Vishweshwarayya

Abhiyantriki Padvika Mahavidyalaya, Almala,

Tq. Ausa, Dist. Latur.

Implant Training Report

Student Name: - Manish Jangid omprakash

Enrollment No.: - 1710950053
Department: - Civil Engineering Department.
Training Place: - lohiya devlopers
Training Duration: - From 16/05/2019 To 25/07/2019.

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Acknowledgement
As per our university syllabus we have to take summer training at an industry. We
take training at equal consultants, Latur. It is my pleasure to be indebted to various
people who directly or indirectly contributed in the development of this work and
who influenced my thinking, behavior and acts during the training.

Get appreciation goes to Mr. Raut (Supervisor) and Mr. S. B. Andurkar

(Architecture) to help us time to time during the training. We are thankful to Mr.
Sabde P.U. (Mentor) for his support, cooperation and motivation provided to me
during the training for constant inspiration, presence and blessing. The supervision
and support that he gave truly help the progration and smoothness of the intership
program. The cooperation is much indeed appreciated. I also extend my sincere
appreciation to my faculty member (Civil Engg. Department) who provided their
valuable suggestions and precious time in accomplishing my project report.

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Introduction
The building is defined as any structure what so ever purpose and of whats ever
materials constructed and ever part their of whether used as human habitation or
not.

For this practical training I reported at equal consultants at construction of

residential building of area 1100 sq.ft.in response to Mr. Mr. Sabde P.U. (Mentor)
dated in connection with same. The site engineer Mr. Raut meets me at the site
and gives me brief introduction of this training as under

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Introduction About project

The site is located on the Latur city ring road, Near water tank spread over
2200sq. ft, is the latest project launched by global design consultant

Name of work Construction of Residential building

Name of zone Ring road

Name of division Latur

The project site will be well connected to the nearer area like Hospitals, school,
college on ring road in latur
Hotel Embassy The time taken is 10 min (approx.)

COCSIT COLLEGE The time taken is 15 min (approx.)

DMART MALL The time taken is 20 min (approx.)

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Technical Report

1. Name of Work: - Construction of residential Building

2. Name of Division: - LATUR.
3. Location:- water tank, vikas nagar near gittebai nivas, latur
4. Foundation Concrete: - Design Mix Concrete M-20.
5. Foundation: - R.C.C. Simple Footing.
6. Structure: - The complete structure is of RCC framed structure in M-20.
7. Estimated Cost of Building: - The estimate cost of above Building comes
to 1.80 Crore of basements & Three floors.
8. Total Area: - 2200 sq.ft.

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SITE PLAN AND PLANING OF BUILDING

The planning of the building has the most important role in the civil engineering
because well designed building has the comfort and good working conditions for
the people who live and work in it.

The project on which I take training it is a construction of public buildings. This

building is designed very carefully by keeping the views:

This building is situated in the Latur city. There is the environmental condition is
sun shine and hot arid zone, good rain fall, good neighboring conditions. The
facing of the building is North

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 BUILDING MATERIALS

A building structure is composed of different types of the material these materials

are either called as building material. The material use in the building on basis of
the avaibility and cost. For construct a building the essential building material are
as follow:
 Cement
 Sand
 Aggregate
 Fine sand
 Crushed Sand
 Water Proofing Compound.
 Tor steel
 Mild steel
 Bricks
 Murum

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Overview of Implant Training

Excavation
The excavation of footing and column is done. The size of footing is 5.5 X 5.5 ft.
The excavation of foundation trenches is done by using equipment’s like
excavator, phawrah

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BED CONCRET

We generally use Portland cement as bonding material, Sand, coarse aggregate

(20mm) in PCC.

The thickness of PCC provided was 100mm

BFS 50mm
Without BFS thickness should be more than 75mm

The proportion of cement, sand and brick chips in foundation or basement is 1:3:6.

But, when used in the car parking area, the proportion should be 1:2:4.

