QUESTION 1

𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 , 0 < 𝑡 < 3
Given 𝑓(𝑡) = {
2, 𝑡 > 3

a) Find L {f(t)} using the definition of Laplace Transform

𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 , 0<𝑡<3
f (t) = {
2 , 𝑡>3
∞
ℒ {𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
3 ∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 2 ∫3 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
3 ∞
=∫0 𝑡𝑒 (−𝑠𝑡+2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + 2 ∫3 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
3 ∞
=∫0 𝑡𝑒 −(𝑠−2)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 2 ∫3 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
u dv
t + 𝑒 −(𝑠−2)𝑡
𝑒 −(𝑠−2)𝑡
1 −
- (𝑠−2)

𝑒 −(𝑠−2)𝑡
0 +
(𝑠−2)2

3 𝑚
𝑡𝑒 −(𝑠−2)𝑡 𝑒 −(𝑠−2)𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= [− − 2
] + 2 lim [− ]
(𝑠−2) (𝑠−2) 0 𝑚→∞ 𝑠 3

3𝑒 −(𝑠−2)3 𝑒 −(𝑠−2)3 1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑚 𝑒 −3𝑠

=([− − 2
] − [0 − 2
]) − (2 lim [− + ])
(𝑠−2) (𝑠−2) (𝑠−2) 𝑚→∞ 𝑠 𝑠

3𝑒 −(𝑠−2)3 𝑒 −(𝑠−2)3 1 𝑒 −3𝑠

=− (𝑠−2)
− (𝑠−2)2
+ (𝑠−2)2 − [2 (0 + )]
𝑠

3𝑒 −(𝑠−2)3 𝑒 −(𝑠−2)3 1 2𝑒 −3𝑠

=− (𝑠−2)
− (𝑠−2)2
+ (𝑠−2)2 −
𝑠

b) Express f (t) in terms of unit step function and hence, use the second shifting
property of Laplace transform to find 𝓛 {𝒇(𝒕)}.

f (t) = te2t [ U (t-0) – U (t-3) ] + 2[U((t-3)]

= te2t U(t) + (2- te2t)U(t-3)
= te2t Ut + (2- te2t)U(t-3)
f (t) = te2t Ut + (2- te2t)U(t-3)
1
ℒ {𝑓(𝑡)} = + 𝑒 −3𝑠 (2 − (𝑡+3) 𝑒 2𝑡 )
(𝑠−2)2
1
= + 𝑒 −3𝑠 (2 − 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 +3𝑒 2𝑡 )
(𝑠−2)2
1 2 1 3
= + 𝑒 −3𝑠 ( − + )
(𝑠−2)2 𝑠 (𝑠−2)2 𝑠−2
QUESTION 2

𝑡
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐿 { 𝑒 −2𝑡 ∫ 𝑢𝑒 5𝑢 𝑑𝑢 }
0

𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:
1
= 𝐿 { 𝑡𝑒 5𝑡 } =
𝑠2
1
=
(𝑠 − 5)2

𝑡
1 1
= 𝐿 { ∫ 𝑢𝑒 5𝑢 𝑑𝑢 } = ∙[ ]
0 𝑠 (𝑠 − 5)2
1
=
𝑠(𝑠 − 5)2

𝑡
−2𝑡
1 1
=𝐿 {𝑒 ∫ 𝑢𝑒 5𝑢 𝑑𝑢 } = ∙[ ]
0 (𝑠 + 2) (𝑠 − 3)2
QUESTION 3

5
Find the inverse Laplace transform of G(s) = (𝑠2 +9)2 by using

a) Properties of inverse Laplace transform

5
ℒ −1 { } = 𝑭(𝒕)
(𝑠 2 + 9)2

𝟏
ℒ −1 {𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕
𝟑
1
F(s) = 𝑠2 +9

𝑑 1
=ℒ −1 {𝑑𝑠 𝑠2 +9}

𝑑
=ℒ −1 {𝑑𝑠 (𝑠 2 + 9)−1 }

= ℒ −1 {(−1)(𝑠 2 + 9)−2 (2𝑠)}

−2𝑠
= ℒ −1 {(𝑠2 +9)2 }

−2𝑠
ℒ −1 {(𝑠2 +9)2 } = -1tf(t)

