGRAM L4–60.7 h
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS z = 0.08 fc' = 4 ksi h

1.8 fy = 60 ksi
Column Interaction Diagram 0.07 = 0.7
Kmax
1.6
Interaction diagrams are useful for studying 0.06
Pn
the strengths of columns with varying 0.05 e
1.4
proportions of loads and moments. Any
0.04
combination of loading that falls inside the 1.2 fs⎜fy = 0
0.03 This line of constant
curve is satisfactory, whereas any combination

Kn = Pn ⎜fc' Ag
e⎜h = 0.5 was plotted
0.02 by authors for use in
falling outside the curve represents failure. 1.0
0.25 solving Example 10.7.
0.01
0.8
0.50

0.6
0.75

0.4
1.0
t = 0.0035
0.2 t = 0.0050

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55
Rn = Pne⎜fc' Agh
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE

Calculate the nominal axial load capacity of the column shown that can be applied at an eccentricity of
200 mm. Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.

450 mm 75 mm
4 – 25 mm

4 – 25 mm
400 mm

600 mm
 0.0
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
DESIGN PRINCIPLE Rn = Pn e / f / c Ag h

2.4
INTERACTION DIAGRAM L3-60.7 h
g = 0.08 h
f /c = 3 ksi
2.2 fy = 60 ksi
0.07 = 0.7
2.0
Kmax
0.06
1.8 Pn
e
0.05
1.6
0.04

1.4 fs/fy = 0

0.03

Ag
1.2

c
/
Kn = Pn / f
0.02 0.25

1.0
0.01
0.50
0.8

0.6 0.75

0.4
t = 0.0 1.0
t = 0.00035
t = 0.00 4
0.2 5

0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Rn = Pn e / f / c Ag h
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE 2.4
INTERACTION DIAGRAM L3-60.8 h
g = 0.08
h
f /c = 3 ksi
2.2
fy = 60 ksi
0.07
= 0.8
2.0
0.06 Kmax

1.8 Pn
e
0.05

1.6
0.04
fs/fy = 0
1.4
0.03

Ag
1.2

c
/
0.02 0.25

Kn = Pn / f
1.0
0.01
0.50
0.8

0.6 0.75

0.4
1.0
t = 0.0035
t = 0.004
t = 0.00 5
0.2

0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

R =P e/f/ A h
 = 0. 04
0.2 005 1.0

ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N0.0

F0.00
O R0.05
C E0.10
D 0.15
C O0.20
N C0.25
R E0.30
T E0.35C O LUMN
0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
DESIGN PRINCIPLE Rn = Pn e / f /
Ag h
c

2.4
INTERACTION DIAGRAM L3-60.7 h
g = 0.08 h
A rectangular column shown in the interaction 2.2
f /c = 3 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
diagram is acted upon by the following loads: 0.07 = 0.7
2.0
• Axial load due to dead load = 450 kN Kmax
0.06

• Axial load due to live load = 500 kN 1.8

e Pn
0.05
• Bending moment due to dead load = 134 kNm
1.6
• Bending moment due to live load = 150 kNm 0.04

1.4 fs/fy = 0
The column is to be analyzed and designed using
0.03

Ag
the strength method. Use b = 400 mm, h = 600 1.2

c
/
Kn = Pn / f
0.02 0.25
mm, and 𝛾 = 0.70.
1.0
0.01
0.50
0.8
a. Determine the eccentricity of the column, in
millimeters, 0.6 0.75

b. Determine the area of the required steel

0.4
reinforcement. t = 0.0
t = 0 0035
1.0
t = 0.0.0
05
4
0.2

0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Rn = Pn e / f / c Ag h