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NPTEL Web Course On Complex Analysis: A. Swaminathan

This document is a lecture on mapping elementary transformations from a NPTEL web course on complex analysis taught by A. Swaminathan and V.K. Katiyar of IIT Roorkee. It focuses on the mapping w=exp(z), explaining that it maps horizontal lines in the z-plane to rays emanating from the origin in the w-plane, vertical lines in the z-plane to concentric circles centered at the origin in the w-plane, and horizontal strips to angular sectors. An example of the image of a semi-infinite horizontal strip under this mapping is also worked out.

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Aditya Koutharapu
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44 views

NPTEL Web Course On Complex Analysis: A. Swaminathan

This document is a lecture on mapping elementary transformations from a NPTEL web course on complex analysis taught by A. Swaminathan and V.K. Katiyar of IIT Roorkee. It focuses on the mapping w=exp(z), explaining that it maps horizontal lines in the z-plane to rays emanating from the origin in the w-plane, vertical lines in the z-plane to concentric circles centered at the origin in the w-plane, and horizontal strips to angular sectors. An example of the image of a semi-infinite horizontal strip under this mapping is also worked out.

Uploaded by

Aditya Koutharapu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

NPTEL web course

on
Complex Analysis

A. Swaminathan
I.I.T. Roorkee, India

and

V.K. Katiyar
I.I.T. Roorkee, India

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 1 / 22


Complex Analysis

Module: 8: Mapping of Elementary transformation


Lecture: 1: The mapping w = exp(z)

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 2 / 22


Complex Analysis

Mapping of elementary transformation

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 3 / 22


Mapping of elementary transformations

In this chapter, we consider some particular transformations. For these


transformations, based on the given domain, the range has specific
properties. These facts will be established in the following.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 4 / 22


Mapping of elementary transformation

Some Special Transformation

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 5 / 22


Some Special Transformation

The mapping w = exp(z)

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 6 / 22


The mapping w = exp(z)

It is known that exp z 6= 0 for all z ∈ C.


Hence the origin in the w-plane does not belong to the set of
images of the points in the z-plane under the map exp x.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 7 / 22


The mapping w = exp(z)

First, we find the pre-images of the points in the w-plane for the
mapping w = exp(z).

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 8 / 22


The mapping w = exp(z)
Pre-images of points in the w-plane
We show here that any w = u + iv 6= 0 in the w-plane is the image
of some z = x + iy in the z-plane.
Fix w. Then w = ez ⇒ w = ex eiy so that

|w| = ex and arg w = y + 2k π, k ∈Z

In particular if we choose the principal argument of w, we have the


pre-image
z = ln|w| + iArgw
The above relation assures the existence of at least one
pre-image of any given w.
If we now allow k to vary over Z, we obtain the infinite set of
pre-images of w:

z = ln|w| + i(argw + 2k π)
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 9 / 22
The mapping w = exp(z)

Pre-images of points in the w-plane


All the above points lie on a vertical line as shown below.
=z
=w

2π w = ez
<z
ex
ln |w|

y
<w
0
z − plane w − plane

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 10 / 22


The mapping w = exp(z)

Now we find the image of a horizontal line under the mapping


w = exp(z).

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 11 / 22


The mapping w = exp(z)

Image of a horizontal line


Suppose z traces out a straight line parallel to the real axis, that is
z = t + ib, b fixed and t ∈ (−∞, ∞).
Then w = et .eib which (in the polar form) represents a point at
distance et from the origin with argument b.
Since et is non-negative and strictly increasing, as t varies from
−∞ to ∞, et goes on increasing with the same argument (as b is
fixed). This represents a ray in the w-plane from the origin, with
the origin deleted, and passing through the point (cos b, sin b).

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 12 / 22


The mapping w = exp(z)

Now we find the image of a vertical line under the mapping


w = exp(z).

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 13 / 22


The mapping w = exp(z)

Image of a vertical line


Consider the vertical line z = a + it, a fixed and t ∈ (−∞, ∞).
Then
w = ez = ea (cos t + i sin t)
which is a circle with center as origin and radius ea .
Further, as t varies from 0 to 2π, w moves on the circle once in
the positive direction.
Hence as t varies from −∞ to ∞, w traces out the circle infinitely
many times.
In particular, exp z wraps the imaginary axis (a = 0) infinitely
many times around the unit circle.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 14 / 22


The mapping w = exp(z)

Now we find the image of a horizontal strip under the mapping


w = exp(z).

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 15 / 22


The mapping w = exp(z)

Image of a horizontal strip


The above discussion implies that the image of a family of lines
parallel to the real axis in the z-plane is transformed into a family
of rays emanating from the boundary of a neighborhood of the
origin in the w-plane.
Similarly, a family of lines parallel to the imaginary axis is mapped
to a family of concentric circles with origin as the center, with the
distance between the concentric circles increasing exponentially.
The image of a horizontal strip under the exponential map is
shown below.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 16 / 22


The mapping w = exp(z)

Image of a horizontal strip


=z =w

h < 2π h

θ θ
<z <w

z − plane w − plane

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 17 / 22


The mapping w = exp(z)

Image of a horizontal strip


The width of the horizontal strip is taken to be less that 2π to force
exp z to be one-one.
For consider a point z0 in the horizontal strip. For this z0 , we get a
unique point in the w-plane.
But when we pull back the same point to the Z -plane, all its
pre-images will lie outside the horizontal strip if its width is less
that 2π. Hence exp z becomes univalent for this particular domain.
Further the above figure implies that if we consider a horizontal
strip of width 2π and partition it into strips of width h1 , h2 , . . . , hn so
that h1 + h2 + . . . + hn = 2π, the w-plane under the exponential
map will be partitioned into angles of h1 , h2 , . . . , hn radians.
The image of a horizontal strip of width 2π is shown below.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 18 / 22


The mapping w = exp(z)

Image of a horizontal strip


=z =w

h = 2π
θ θ <w
<z

z − plane w − plane

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 19 / 22


The mapping w = exp(z)
Image of a horizontal strip

Example
Find the image of the semi-infinite horizontal strip

{z = x + iy ∈ C : x ≤ 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ π}

Solution. The image is drawn noting the following points.


The image of the horizontal line DE, x ≤ 0, y = π is mapped to a
ray with argument π and length 1, that is the interval [-1,0).
The image of the vertical line BCD, x = 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ π is mapped to
the unit circle. But as y from 0 to π, w traverses the upper half of
the unit circle only once.
The segment of the negative real axis AB will be mapped to a ray
with argument 0 and length 1, that is the interval (0,1].
The transformation is shown below.
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 20 / 22
The mapping w = exp(z)

Image of a horizontal strip


y
v
E D C0
πi
C
1
x u
A B D0 E0 A0 B0

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 21 / 22


The mapping w = exp(z)

Image of a horizontal strip

Example
Find the image of the following domain under the exponential map:

{z = x + iy ∈ C : 0 < α ≤ x ≤ β, 0 ≤ y ≤ πi}

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 22 / 22

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