−2𝑠 −𝑡
ℒ −1 {(𝑠2 +9)2 } = sin 3𝑡
3

−2𝑠 5 1 𝑡
5/2{ℒ −1 𝑠(𝑠2 +9)2 } = 2 (3) ∫0 𝑢 sin 3𝑢 𝑑𝑢

5 5 𝑡
ℒ −1 {(𝑠2 +9)2 } = 6 ∫0 𝑢 sin 3𝑢 𝑑𝑢
 U V

U sin 3u

1 –cos3u/3

0 –sin 3u/9

𝑡
5 5 −𝑢 cos 3𝑢 sin 3𝑢
ℒ −1 { 2 } = [[
+ ]
(𝑠2 +9) 6 3 9
0

5 −𝑡 cos 3𝑡 sin 3𝑡
= 6 [[ + ]
3 9
−5𝑡 cos 3𝑡 5 sin 3𝑡
= +
18 54
QUESTION 4

(6𝑠−4)𝑒 −π𝑠
Solve ℒ −1 { 𝑠2 −4𝑠+20 }

(6𝑠−4)𝑒 −𝛱𝑠
ℒ −1 { 𝑠2 −4𝑠+20 } = f(t-π) u(t- π)
(6𝑠−4) 6(𝑠−2)
ℒ −1 {𝑠2 −4𝑠+20} = ℒ −1 {(𝑠−22 )+16}
6(𝑠−2) 8
= ℒ −1 {(𝑠−22 )+16 + (𝑠−22 )+16}

𝟔(𝐬−𝟐)
6 ℒ −1 { }
(𝐬−𝟐𝟐 )+𝟏𝟔
(𝑠−2)
= F(s-2) = {(𝑠−22 )+16}
𝑠 𝑠
= F(s) = {𝑠2 +16} = {𝑠2 +42 }

= f(t) = cos 4t
6(𝑠−2)
= 6 ℒ −1 {(𝑠−22 )+16} = 6𝑒 2𝑡 cos 4t

𝟖
ℒ −1 {(𝐬−𝟐𝟐 )+𝟏𝟔}
𝟏
=8.{ }
(𝐬−𝟐𝟐 )+𝟏𝟔
4
= F(s-2) = {(s−22 )+42 }
4
= f(s) = {𝑠2 +42 }

= f(t) = 2 sin 4t
8
ℒ −1 {(s−22 )+16} = 𝑒 2𝑡 2 sin 4t
(6s−4)
ℒ −1 {s2 −4s+20} = 6e2t cos 4t + e2t 2 sin 4t
(6s−4)e−πs
ℒ −1 { s2 −4s+20 } = [6e2(t−π) cos 4(t-π) + e2(t−π) 2 sin 4(t-π)] 4(t-π)

= 2e2(t−π) [3 cos 4(t-π) + 2 sin 4(t-π)] 4(t-π)

QUESTION 5

Given the following system of differential equation

𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 − 2𝑦
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= 5𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑑𝑡

With the conditions 𝑥(0) = 2 and 𝑦(0) = −2. Solve the system for 𝑦(𝑡)

𝑑𝑥
− 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
− 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑡
ℒ{𝑥 ′ } − 4ℒ{𝑥} + 2ℒ{𝑦} = 0
𝑠𝑥̅ − 2 − 4𝑥̅ + 2𝑦̅ = 0
𝑥̅ (𝑠 − 4) + 2𝑦̅ = 2
ℒ{𝑦 ′ } − 5ℒ{𝑥} − 2ℒ{𝑦} = 0
𝑠𝑦̅ + 2 − 5𝑥̅ − 2𝑦̅ = 0
𝑦̅(𝑠 − 2) + 5𝑥̅ = −2

Using Cramer’s Rule;

𝑠−4 2 𝑥̅ 2
[ ][ ] = [ ]
−5 𝑠 − 2 𝑦̅ −2
𝑠−4 2
[ ] = 𝑠 2 − 6𝑠 + 18
−5 𝑠 − 2
𝐴 = (𝑠 − 4)(𝑠 − 2) − (2)(−5)
𝐴 = 𝑠 2 − 6𝑠 + 18
𝐴 = (𝑠 − 3)2 + 9
𝑠−4 2
[ ]
𝑦̅ = | 2−5 −2 |
𝑠 − 6𝑠 + 18

