EGE 3103

Engineer & Society

Ethics in Practice
Lecturer: Ir.Ts. Azri Adi Arbai
WHAT IS MEANT BY ETHICS?
 System of moral principles
 Principles of right and wrong
 Principles
of conduct governing
behavior of an individual or a
group
ETHICS IN AN ENGINEERING COURSE????
We have been studying engineering,
such as design, analysis, and
performance measurement.

Where does ethics fit in?

http://www.free-clep-prep.com/Business-Ethics-and-Society-DSST.html
HOW ETHICS FITS INTO ENGINEERING

 Engineers ...

 Build products such as cell phones, home

appliances, heart valves, bridges, & cars. In
general they advance society by building new
technology.

 Develop processes, such as the process to

convert salt water into fresh water or the
process to recycle bottles. These processes
change how we live and what we can
accomplish.
PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES HAVE CONSEQUENCES FOR
SOCIETY:

 If the bridge has an inadequate support, it will

fail.
 If the gas tank is positioned too close to the
bumper, it might explode from a small accident.
 If a medical instrument isn’t accurate, improper
doses of medication can be given.
 If the process for refining gas produces too
much toxins, it harms the local community.
Decisions made by
engineers usually have
serious consequences to
people -- often to multitudes
of people.

Ethics and ethical reasoning

guide decision-making.
Consider the March 11, 2011
8.9 magnitude earthquake
near Sendai, Japan.
 9
The damage to the Fukushima I Nuclear
Power Plant (Fukushima Dai-ichi)
has led people worldwide to rethink the
ethics of nuclear power.
Notice the issues that come up in these discussions:
ISSUE #1: HEALTH AND SAFETY

RISKS: Danger to current and future

generations from leakage of radio-

10
isotopes used in nuclear power.

Plutonium-239 (half-life = 24,110 yrs)

is a particularly toxic radio-isotope.
Normally, 10 half lives are required
before a Pu-239 contaminated area
is considered safe again, in the case
of plutonium, roughly 250,000 years.

So if Pu leaked, -- say, due to an

earthquake -- it would cause a
health risk for roughly 8000
generations!!
Issues (cont.):

ISSUE #1: HEALTH AND SAFETY

RISKS, FURTHER

11
CONSIDERATIONS:

a) The possibility of medical

science discovering a cure for
cancer sometime in the current or
next centuries adds uncertainty to
the long-term health risks of
leakages of radio-active isotopes.
Issues (cont.):

ISSUE #1: HEALTH AND SAFETY

RISKS, FURTHER

12
CONSIDERATIONS:

b) The use of nuclear power may

increase our knowledge of
radioisotopes used for medical
purposes (possible benefit?).
Issues that come up in these
discussions:

CONSEQUENCES OF
ALTERNATIVES TO NUCLEAR
POWER.

13
ISSUE #2: DEPLETION OF
RESOURCES:

Fossil fuels, oil, natural gas and

coal, are non-renewable. These
resources also affect the goal of
health because of their impact on
pollution and climate changes.
Issues that come up in these discussions:
CONSEQUENCES OF
ALTERNATIVES TO NUCLEAR
POWER.

ISSUE #3: COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC

14
COSTS OF RENEWABLE SOURCES.

Renewable sources such as hydro-electric-

power, wind power, solar power, geo-
thermal heat, agricultural biomass and tides
do not cause the environmental hazards
that fossil-fuels do.

But renewable sources must be balanced with the amount of energy needed
to produce and maintain them and consequent environmental hazards.
Currently, for example, the energy required to manufacture and install solar
energy systems comes from fossil fuels.
REASONING

The kind of reasoning that goes on

in such discussions involves certain
goals
such as, in this case, health, safety
and biodiversity.

The reasoning then focuses on

finding the best – or at least the
reasonably better --
means
for obtaining those goals.
This type of reasoning is often called
practical reasoning.

16
It uses different methods from mathematics
and the sciences.

Ethical reasoning is a type of practical

reasoning that concerns certain societal or
life-form goals, such as justice, equality,
freedom, health and safety.
THE ESSENCE OF YOUR ENGINEERING CAREER
 Engineering is one of the most important
professions in society.

 As engineers we don’t just build things and

develop processes.

 We build things and make processes in order to

better society.

 In order to make society better we have to reflect

constantly on the products and processes that we
make.
TYPICAL ETHICAL ISSUES THAT ENGINEERS ENCOUNTER
 Safety
 Acceptable risk

 Compliance

 Confidentiality

 Environmental health

 Data integrity

 Conflict of interest

 Honesty/Dishonesty

 Societal impact

 Fairness

 Accounting for uncertainty, etc.

PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY
 Ethics has a second connection with engineering.

 It comes from the way in which being socially

responsible puts duties and obligations on us
individually.

 Ethics fits into engineering is through

professional responsibility.
TWO DIMENSIONS OF ETHICS IN ENGINEERING
 Ethics is part of engineering for two main
reasons.

a) Engineers need to be socially responsible

when building products and processes for
society.

b) Social responsibility requires professional

responsibility.
ABET SAYS . . .

By the time of graduation

students will have an
understanding of professional
and ethical responsibility

http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2006/09/10/its_the_engineering_stupid/
WHAT WE WILL DISCUSS
 The code of ethics for engineers.

 Practicing ethics as an engineering student.

 How to identify and analyze ethical dilemmas

through case analysis.

 Specific examples of ethical situations you may

encounter.
 Part 1: The Code of
Ethics for Engineers

http://www.nspe.org/Ethics/CodeofEthics/index.html
ROLE-RESPONSIBILITIES
 We need to make a distinction between two ways
in which ethics can apply to one’s life.

 The two ways ethical issues can apply to one’s life

are based on role responsibilities. Role
responsibilities are responsibilities that attach to
us in virtue of a role that we have. Each of us has
different roles that we play in our life.
 Engineering Student
 Friend
 Citizen
 Employee
Role Responsibilities
Friend Look out for the interests of
your friend.

Athlete Play your sport in a

professional manner.

Employee Perform the duties of your

job.

Parent Look after your children and

their interests

Citizen Follow the laws of the

country in which you live.
ETHICS IN ENGINEERING
 There are many fields of engineering, such as
 Civil
 Mechanical
 Electrical
 Software
 Industrial

 However, there are many ethical issues that arise

across all of these fields of engineering.

 The code of ethics for engineers pertains to

engineers of all kinds.
 CLICKER QUESTION
Engineers should follow their professional code of
ethics because:
A. The public will trust engineers more if they
know engineers have a code of ethics.
B. It helps them avoid legal problems, such as
getting sued.
C. It provides a clear definition of what the
public has a right to expect from
responsible engineers.
D. It raises the image of the profession and
hence gets engineers more pay.
THE ENGINEERING CODE OF ETHICS
The Engineering Code of Ethics has three
components:

 The Fundamental Canons: which articulate

the basic components of ethical engineering.

 The Rules of Practice: which clarify and

specify in detail the fundamental canons of ethics
in engineering.

 Professional Obligations: which elaborate the

obligations that engineers have.
NSPE FUNDAMENTAL CANONS OF ETHICS
Engineers in the fulfillment of their professional
duties shall:
 Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the
public.
 Perform services only in areas of their competence.
 Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful
manner.
 Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or
trustees.
 Avoid deceptive acts.
 Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and
lawfully, so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and
usefulness of the profession.
TRY IT YOURSELF
 You are supervising a product with specifications
that only U.S.-made parts may be used.
 Late in the project you discover a sub-contractor
has supplied a part with foreign-made bolts.
 They aren’t very noticeable and would function
identically to U.S.-made bolts.
 Your customer urgently needs the finished
product.

What should you do?

 CLICKER QUESTION
Should you:
A. Say nothing and deliver the product with the
foreign bolts because the customer won’t notice.
B. Find some roughly equivalent violation of the
contract/specs for which the customer is
responsible and tell them you will ignore their
violation if they ignore yours.
C. Tell the customer about the problem, and let
them decide what you should do next.
D. Find loopholes in the original specifications so
that your company hasn’t legally violated the
specs.
 C (tell the customer) is the correct answer
because it lets the customer decide what is in
their best interest given new information.

 This may be tough, because your job may be on

the line and your company’s reputation may be at
stake.

Avoid deceptive acts

Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or
trustees
IMPORTANT NOTES ABOUT THE CODE OF ETHICS
 It is not a legally binding document.

 It is not something that we want (or need)

engineers to memorize.

 It is something we want engineers to understand

and be able to live by as engineers.

