DAWN

SCHOOL

PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

TOPIC: TO CONSTRUCT AN
AUTOMATIC NIGHT LAMP USING
A TRANSISTOR AND LDR
PRESENTED BY:
DEEPANKUMAR.V
CLASS - XII
GUIDED BY— MRS.B.NAMRA
 PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

BOARD ROLL NO. —

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Adhish
Anand, student of class XII-B has
successfully completed the
Physics Project under the
guidance of — Ms. Kalpana. This
project is genuine and is not
plagiarism of any kind. The
references used in making this
project file are declared at the
end of the file.

External’s Sign:
Class In-Charge Sign:
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ACKNOWLEDGEM
ENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude
and sincere thanks to the Principal,
Capt. Sanjay Anand, Doon Public
School, Panchkula for his
encouragement and for all the
facilities he has provided for this
project work.
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I extend my hearty thanks to my

subject teacher Ms. Kalpana and
Lab Assistant Ms. Pratima who
guided me to the successful
completion of this project. I take
this opportunity to express my deep
sense of gratitude for their
invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement and immense
motivation which has sustained my
efforts at all stages of this project
work. I can’t forget to offer my
sincere thanks to my classmates
who helped me to carry out this
project work successfully and for
their valuable advice and support
which I received for them time to
time.

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INDEX
Sr. Contents Page
N No.
o.

1 Aim of the Experiment 5

2 Introduction 6
3 Apparatus Required 7
4 Principle 8
5 Circuit Diagram 9
6 Theory 10
7 Procedure 14
9 Observation 16
10 Precautions
17
11 Bibliography
18
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AIM

TO CONSTRUCT AN
AUTOMATIC NIGHT LAMP
USING A TRANSISTOR
AND LDR

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INTRODUC
T
IO
N
In some cities and
villages, sometimes street
lights glow in day time

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without any reason. In

mining regions people
face many difficulties due
to absence of light in the
nights. In frontier and
hilly

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areas, people face many

problems due to damaged
street lights. For solving
these problems, we create
a device in which the
lights glow in night and in
day time, they get
switched off automatically
and don't glow. Due to
use of it, we can solve
above problems and can
also save electricity.

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APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. A n-p-n transistor;
2. Breadboard;
3. Resistors:330Ω, 1MΩ
4. Connecting Wires;

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5. LED;
6. LDR;
7. 9V Battery;
PRINCIPLE
This project is based on Light
Dependent Resistance (L.D.R.). LDR is
a resistance, in which opposing power
of current depends on the presence of
quantity of light present, i.e. the
resistance of LDR increases or
decreases, according to quantity of
light which falls on it. If LDR places in
darkness, the resistance of LDR
increases and when light falls on it, the
resistance of LDR decreases and act as
a conductor. Any LDR in the presence
of light and darkness changes its
resistance is depending on the different
types of LDR.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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THEORY
1. A transistor is a semiconductor device used
to amplify or switch electronic signals and
electrical power. It is
composed of
semiconductor material with
three terminals for connection
to an external circuit.

Emitter (E): It is the left hand side thick layer

of the transistor which is heavily doped;
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Base (B): It is a central thin layer of

transistor which is lightly doped;

Collector (C): It is the right hand side thick

layer of the transistor which is moderately
doped;
A p-n-p junction transistor is obtained by
growing a thin layer of
n-of
thin layer
or conduct
type semi-
in between two
relatively thick
layers of p- type
or.
semi- conduct

A n-p-n junction transistor is obtained by

growing a thin layer p-type semi-conductor
in between two relatively thick layers of n-
type semi-conductor.

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In the project, common emitter n-p-n transistor

(BC-547) is used.

2. CARBON RESISTOR: A carbon resistor has

generally four rings or bands A, B, C and D of
different colours corresponding to the value of
resistance. In project, we use
carbon
resistance of 1M oh
ms and 330 ohms.

3. LDR: LDR means light dependent

resistancesed to complete
which is u the circu
it.
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4. LED: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a

semiconductor light source. When a light-
emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on),
electrons are able to recombine with electron
holes within the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons. In this project, we use led of
white colour.

5. BATTERY: This is a rectangular prism

shape with rounded edges and a polarized
snap connector at the top. In project, we use
9-Volt battery.

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6. WIRES: A wire is a single, usually

cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal.
These are used to connect components.
7.BREADBOARD: A breadboard is a
construction base for prototyping of electronics.
Because the solderless breadboard does not
require soldering, it is reusable.
PHYSICS PROJECT | ADHISH ANAND

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PROCEDURE
Take a breadboard and connect its
two halves
Connect a 9V battery on the breadboard.
Connect an NPN transistor on the
breadboard with its three legs (Emitter,
Base, Collector) inserted in three different
columns of the breadboard.

The emitter of the transistor is grounded.

Connect one leg of a 1 MΩ resistor to the
base of the transistor, and its other leg to
any different column of the breadboard.
Connect the corresponding column to Vcc.

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Connect an LDR between the base and
emitter of the transistor.

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Connect one leg of a 330 Ω resistor to the

collector of the transistor, and its other leg
to any different column of the breadboard.
Take an LED. Connect its negative
terminal to the right leg of 330 Ω resistor,
and its positive terminal to Vcc.

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OBSERVATION
When the circuit is exposed to light, the
led remains off. When the circuit is
taken into dark, the led glows.

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PRECAUTIONS
•Excess current should not be passed
through LED.
•Make all the connections neat, clean
and tight.
•Never exceed the ratings for the
current given in the transistor
manual.
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A n-p-n transistor
which broke due to the
passage of excessive current.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

•
colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/PDF/Exp
e riment7.pdf
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• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor

• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_emitter

• 230nsc1.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/npnce.htm
l

• tedpavlic.com/teaching/osu/ece327/lab1_
bjt/lab1_bjt_transistor_basics.pdf

• hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans.ht
ml

BOOKS-
• Comprehensive Lab manual PHYSICS
Class 12;
• Pradeep Reference Guide for
Physics- Class 12;
• NCERT Physics Class 12;

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