−2𝑠 + 18
𝑦̅ = | 2 |
𝑠 − 6𝑠 + 18
𝑦(𝑡) = ℒ −1 {𝑦̅}
−2𝑠 + 18
= ℒ −1 { }
𝑠2
− 6𝑠 + 18
−2𝑠 + 18
= ℒ −1 { }
(𝑠 − 3)2 + 9
 −2(𝑠 − 3) + 12
= ℒ −1 { }
(𝑠 − 3)2 + 9
−2(𝑠 − 3) 12
= ℒ −1 { 2
} + ℒ −1 { }
(𝑠 − 3) + 9 (𝑠 − 3)2 + 9
= −2𝑒 3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 4𝑒 3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
QUESTION 6

2 − 2𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
Consider the periodic function f (x)= { , f(x+4) = f(x)
2𝑥 − 6, 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4

a) Sketch the graph of f (x) on the interval -5≤ 𝑥 ≤ 8. Hence, determine whether the
function is even, odd or neither.
Solution:
For f (x)= 2-2x for f (x) = 2x-6
When x=0 when x=2
y= 2-2(0) y=2(2)-6
=2 = -2
When x=2 when x=4
y=2-2(2) y=2(4)-6
= -2 =2

The function is neither odd nor even function.

b) Hence, write f (x) in a Fourier series

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
f(x)= + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin
2 𝐿 𝐿

1 𝐿
a0 = 𝐿 ∫−𝐿 𝑓𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2 4
=2 [∫0 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + ∫2 2𝑥 − 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
2
1 2𝑥 2 2𝑥 2 4
=2 [2𝑥 − + − 6𝑥 2
2 0 2
1
=2 [(4 − 4) − 0] + [(16 − 24) − 0]
1
=2 (−8)

a0 = -4

1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
an = 𝐿 ∫−𝐿 𝑓𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥
𝐿
1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 4 𝑛𝜋𝑥
=2 ∫0 2 − 2𝑥 cos + ∫2 2𝑥 − 6 cos 𝑑𝑥
2 2

u v u
𝑛𝜋𝑥
2-2x + cos + 2x-6
2
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
-2 - sin - 2
𝜋𝑛 2
4 𝑛𝜋𝑥
0 − 𝑛2 𝜋2 cos 0
2

1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 4 2 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 4 4

=2 [(2 − 2𝑥) 𝑛𝜋 sin ] – 2 (cos (𝑛2 𝜋2 ] + [(2𝑥 − 6) 𝑛𝜋 sin ] – 2 (cos (𝑛 2 𝜋 2 ]
2 2 0 2 2 2
1 2 𝑛𝜋(2) 𝑛𝜋(2) 4 2 8
= 2 [(2 − 2(2) 𝑛𝜋 sin ] – 2 (cos (𝑛2 𝜋2 ] − (0 − 𝑛2 𝜋2) ]+
2 2 0
2 𝑛𝜋(4) 𝑛𝜋4 4 4 2 𝑛𝜋2
[(2(4) − 6) sin ] – 2 (cos (𝑛2 𝜋2 ] - [(2(2) − 6) 𝑛𝜋 sin ]–
𝑛𝜋 2 2 2 2

𝑛𝜋2 4 4
2 (cos ( ]
2 𝑛2 𝜋 2 2
1 −4 8 8 4 8 4
= [ sin 𝑛𝜋 − cos 𝑛𝜋 + 𝑛2 𝜋2 + 𝑛𝜋 sin 2𝑛𝜋 + cos 2𝑛𝜋 + sin 𝑛𝜋 +
2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋
8
cos 𝑛𝜋 ]
𝑛2 𝜋 2
4 2 4
= 𝑛2 𝜋 2 + 𝑛𝜋
sin 2𝑛𝜋 + 𝑛2 𝜋2 cos 2𝑛𝜋
 1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
bn = 𝐿 ∫−𝐿 𝑓𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥
𝐿
1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 4 𝑛𝜋𝑥
=2 ∫0 2 − 2𝑥 sin + ∫2 2𝑥 − 6 sin 𝑑𝑥
2 2

u v u
𝑛𝜋𝑥
2-2x + sin + 2x-6
2
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
-2 - − 𝜋𝑛 cos - 2
2
4 𝑛𝜋𝑥
0 − 𝑛2 𝜋2 sin 0
2

1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥2 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥4

=2 [(2 − 2𝑥) − 𝑛𝜋 cos ] – 2 (sin ] + [(2𝑥 − 6) 𝑛𝜋 cos ] – 2 (sin ]
2 2 0 2 2 2

1 2 𝑛𝜋(2) 𝑛𝜋(2)2 4 2 𝑛𝜋(4)