 Make sure the formwork, which you are going to fill with concrete, is
properly supported and leakage-proof.
 Make sure the path between mixture machine and the pouring place is easily
accessible.
 Add a small amount of water in the drum of the mixture machine.
 Then add a bag of cement. It is better to make the batch for a bag.

 Add remaining aggregates as per required proportion in the drum of the

mixture machine.
 Mix the concrete ingredients not less than two minutes after all materials are
in the drum.
 Gradually add the remaining water and keep checking if the concrete mix is
uniform or not.

 Make formwork for PCC with wooden planks according to dimensions.

 Use wooden rammer for compaction and finishing of PCC.

 Make the surface of PCC roughen for joining future work before the concrete
becomes harden.
 After 24 hours of laying PCC, moist the concrete surface by flooding with
water or by covering with moist gunny bags at least for seven days.

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Footing
Footing layout sheet of the structural drawing shows dimension related to grid line
to place the footing on the ground.

Mark the footing on the ground as shown in the drawing.

Excavate a trench on earth for the footing. The size of the trench should be 1′
bigger in both sides than the footing size footing size was of 4′ x 5′. For this
footing trench size was 5′ x 6′. It is done for placing and removing shutter easily.

Make a form for the footing as specified size. Wooden shutter were used for this
purpose.

Cut the steel reinforcement as required sizes and provide L-bend as shown in the
structural drawing. You can make the reinforcing net for the footing separately and
place in footing position later

It is very important to maintain concrete clear cover not only in footing but also in
all RCC members. Provide required cover block in bottom and sides of the footing
to keep the reinforcing net in position.

Check again the footing and column are properly placed. Check the form of the
footing is leakage proof. If everything is perfect then move to pour concrete.

Normally the capacity of mixture machine is 4 to 9 cubic feet of concrete.

On the next day remove the form of footing.

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Column
Column is a structural element that transmits through compression the weight of
the structure above to other structural elements below. Column is a compression
member. Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the
upper part of walls or ceilings rest.

There are 18 columns are provided for this structure. For making column frame 16
mm, 12 mm and 8 mm bars are used. For stirrups of column frame 8 mm bars are
used. The distance between two stirrups is 5 inch. The size of the column as
follows

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 Cement

The cement often called the magic power is a fine ground material consisting of compound of
lime, silica alumina and iron. When mixed with water it forms a paste which hardened and
bind the aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock, etc.) together to form a durable mass called the
CEMENT

POLYGLNZE JOINT MORTOR

“Polyglaze Jointing Mortar” is a thin bed, high strength, pre-mixed, quality assured
mortar comprising of Ordinary Portland Cement, specially graded sand and
Polymers. It is specially formulated and easily applied, giving a better bonding
with higher air entraining properties. “Polyglaze Jointing Mortar” is a masonry
mortar for use in laying various types of fly ash / concrete bricks, AAC blocks and
stones. Itreplaces conventional jointing mortar of 12-18 mm thickness with highly
versatile 3 - 4 mm thickness mortar.

FEATURES

o Polyglaze Jointing Mortar is a thin bed, high strength, pre-mixed quality assured
mortar comprising of Ordinary Portland Cement, specially graded sand and
Polymers
o higher bonding strength increases durability and eliminates future maintenance
o Non-metallic, doesn’t rust out, will not discolor wall
o Ready mixed mineral based products designed for new construction as well as for
renovation purpose
o Being premixed, it saves considerable time, labor and increases dimensional
stability of the blocks

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 AREAS OF USE
o To join fly ash bricks, cement block, hollow blocks, aerated block etc.
o Jointing of pre stressed concrete slabs, panels
o Jointing of cement window and door frames
o Garden and boundary walls
o Bench stands, bicycle stands

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Concrete.
Cement is the binder that holds concrete and mortars together. Which is why it play the
most critical role in giving strength and durability to your building. Cement uses for domestic
building such as home are basically of three types