 However, in the beginning knowing the code is a

guide to understanding how to apply it.
REVIEW THE LAROM CASE
 Hired at Larom because of the promising
research with catalysts as a student at SJSU.
 Supervisor, Alex Smith, announces that your unit
must make a recommendation within next two
days on which catalyst should be used in
processing a major product.
 The overwhelming consensus of the engineers in
your unit, based on many years of experience, is
that catalyst A is best for the job.
 Your research provides preliminary evidence that
catalyst B might be more reliable, more efficient,
and considerably less costly.
REVIEW THE LAROM CASE
 You ask if the recommendation can be delayed a
month to see if firmer evidence can be found.
 Alex asks you to write up the report, leaving out
the preliminary data about catalyst B.
 He says, “we've already taken too much time on
this project. … we have to be decisive--and we
have to look decisive …Besides, we've had a lot of
experience in this area."
 You have no desire to challenge your colleagues.
You don't necessarily disagree with them about
which catalyst is best. BUT you wish you had
been given more time to work on catalyst B and
feel uncomfortable about leaving the preliminary
data out of the report.
WHAT RECOMMENDATION DID YOU MAKE
 Discuss this with a group
 Identify the issues
 Compare courses of action
 Identify best course of action
 One of you may be asked to report
out
ETHICS TAKES PRACTICE
KNOWLEDGE VS. BEHAVIOR
 Unlike robots, no one can just program you to be
an ethical engineer that follows the codes.

 It is possible to know the codes of ethics for

engineering (or being a student), yet fail to follow
them.

 Ethical behavior is about practice and virtue. It

is about going beyond the codes, and practicing
behavior that leads to an ethical life.
THE EXAMPLE OF INTEGRITY
 A building has structural integrity when it is
designed in way such that it appropriately
responds to the stresses and loads that it is
designed to act under.

 Just as a building can have poor integrity or good

integrity. A person can also.

 A person has integrity when she/he can follow the

codes he/she is supposed to follow under the
stresses and loads of his/her role.
 CLICKER QUESTION
Which of the following ensure that behavior
is ethical?
I. Following the law
II. Acting in the best interest of society
III. Following non-legal standards for
socially appropriate conduct

A. All of the above

B. II and III only
C. None of the above
D. I only
LAW VS. MORALITY:
DON’T CONFUSE THE TWO

Legal Legal
& &
Moral Immoral
Illegal Illegal
& &
Moral Immoral
EXAMPLES OF THE CATEGORIES

Legal & Moral Designing a system to be

safe.
Legal & Immoral Owning a slave pre-civil
war in the US.
Illegal & Moral Parking in a no parking
zone, to come to the aid
of an injured person
Illegal & Killing an innocent
Immoral person.
Part 2: Practicing
ethics as an
engineering student
STUDENTS HAVE A CODE OF ETHICS TOO
 Senate Policy S07-2 (http://www.sjsu.edu/senate/S07-2.htm)

The San José State University Academic Integrity

Policy requires that each student:
1. Know the rules that preserve academic integrity and abide
by them at all times. This includes learning and abiding
by rules associated with specific classes, exams and course
assignments.
2. Know the consequences of violating the Academic
Integrity Policy.
3. Know the appeal rights, and the procedures to be followed
in the event of an appeal.
4. Foster academic integrity among peers.
S07-2 PREAMBLE
The University emphasizes responsible
citizenship and an awareness of ethical choices
inherent in human development.
Academic honesty and fairness foster ethical
standards for all those who depend upon the
integrity of the university, its courses, and its
degrees.
University degrees are compromised and the
public is defrauded if faculty members or
students knowingly or unwittingly allow
dishonest acts to be rewarded academically.
PLAGIARISM & CHEATING
 Many components go into being a good
engineering student.

 One of the most important, as reflected by the

codes of ethics for engineers, is to be competent
in your field of engineering.

 To be competent, it is necessary that one actually

knows what they claim to know.

 Proving to others that you know what you are

supposed to know requires certification through a
degree.
WHAT STUDENTS SAY
 70% of American high school seniors admit to
cheating on at least one test
 95% of the students who said they cheated were
never caught.

 An average of 75% of college students report

cheating sometime during their college career
ACADEMIC DISHONESTY

Cheating

At SJSU, cheating is the act of

obtaining or attempting to obtain
credit for academic work through
the use of any dishonest, deceptive,
or fraudulent means.

SJSU defines 5 basic types of cheating

CHEATING IS WRONG?

Cheating also undermines the

work of fellow students who are
honest.

When you cheat, all the other students who didn’t

cheat are penalized. They end up getting lower
grades. As a consequence of lower grades they
lose out on scholarships and recommendations.
CHEATING VS. TEAMWORK
 Working on a team for an assigned project is not
cheating.

 However, failing do due your assigned task on an

a team project is a form of cheating. It is called
free-riding, which is benefiting from the work of
others without doing any work of your own.

 Teamwork is important in engineering, but free-

riding is wrong, since if everyone did it nothing
would get done.
COPYING

One obvious type of cheating

that we all recognize is copying
someone’s work on a homework
assignment, exam, or paper.

Submitting someone’s work as

your own is a kind of cheating.
MULTIPLE SUBMISSIONS

Submitting your own work from

one class to another class or
submitting one piece of work to
two distinct classes is a kind of
cheating.

