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Chapter # 1
INTRODUCING GEOGRAPHY
Answer the following questions
1) Why our Earth is called the Blue Marble?
Because of its big beautiful ocean. Looking at our Earth from space it is obvious that we live on a
water planet. Ocean covers over 70% of the Earth’s surface and contains about 97% of the
Earth’s surface water.

Our Earth, the Blue Marble

2) Define “GEOGRAPHY” & its main types.

Geography is the study of our planet Earth, its land and the people living on it.
a. Physical Geography – All about our planet Earth
b. Human Geography – Our activities on planet Earth
c. Environmental Geography – Close connections between us and our surroundings

3) What are the main areas of study in physical geography?

In physical geography we study about physical features of the landscape, weather and climate
and natural vegetation and soil.

4) Physical geography is divided into three main areas of study. Describe

Physical geography is divided into three main areas of study.

Physical features of the landscape

 Relief refers to the height and shape of the land. Mountains, plateaus and plains are the
Earth's major relief features.
 Drainage includes natural water bodies such as rivers, lakes and swamps.

Weather and Climate

 Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at any given time.
 Climate is the average weather conditions recorded at a particular place over many years.
The record can be over a period of more than 30 years.

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Natural vegetation and soil

 Natural vegetation refers to the trees and plants that grow in areas. Undisturbed by people.
 Soil is the top layer of loose earth in which plants grow.

5) Describe the main areas of study in Human Geography.

There are three main areas of study in Human Geography:
i) Population: this refers to the people who live in a particular place or country
ii) Settlement: It is an area where people set up their homes and businesses
iii) Economic activity: this is what people do to make a living. Working in the agriculture
and industrial sectors are examples of economic activities.

6) What is being focused in environmental geography?

In environmental geography, we focused on how human activities such as mining of minerals,
agriculture, industry and settlement have brought about changes to the environment like
pollution and climate change.

7) What do you need in the study of geography?

Make use of your sense of sight, touch, smell, and hearing and even, taste! Ask questions and
observe the world around you. You will be surprised at how much there is to learn about this
wonderful world that we live in!

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Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which one of the following statements best describes the study of Geography?
A) It is about man and the activities he is engaged in.
B) It is about man and the Earth in which he lives.*
C) It is about man and his immediate atmosphere.
D) It is about man and how he uses the Earth’s natural resources.
2. The study of Geography is useful in that it helps _______________.
A) in the use of the Earth’s resources
B) people to adjust to changing environments
C) in understanding the relationship between people and the environment *
D) in planning the development of land
3. Which one of the following statements about the physical environment is correct?
A) It is the result of the interaction of the physical and the human environments.
B) It includes the physical and the human features.
C) It is natural and is a result of natural processes.*
D) It is the environment that cannot be changed.
4. In environmental Geography, we learn about _______________.
A) the close connection between people from all parts of the world
B) how closely linked human activities and the physical environment are
C) how human activities bring about changes to the environment *
D) how humans respond to the physical environment
5. Which one of the following is not a physical feature?
A) Mount Everest
B) The Amazon rainforest
C) Grand Canyon
D) Aspen ski resort *
6. Which one of the following is a human feature?
 Mangrove swamp
 Pineapple plantation *
 Desert
 Tropical rainforest
7. All of the following are the result of man’s actions except _______________.
A) deforestation
B) pollution
C) earthquake *
D) city building

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Chapter # 2
OUR HOME: THE EARTH
1) Define the terms:
a. Big Bang
The Big Bang was a massive heat explosion that started the universe 15 billion years ago.

b. Galaxy
A galaxy is a huge collection of gas, dust, and billions of stars and their solar system held
together by gravity.

P.s. You are one of the billions of people on our Earth. Our Earth orbits the Sun in our Solar
System. Our Sun is one star among the billions in the Milky Way Galaxy. Our Milky Way
Galaxy is one among the billions of galaxies in our Universe. You are unique in the Universe!

c. Milky Way
The Milky Way is the Galaxy in which we live. It is a spiral shaped galaxy that contains
several hundred billion stars, including our Sun.

Milky Way Galaxy

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2) There are three categories of galaxies grouped according to their shape. Describe.
 Spiral - They look like flat disks and bulges in their centers.

Spiral Galaxy

 Elliptical - They are more rounded, often longer in one direction.

Elliptical Galaxy

 Irregular - They appear neither disk-like nor rounded.

Irregular Galaxy

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3) What factor affects the temperature of a planet?

The surface temperature of a planet decreases with increasing distance from the sun. The
further away a planet is from the Sun, the lower the average temperature. The planets that are
further away from the sun have temperatures that are negative. This means that the
temperatures are below the freezing point. Neptune, the planet furthest away from the Sun,
has an average temperature of -214ᵒC while Mercury, which is nearest to the Sun, has an
average temperature of 400ᵒC.

The hottest planet in the Solar System

4) Explain why Earth supports life.

 It gets the right amount of sunlight from the Sun.
 It has an atmosphere that helps absorb heat from the Sun so that it will not be too hot. The
atmosphere also helps to prevent the loss of heat at night. That keeps it warm.
 It also has water that all living things need.

5) Explain the significance of temperature for the life on Earth.

Plants, animals and humans need suitable temperatures to survive. Earth receives the right
amount of sunlight and heat from the sun, which make the temperatures suitable for plants,
animals and humans. The Earth's atmosphere also helps to absorb heat from the sun. This
means that not all the heat from the sun reaches the Earth. This prevents it from getting too hot
in the day. At night, it is kept warm, as the atmosphere prevents the heat from being lost into
space. Unlike Earth. Mercury Is not suitable for living things, as it can be as cold as -175ᵒC and as
hot as 400ᵒC.

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6) State the difference between the oceans and the continents.