Sand

These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded sub rounded, angular, subangular or flat fr
agments of more or less unaltered rock of minerals consisting of 90% of particles of size greater
than 0.06 mm and less than 2 mm. Alternatively, these are coarse grained cohesion less particles
of silica derived from the disintegration of rock. These are of three types

Coarse sandIt is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.6mm and less than
2 mm

Medium sand It is one, which contains 90 & of particles of particles size greater than 0.2 mm
and less than 0.6 mm

Fine sand It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less than
0.2 mm. Proper selection of sand is critical in the durability and performance of concrete
mixture. It should be

Clear, angular and hard Free from clay, mica and soft, flaky material Graded, which means
it should be a mix of fine, medium and coarse sand Fee from contaminates like sea salt
Consistent in moisture (water) content which should not exceed 7%. When mixing concrete,
the moisture Content must be taken in to consideration

The price of sand includes three or four components- base cost,

transportation, handling and number of Intermediaries. Procuring sand in bulk directly from the
source will be cheaper. Your neighbourhood dealer in this case is likely to be costlier, except
when you need smaller quantities.

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Building Stone

Building stones are obtained from the rocks occurring in nature. The stones are used into
construct the foundation, super structure and many of the building components. The various
stones derived from these types of rocks are as follows:
Principal stones from igneous rocks:

Granite, Basalt and Trap

Properties or requirement of good building stone:

A good building stone should possess several characteristics such as
highstrength (crushing strength>1000kg/cm), high durability, sufficient hardness
(coefficient of hardness>14), high resistance to wear, good fire resistance, specific gravity
more than 2.7, crystalline structure, high impact value (toughness index> 13) low
water absorption (percentage absorption after
24hour less than 0.6), weather resistance and better appearance.

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Bricks

Bricks are distinguished by their base (row) material and size. Standard brunt
claybricks come in the size 10" x 5" x 3". Modular bricks, rarely used because theyare not easily
available, come in the size 200mm x 100mm x 100mm
(including mortar thickness) Fly ash bricks, sometimes also come in modular form.
Conventional bricks have a frog (depressed / raised portion) on one of the
larger surface bearing the
Manufacturer’
s brand. These also provide a good mechanical key for bonding (lock ability) with mortar.
The modular bricks do not have the frog on them. Fly ash bricks exhibit almostsimilar mechani
cal properties as brunt clay bricks. Exposed brickwork withprecise pointing is possible if the
shapes are perfect

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The four board categories of bricks used in construction:
Ist Class Brick
IInd Class Brick
IIIrd Class Brick
Over burnetBricks

1. Perfect in Size/shape/ quality of burning Not so uniform as Is class bricks in Size/shape/

quality of burning Much interior toing class bricks in terms of Size/shape/ quality
of burning Absolutely out shape of size, over burnet. Fused with more bricks with a honey
comb texture

2. Red to cherry red in colorbreed in colour. Dark red in colour. Black in color.

3. Do not absorb more than 15-17% water of their own weight, if kept submerged for one
hour underwater Do not absorb more than 22% water of their own weight, if kept
submerged for one hour under water. Do not absorb more than 25%water of their own
weight, if kept submerged for one hour under water

4. Suitable for floors &reinforced brick slabs. Used for internalwalls.Used for interior
construction works, where less rainfall occurs Not used inbuilding construction works & used
as road metal, also in foundations.

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Aggregate

Aggregates is a general term applied to those inert (that chemically inactive) material, which
when bounded together by cement, form concrete. Most aggregates used in this country are
naturally occurring aggregates such as Sand, crushed rock and gravel.

Aggregates for concrete are divided into three categories:

Fine Aggregates:
Most of which passes through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 150 microns.

Coarse Aggregates:
Most of which passes through 63 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 4.75 micron.

All in Aggregate:
Mixed aggregate, as it comes from the pit or riverbed. It is sometimes used for unimportant
work without separating into different sizes.