A paper for one class is not a

paper for another class.
UNAUTHORIZED SOURCES
Using sources that one is not
allowed to use as deemed by the
instructor or the university as a
whole is a kind of cheating, such as
solution manuals.

Also a text message from your

friend with the answer to a
question on the exam is a form of
cheating.
ALTERING GRADES

Altering your grade in any way

is a form of cheating.

If you are given a C on your

homework, paper, or exam and
then you change your grade to a
B+, you have cheated.
SURROGATE

Surrogate cheating occurs when

someone else either does your
homework, takes an exam for
you, or writes your paper.

Doing someone’s work for them

is a kind of cheating.
WHY IS CHEATING WRONG?

Cheating undermines the

credibility of the university and
the degrees it awards.

If too many people cheat at SJSU, then the

degrees awarded by SJSU won’t certify that its
students are competent. So, by cheating you not
only hurt yourself, you also hurt others.
ETHICS – COURAGE & INTEGRITY
 As we will be seeing more and more being ethical
requires:

 Courage to do the right thing the situation

calls for.

&

 The integrity to withstand the pressures that

push you in the wrong direction.
The Engineer’s Code of Ethics
(COE)
Why is the Code of Ethics important to engineers?

 It is a HALLMARK of Professionalism;

 A BASIC qualifying requirement;

 An EDGE in competition;

 Ultimate BENEFIT of the profession.

 The Profession: An Engineer shall at
all times uphold the dignity, standing
and reputation of the profession by his
behaviour, actions and words.
 With Colleagues: An Engineer
shall not maliciously or recklessly
harm or attempt to harm whether
directly or otherwise the
professional reputation of another
engineer, but shall however foster
the reputation of colleagues for the
advancement of the profession.
 Towards Employers and Clients: An
Engineer shall serve employers and clients with
honesty, loyalty and integrity in conforming to
the highest standards expected of their
respective community.
 The Public: An Engineer in
providing his services shall at all
times be governed by the paramount
interest of the public, in particular
their welfare, health, safety and
environment.
 Oneself: An Engineer shall maintain and
enhance his health and competency in
subscribing to self and continuing professional
development.
 The BEM’s Code of
Professional Conduct
(COPC)
The BEM’s Code of Professional
Conduct governing every registered
Engineer is detailed out in the Part IV
of the “Registration of Engineers
Regulations 1990” (Revised 2003)
which came into force 10th November
2003.
The IEM Regulation on
Professional Conduct
(ROPC)
Article 2.18 of the IEM Constitution states
that; Quote: Every member shall so conduct
himself as to uphold the dignity, standing
and reputation of the profession. He shall
be bound by the Regulation on Professional
Conduct. Unquote.
Then, in the IEM Bylaws, we have Bylaws
9.2, 9.3 and 9.6 which also deal with the
professional conduct of members, and the
formal set of “Regulation of Professional
Conduct” which has been made by the IEM
Council under the provision of Section IX of
the IEM Bylaws.
What are the differences among:
COE, COPC and ROPC?
 The Engineer’s Code of Ethics represents
the collective stance and the shared
conviction of the Fraternity of Engineers.
 The sanctity of the Code amounts to a
Honour Pledge which when breached
brings shame and dishonour to both the
transgressor and the profession.
 There is no legal enforcement; only self-
respect and self esteem, and the chosen
inviolable value of life for someone
belonging to a noble profession.
 If we don’t respect ourselves, who would,
- that is the point and the bottom-line.
The BEM’s Code of Professional
Conduct represents the “Law” and
when broken, investigation and
disciplinary processes follow; akin to
the legal procedures of the “Court”.
Should the respondent registered
engineer be found to have indeed
“broken the law”, his act unbecoming
of a registered engineeer will be
criminalized!
The IEM’s Regulation on Professional
Conduct is a consensus among
members, which will be reviewed
periodically and made relevant.
Enforcement is by way of peer-
judgement followed by a complaint in
writing.
Should the prescribed peer-judgement
be taken to its logical conclusion, and
the complaint substantiated, the
member may be expelled; perhaps
reprimanded or fined – otherwise
expulsion. There is a long list of what
may follow - but by then, the
adjudged member would have
resigned!
Conclusion: cliché as it may, a
professional engineer inspired by the
Engineers’ Code of Practice, and
believes without reservation the
Engineer’s Code of Ethics, abides by
the BEM’s Code of Professional
Conduct, and subscribes to the IEM’s
Regulation on Professional Conduct as
an active IEM Corporate Member; this
Engineer would have attained the
Hallmark of Professionalism.
THANK YOU