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NPTEL Web Course On Complex Analysis: A. Swaminathan

This document is a section from an NPTEL web course on complex analysis taught by A. Swaminathan and V.K. Katiyar of IIT Roorkee. It discusses the special transformations given by the mappings w=z^2 and w=z^(1/2), including how they transform the coordinate axes, vertical lines, and other geometric objects in the complex plane. The w=z^2 mapping doubles angles and scales distances, while w=z^(1/2) takes the principal square root with a branch cut along the negative real axis.

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Aditya Koutharapu
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94 views

NPTEL Web Course On Complex Analysis: A. Swaminathan

This document is a section from an NPTEL web course on complex analysis taught by A. Swaminathan and V.K. Katiyar of IIT Roorkee. It discusses the special transformations given by the mappings w=z^2 and w=z^(1/2), including how they transform the coordinate axes, vertical lines, and other geometric objects in the complex plane. The w=z^2 mapping doubles angles and scales distances, while w=z^(1/2) takes the principal square root with a branch cut along the negative real axis.

Uploaded by

Aditya Koutharapu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

NPTEL web course

on
Complex Analysis

A. Swaminathan
I.I.T. Roorkee, India

and

V.K. Katiyar
I.I.T. Roorkee, India

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 1 / 14


Complex Analysis

Module: 8: Mapping of Elementary transformation


Lecture: 3: The mapping w = z 2 and its inverse mapping

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 2 / 14


Some Special Transformation

The mapping w = z 2

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 3 / 14


The mapping w = z 2

In this section we discuss the mapping w = z 2 .

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 4 / 14


The mapping w = z 2

The image of a point in the z-plane under the map w = z 2 is best


visualized by writing the complex number in its polar form.
For, if z = reiθ , w = r 2 ei2θ . This implies a magnification followed
by a rotation of z by its argument in the w-plane.
Hence an angle of θ radians will be mapped to an angle of 2θ
radians with the length of the rays stretching or shrinking
according as r < 1 or r > 1.
The transformation for r < 1 is shown below.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 5 / 14


The mapping w = z 2

=z
=z

2θ

r2
r θ
<z <z

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 6 / 14


The mapping w = z 2

Now we discuss some particular cases for the mapping w = z 2 .

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 7 / 14


The mapping w = z 2

Transformations of the co-ordinate axes


To study the mapping properties, we write z = x + iy so that

u = x 2 − y 2, v = 2xy

Consider the real axis y = 0, −∞ < x < ∞.


Then u = x 2 and v = 0, which implies u ≥ 0. As x varies from
−∞ to 0, u varies from ∞ to 0 and then as x moves further away
from 0, u traverses back the real axis from 0 to ∞.
Similarly for the imaginary axis x = 0, −∞ < y < ∞, u = −y 2 and
v = 0.
So as y traverses the imaginary axis from below towards origin, u
traverses the negative real axis from −∞ to 0 and then as y
moves upwards away from origin, u traverses back the negative
real axis from origin towards −∞.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 8 / 14


The mapping w = z 2

Image of a vertical line


Consider the vertical line x = k1 so that u = x 2 − y 2 , v = 2xy
gives u = k12 − y 2 , v = 2k1 y .
Eliminating y , we get the parabola

v 2 = 4k12 (k12 − u)

with vertex at (k12 , 0) and focus at (0,0).


Hence all vertical lines in the z-plane will have vertex on the
positive real axis and focus at (0,0).

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 9 / 14


Some Special Transformation

The mapping w = z 1/2

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 10 / 14


The mapping w = z 1/2

In this section, we discuss the properties of the mapping w = z 1/2 .


Even though, this is inverse of the mapping z = w 2 , there is an
underlying difference between these two mappings.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 11 / 14


The mapping w = z 1/2

w = z 1/2 gives two square roots of z, when z 6= 0.


In polar form, we have
√ iθ + wk π
z 1/2 = r exp , k = 0, 1.
2
Here the principal root occurs when k = 0.
z 1/2 can also be written as
 
1/2 1
z = exp log z .
2

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 12 / 14


The mapping w = z 1/2

The principal branch of the double valued function z 1/2 is obtained


by taking the principal branch of log z.
We denote this principal branch of z 1/2 as F0 .
This gives
 
1
F0 (z) = exp Logz , |z| > 0, −π < Argz < π.
2

The ray θ = π is the branch cut of F0 and z = 0 is the branch point.


Even though the values along the branch cut can be defined for
F0 , they are not even continuous there.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 13 / 14


The mapping w = z 1/2

The particular cases of this mapping can be obtained by using the


mapping w 2 = z.
In that case, only the Principal function F0 is taken into
consideration.
Example
For example, the function w = z 2 maps the hyperbola 2xy = 1 of the
z-plane onto the line v = 1 in the w-plane. Hence the mapping
w = z 1/2 (the principal branch, with branch cut at θ = 0) maps the line
y = 1 in the z-plane onto the branch of the hyperbola 2uv = 1 which
lies in the first quadrant of the w-plane. Both the mappings are one to
one.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 14 / 14

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