Properties of Natural Aggregates:

The properties should comply with the norms laid down in IS: 38-1970Specification for C.A.
and F.A. from natural sources for concrete. Aggregates should be chemically inert, strong,
hard, durable, of limited porosity (water absorption when immersed in water
for 24 hours should not be more than 10%.), free from adherent coating, clay lumps, coal and
coal residues and should contain no organic or other admixture that may cause corrosion of
the reinforcementor impair the strength or durability of the concrete. The shape (rounded,
irregular, angular and flaky) and sizes of the aggregates should conform to the strength and
workability requirements.

Uses of the Aggregates:

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1. Naturally occurring crushed stone aggregates can
be used for producingany type of good concrete or R.C.C. for construction purpose.

2. Broken brick aggregates are used to produce plain concrete but

not suitablefor R.C.C. which is lighter than broken stone aggregate.3. Air- cooled blast furnace
slag, which is a by- product in the process of pig
iron,forms a stronger and durable concrete when mixed with sand, and has a high fire
resistance.

Reinforcement Steel

RCC stands for reinforced cement concrete. To enhance the load carrying capacity of
the concrete it is reinforced with steel bars of different diameters
provided in anappropriate manner. Such concrete is called reinforced concrete and the barsare c
alled the reinforcement. These bars are provided at various locations toresist the internal forces,
which are developed due to the loads acting on thestructure.

Reinforcing steel contributes to the tensile strength of the concrete. Concretehas low tensile,
but high compressive strength. The tensile deficiency is compensated by reinforcing
the concrete mass through insertion of plain or twisted mild steel bars. Both branded
and unbranded bars are available. It is wise to buy good brands the names of which are
marked on the steel. During construction make sure that steel reinforcement is provided exactly
as the engineering design specification.

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Precautions:

Steel bars/rods should be responsibly clean and free of rust. Bars that cannot be easily bent
manually or mechanically should be rejected. Optimum length bars must not be chosen to
reduce wastage in cutting. To avoid laps, shorter bars must not be accepted Welded length of
the bars should not be accepted

THE EFFECT OF AGGREGATE PROPERTIESON CEMENT CONCRETE

Concrete is a mixture of Cementous material, aggregate and water.

Aggregates commonly considered inert filler, which accounts for 60 to 80% of the volume
and 70 to 85% of the weight of the concrete. Although aggregate is considered inert filler, it is a
necessary component that defines the concrete s thermal and elastic properties and dimensional
stability.
Physical and mineralogical properties of aggregate must be known before mixingconcrete to ob
tain a desirable mixture. These properties include shape andtexture, size gradation, moisture
content, specific gravity, reactivity, soundness, and bulk unit weight. These properties along
with water /cementitious material ratio determine the strength, workability and durability of
the concrete. The shape and texture of the aggregate affects the properties
of freshconcrete more than hardened concrete. Concrete ids more workable whensmooth
and rounded aggregate is used instead of rough angular or elongated aggregate. Crushed stone
produces much more angular and elongated aggregate, which have a higher surface to volume
ratio better bond characteristics but require more cement paste to produce a workable mixture.
The surface texture of the aggregate can be either smooth or rough. A
smoothsurface can improve workability yet a rougher surface generates a stronger bondbetwee
n the paste and the aggregate creating a higher strength. The grading or size distribution of
aggregate is an important
characteristicbecause it determines the paste requirement for workable concrete. The requireda
mount of the concrete paste is dependent upon the amount of void space that

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REINFORCEMENT CEMENT CONCRETE

Plain concrete is very strong in compression but its tensile strength is

onlyabout 1/10 of the strength in the compression. So, the use of the plain concreteis limited to
the structure in pure compression. Steel being equally strong in compression and tension, is,
therefore, used to reinforce the concrete in
suitableway so that it can be used to build supporting structure where tension alsodevelops. Con
crete, thus reinforced is known as reinforced concrete. This combination is made because long
steel bars can develop
its fullstrength where it cannot carry equal amount of compressive force due to itsbuckling whic
h is caused by the slenderness. Thus, the combination of concreteand steel bars has proved to be
ideal, as the two material are used to resist the stresses for which they are most suitable.