= 2 [(2 − 2(2) − 𝑛𝜋 cos ] – 2 (sin ] − (𝑛𝜋 − 0) ] - [(2(4) − 6) 𝑛𝜋 cos ]–
2 2 0 2

𝑛𝜋44 2 𝑛𝜋2 𝑛𝜋2 4

2 (sin ] - [(2(2) − 6) 𝑛𝜋 cos ] +2 (sin ( ]
2 2 2 2 2

−2 4
= 𝑛𝜋 − 𝑛𝜋 cos 2𝑛𝜋 + sin 2𝑛𝜋

4 2 4 𝑛𝜋𝑥 −2 4
f(x)= −2 + ∑∞
𝑛=1( + sin 2𝑛𝜋 + cos 2𝑛𝜋 ) cos +( − cos 2𝑛𝜋 +
𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑛𝜋𝑥
sin 2𝑛𝜋) sin 2
QUESTION 7
The wave form of a periodic function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is given by the following data.
x° 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
y 1.5 2.2 4.3 7.0 9.0 9.0 5.2 4.5 5.7 6.0 4.5 2.2

Given that∑ 𝑦𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑟 = −14.531 and ∑ 𝑦𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑟 = −6.928, find the Fourier series for f(x)
in the standard form, up to the second harmonic. All calculations must be in three decimal
places.

Given: ∑ 𝑦𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑟 = −14.531, ∑ 𝑦𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑟 = −6.928

Xor yr yr sinxr yr cos2xr
0 1.5 0.000 1.500
30 2.2 1.100 1.100
60 4.3 3.724 -2.150
90 7.0 7.000 -7.000
120 9.0 7.794 -4.500
150 9.0 4.500 4.500
180 5.2 0.000 5.200
210 4.5 -2.250 2.250
240 5.7 -4.936 -2.850
270 6.0 -6.000 -6.000
300 4.5 -3.897 -2.250
330 2.2 1.100 1.100
∑ yr = 61.100 ∑ yr sinxr = 8.135 ∑ yr cos2xr = -9.100

1 1
ao = 6 ∑ 𝑦𝑟 co = 2 𝑎𝑜 c1 = √𝑎1 2 + 𝑏1 2
1 1
= 6 𝑥 61.100 =2 𝑥 10.183 = √(−2.422)2 + (1.356)2

= 10.183 = 5.092 = 2.776

1 1 𝑎1
a1 = 6 ∑ 𝑦𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑟 b1 = 6 ∑ 𝑦𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑟 α1 = tan−1
𝑏1
1 1 −2.442
= 6 𝑥(−14.531) = 6 𝑥(8.135) = tan−1
1.356
 = -2.442 = 1.356 = 60.757°
= 360°-60.757° = 299.243°
1 1
ao = 6 ∑ 𝑦𝑟 co = 2 𝑎𝑜 c2 = √𝑎2 2 + 𝑏2 2
1 1
= 6 𝑥 61.100 =2 𝑥 10.183 = √(−1.517)2 + (−1.155)2

= 10.183 = 5.092 = 1.907

1 1 𝑎2
a2 = 6 ∑ 𝑦𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑟 b2 = 6 ∑ 𝑦𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑟 α2 = tan−1
𝑏2

1 1 −1.517
= 6 𝑥(−9.100) = 6 𝑥(−6.928) = tan−1
−1.155
= -1.517 = -1.155 = 52.715°
= 180°+ 52.715° = 232.715°

Hence f(x) = co+ c1 sin(x+α1) + c2 sin (2x+α2)

= 5.092 + 2.776 sin(x+299.243°) + 1.907 sin (2x+232.715°)
QUESTION 8
A uniform string stretched between the fixed points (0.0) and (2π,0) is given by the following
𝜕𝑢
initial displacement u(x,0) =3 and initial velocity (𝑥, 0) for 0 < x < 2π. Find its subsequent
𝜕𝑡
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
displacement as a function of x and t if the vibration of the string is given by 9 𝜕𝑥 2 = .
𝜕𝑡 2

2 boundary conditions;
𝑈(0, 𝑡) = 0
𝑈(2𝜋, 𝑡) = 0

2 initial conditions;
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
9 =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡 2
𝑈(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑈𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑔(𝑥) = 0

𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝑼(𝑿, 𝑻) = 𝑿(𝒙)𝑻(𝒕)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑋′𝑇 = 𝑋𝑇′
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2𝑢 ′ 𝜕 2𝑢
2
= 𝑋′ 𝑇 = 𝑋𝑇′′
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 2
9𝑋 ′′ 𝑇 = 𝑋𝑇 ′′
𝑋 ′′ 𝑇 ′′
= = −α2
𝑋 9𝑇
Solve for x;
𝑋 ′′
= −α2
𝑋
𝑋 ′′ = −α2 𝑋
𝑋 ′′ + α2 𝑋 = 0
𝑟 2 + α2 = 0
𝑟 2 = −α2

𝑟 = √−α2 𝑖
𝑟 = α𝑖
∴ 𝑋(0) = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠α𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛α𝑥

Rewrite for T;

𝑇 ′′
= −α2
9𝑇
𝑇 ′′ = −9α2
𝑇 ′′ + 9α2 = 0
𝑟 2 + 9α2 = 0
𝑟 2 = −9α2

𝑟 = √−9α2

𝑟 = √9α2 𝑖
𝑟 = 3α𝑖
∴ 𝑇(𝑡) = 𝐶3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3α𝑡 + 𝐶4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3α𝑡

Solve ODE for both boundary;

𝑈(0, 𝑡) = 0
𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑋(𝑥)𝑇(𝑡)
𝑋(0) = 0
0 = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠α𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛α𝑥
0
0 = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠α(0) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛α𝑥
𝐶1 = 0
∴ 𝑋(𝑥) = 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛α𝑥
𝑈(2𝜋, 𝑡) = 0
𝑥(2𝜋) = 0
0 = 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛α𝑥
= 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2α𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋𝛼𝐶2 = 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋𝛼 = 0
2𝜋𝛼 = 𝑛𝜋
𝑛𝜋
𝛼=
2𝜋
𝑛
𝛼=
2

Rewrite;
𝑋(𝑥) = 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛α𝑥
𝑛
= 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2
3 3
𝑇(𝑡) = 𝐶3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑡 + 𝐶4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑡
2 2

𝑈(𝑋, 𝑇) = 𝑋(𝑥)𝑇(𝑡)
∞
𝑛 3 3
= ∑ [𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥] [𝐶3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑡 + 𝐶4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑡]
2 2 2
𝑛=1
∞
3 𝑛 3 𝑛
= ∑ [𝐴𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥]
2 2 2 2
𝑛=1
∞
3 3 𝑛
= ∑ [𝐴𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑡 ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2 2 2
𝑛=1
Using Superposition Principle;
∞
3 3 𝑛
𝑈(𝑋, 𝑇) = ∑ [𝐴𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑡 ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2 2 2
𝑛=1

Initial condition;

𝑈(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑈𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑔(𝑥) = 0
∞
3 3 3 3 𝑛
𝑈𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = ∑ [− 𝐴𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑡] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2 2 2 2 2
𝑛=1
1
3 0 3
∞
3 3 𝑛
𝑈𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = ∑ [− 𝐴𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑡] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2 2 2 2 2
𝑛=1
∞
3 𝑛
= ∑ [ 𝑛𝐵𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥]
2 2
𝑛=1

Fourier Sine Series

3 2 2𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑛𝐵𝑛 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
2 2𝜋 0 2𝜋
𝐵𝑛 = 0
∞
3 3 𝑛
𝑈(𝑥, 0) = ∑ [𝐴𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑡] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2 2 2
𝑛=1
∞
3 1 3 0 𝑛
= ∑ [𝐴𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛(0) + 𝐵𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛(0)] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2 2 2
𝑛=1
∞
𝑛
= ∑ [𝐴𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥]
2
𝑛=1
 2 2𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝐴𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 0 2𝜋
1 2𝜋 1
𝐴𝑛 = ∫ 3 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 2
3 2𝜋 1
𝐴𝑛 = ∫ sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 2
3 2 𝑛 2𝜋
= [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥]
𝜋 𝑛 2 0
3 2 𝑛 2 𝑛 2
= [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝜋)] − [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (0)]
𝑛 𝑛 2 𝑛 2
3 2 2
= [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + ]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛
6 6
=− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 +
𝜋𝑛 𝜋𝑛
6
= [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + 1]
𝜋𝑛
∞
6 3 𝑛
∴ 𝑈(𝑋, 𝑇) = ∑ [ (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + 1)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑡)] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝜋𝑛 2 2
𝑛=1