Properties of the reinforced cement concrete:

1) The concrete develops very good bond with the surface of the steel bars and, therefore the
stresses are transferred from one material to the other which Cannot resist individually.

2) The steel possesses a high tensile strength, a high modulus of elasticity

and same coefficients of expansion and contraction as concrete. Due to equal
linear coefficients, no internal stresses are set up within reinforced concrete due to variation in
temperature.

3) The coating of cement grout or paste on the surface of the

reinforcementprotects it from corrosion and at the same time it does not chemically react with
the reinforcement.

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Water cement ratio

Water cement ratio is the ratio of the water in a mix (excluding waterabsorbed
already by the aggregate) to the weight of cement their in. water
cementratio is the most important factor governing the strength of concrete. Thestrength of the
concrete depend mainly open the amount of cement and the amount of water in it. The
correct quantity of water cement ratio required for a particular
mix depends upon various factors such as mix proportions, type and grading of aggregate,
method of compaction applied and weather condition.

On the other hand, workability of a concrete mix increases as the water

contentor water cement ratio of mix increased, because the water lubricates the mixture. But,
at the same time increases in water content deceases the strength. Excess of water, further
weaken the concrete, produces shrinkage cracks and decreases density.

Manufacture of the concrete

In the manufacture of concrete, it is almost important to ensure that a concrete of predetermined

proportion is continuously placed in position in such way that each batch almost like the other
batches as far as possible.

Batch mixer

is most commonly used and consisting of a revolving drum

withblades or baffles inside it. In batch mixer, all the material of desiredproportioned mix
are fed into the hopper of the revolving drum on being rotated at a certain speed mixes the
material with the aid of a series of blades providing inside, the resulting mix is finally
discharged from the drum and conveyed for used

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Transporting the concrete

Transporting the concrete mix is defined as the transferring of concrete from

themixing plant to the construction site. Keep in mind that not all concrete ismixed on the
actual construction site and could require some significant travel. This is most common
for ready mixed concrete. The main objective in
transportingconcrete is to ensure that the water cement ratio, slump or consistency, air
content, homogeneity is not modified from there intended states. The concrete transport
commonly by the steel pipes

Placing and finishing of concrete

Mixing, transporting, and handling of concrete should be carefully coordinated with placing and
finishing operations. Concrete should not be deposited more
rapidlythan it can be spread, struck off, consolidation, and bull floated. Concreteshould be
deposited continuously as near as possible to its final position. In slab construction,
placing should be started along the perimeter at one end of

the work with each batch placed against previously dispatched concrete.
Concreteshould not be dumped in separate piles and then leveled and worked together; norshou
ld the concrete be deposited in large piles and moved horizontally into final position

Consolidation

In some types of construction, the concrete is placed in forms, and thenconsolidated. The consol
idation
compacts fresh concrete to mold it within theforms and around embedded items and reinforcem
ent and to eliminate stonepockets, honeycomb and entrapped air. It should not remove significa
nt amountof intentionally entrained air.

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Vibration

either internal or external is the most widely used

method forconsolidating concrete. When concrete is vibrated, the internal friction betweenthe a
ggregate particles is temporarily destroyed and the concrete behave like liquid; it settles in
the forms under the action of gravity and the
largeentrapped air voids rise more easily to the surface. Internal friction isreestablished as soon
as vibration stops.

Finishing

Concrete that will be visible, such as slab like driveway, highway or patios often
need finishing. Concrete slabs can be finished in many ways, depending on the intended
service use. Options include various colours and textures, such as exposed aggregate or
a patterned stamped surface. Some surface may require only
strike off and screening to proper contour and elevation, while for other surface a
boomed, floated, or trowelled finish may be specified. In slab construction screening or strike
off is the process of cutting off excess concrete to bring the top surface of the slab to proper
grade. A straight edge is
moved acrossthe concrete with a sawing motion and advanced forward a short distance witheac
h movement.

Bull floating eliminates high and low spots and embeds large aggregate particles immediately
after strike off. This look like a long handled straight edge pulled across
the concrete. Joining is required to eliminate unsightly random cracks. Construction joints are
made with a groove or by inserting strips of plastic, wood, metal, or performed joints
material into the unhardened concrete. Saw cut joints can be made
after theconcrete is sufficiently hard or strong enough to prevent the reveling. Afterthe concrete
has been jointed it should be floated with a wood or metal handfloat or with
a finishing machine using float blades. This
embeds aggregateparticles just beneath the surface; removes slight imperfections, humps, andv
oids; and compacts the mortar at the surface in preparation for addition finishing operations.
Where a smooth, hard, dense surface is desired, floating
shouldbe followed by steel troweling. Troweling should not be done on aSurface that has not

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been floated; trowelling after only bull floating is not an adequate finish

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procedure.
FORMWORK

‘Temporary Supporting Structure’

are those structures, which are temporarily required inbuilding construction either
for supporting the laying of concrete till it gets matured, such as
formwork or forms or shuttering. As fresh concrete is in a plastic state, when it is
placed for construction purposes, so it becomes necessary to provide some
temporary structure to confine and support the concrete, till it gains sufficient
strength for self-supporting. The temporary structure is known as Formwork or
shuttering.

Requirement of the formwork

God forms for concrete structure should satisfy the following requirements;
(1) It should be strong enough to resist the pressure or the weight of the fresh
concrete and the superimposed loads due to equipment, men etc. This requires
careful design of formwork, because the consideration of overloads will affects
the economy whereas of under loads may cause failure of the forms work.
(2) It should be rigid enough to retain the shape without undue deformation.
(3) It must be made or constructed so light that it does not allow the cement paste
to leak through the joints.
(4) The inside surface of the formwork should be smooth so as to give good
appearance to the resulting concrete surface. To achieve this, the inside surface of
formwork is usually applied with crude oil or soft soap solution. This also
facilitates the removal of the formwork.
(5) The entire formwork should be so made that it can be removed easily without
causing the least injury to the surface or edges of the concrete.
(6) It should be made economical by reducing the cost through proper design,
construction and use of formwork.

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Curing of concrete

Curing is one of the most important steps in concrete construction, because proper
curing greatly increases concrete strength and durability. Concrete hardened as a
result of hydration: the chemical reaction between cement and water. However,
hydration occurs only if water is available and if the concrete temperature stays
within a suitable range. During the curing period from five to seven days after
placement for conventional concrete the concrete surface needs to be kept moist to
permit the hydration process. New concrete can be wet with soaking hoses,
sprinklers or covered with wet burlap, or can be coated with commercially
available curing compounds, which seal in moisture. After concrete is placed,
a satisfactory moisture contents and temperature (between 50º F and75º F) must be
maintained, process called curing. Adequate curing is vital to quality concrete.
Curing has a strong influence on the properties of hardened concrete such as
durability, strength, water tightness, abrasion resistance, volume, stability and
resistance to freezing and thawing and dicer salts. Exposed slab surfaces are
especially sensitive to curing. Surface strength development can be reduced
significantly when curing is defective. Curing the concrete aids, the chemical
reaction called hydration. Most freshly mixed concrete contains considerably more
water than is required for complete hydration of the cement; however, any
appreciable loss of water by evaporation or by otherwise will delay or prevent the
hydration. If temperature is favourable, hydration is relatively rapid the first few
days after concrete I s placed; retaining water during this period is important. Good
curing means evaporation should be prevented or reduced.

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