The difference between continents and oceans is that the ocean is a large water body which
covers 70% of the earth’s surface, whereas a continent is a huge landmass whose borders are
defined by oceans.

Oceans & Continents of the world

7) What are asteroid belts? Describe

The asteroid belt is a region of space between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where most of the
asteroids in our Solar System are found orbiting the Sun. The asteroid belt probably contains
millions of asteroids. The asteroids in the asteroid belt come in a variety of sizes. Some are very
small (less than a mile across), while others are quite large. The largest asteroid is called Ceres.
It is about one-quarter the size of our moon. It is a dwarf planet.

Asteroid Belt Ceres (Dwarf Planet)

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8) Describe in detail the structure of the Earth.

The Earth is not one solid mass. It is made up of three basic layers: the core, the mantle and the
crust.

Internal Structure of the Earth

The Core
The core forms the center of the Earth. It is solid and the temperatures here can be as high as
5,000ᵒC.
The Mantle
The next layer is the semi-liquid layer called the mantle. The temperatures here can reach
2,000ᵒC. The pieces of the Earth's crust float on the mantle. The mantle is very hot and the heat
causes convection currents that cause the plates to move.

The convection currents within the Earth's crust

The Crust
The crust is the outermost layer. It is solid and varies in thickness from 5 to 70 kilometers. It is
not a continuous layer but is broken into many pieces. These pieces float on the semi-liquid
mantle and are continuously moving. These pieces of the Earth’s crust are called 'crustal plates’.

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9) What are crustal plates and why are they continuously moving?
Crustal plates form the outer layer of the Earth. There are seven major plates and many smaller
plates. These tectonic plates are formed from the Earth's crust and uppermost part of the
mantle.
The pieces of the Earth's crust float on the mantle. The mantle is very hot and the heat causes
convection currents that cause the plates to move.

The convection currents within the Earth's crust

10) What does the word Pangaea mean? Illustrate with the help of diagram
Pangaea is a hypothetical supercontinent that included all current land masses, believed to have
been in existence before the continents broke apart during the Triassic and Jurassic Periods.
An example of Pangaea is a massive continent that contained Eurasia, North America, India,
Australia, Antarctica, Africa and South America.
The Earth's outer layer is broken into great pieces called crustal plates. Scientists believed that
once, these pieces of the Earth's crust were joined together to form a huge land mass called—
Pangaea. ‘Pangaea’ means 'all land' in Greek.

The supercontinent called Pangaea

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11) What is Continental Drift Theory?

Continental drift is the theory that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time
relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed.
Alfred Wegener was the first person who proposed that the separate pieces of the Earth's crust
were once a huge land mass and they gradually moved apart. He called this theory the
Continental Drift Theory'.

Continental Drift

12) What is Mid-Atlantic Ridge? Describe.

Scientists found out more about the internal structure of the Earth when they were studying
the oceans and the sea floor in the 1940s and 1950s. The discovery of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
was the most significant to show that the continents have moved. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a
submerged mountain range from the Arctic to the southern tip of Africa. The ridge is an area of
active volcanic activities. Magma rises from the ridge to form new crust.

Mid Atlantic Ridge

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13) What evidences were put forward to prove that the Continents fit like a jigsaw puzzle?
Fossils
Fossils of plants and reptiles were found in Africa and South America. This proves that these two
continents were once close to each other or were even joined together, allowing animals like
reptiles to travel from one continent to the other easily.
Minerals and rocks
Scientists have matched rocks and minerals from continents thought to have been separated.
The rocks and minerals have been found to be the same although they are taken from different
continents that are separated by oceans.
Coal distribution
Coal can be found buried under the thick layer of snow and ice in the Antarctica although coal
can only be formed in warm and wet conditions. Coal is a fossil fuel formed millions of years ago
from trees, moss and other vegetation. These plants were covered by layers of soil and rock.
The pressure and heat gradually changed these buried plants into coal. The presence of coal in
the cold and dry Antarctica means that the Antarctica was once together with the other
continents as part of Pangaea and was in a hot and wet region. Coal was formed before the
Antarctic plate drifted away to its present location.

Continents fit like jigsaw puzzle

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14) What proves that continents were once a huge landmass and has now drifted apart?
OR
What evidence supports the theory of Continental Drift?
 Puzzle like fit of continents
 Matching plant and animal fossils on different continents
 Matching rock types and ages on different continents
 Climate clues- tropical plant fossils in Antarctica and glacier evidence in Africa suggest the
continents were not always at their present latitudes

15) Why the Earth is considered a fragile planet?

The word fragile means “an object that can be easily broken or damaged.
For a long time, when there were not many people on the Earth, few people gave any thought
to the fact that the resources it has may be used up one day. However, as the world's
population increases, more resources are needed and they are being used up rapidly. The
Earth's resources are limited but human needs, are always Increasing. Most of the resources
either take a long time to replenish or once used cannot be replaced. Coal and oil, for example,
take millions of years to form. We need to plan carefully how we use these resources so that
they can last a long time. We need to realize that our Earth is fragile.
Besides taking the Earth's resources, humans have also dramatically changed the environment
on the Earth. With a larger population, large areas of land have been cleared to grow food and
build homes, roads and factories. Huge amount of waste has also resulted. This waste has found
its way into the land, water and air on the Earth. All these have caused much destruction to the
environment. There is air, water and land pollution in many parts of the world, it is very difficult
to correct the damage that is done to the environment but we can help to reduce further
destruction.

Give scientific reasons of the following

1) What leads to the acceptance of Continental Drift theory?
The sea floor spreads away from the ridge causing the continents to move apart. The sea floor
spreads about 2.5 centimeters per year in an east-west direction. This discovery led to the
general acceptance of Wegener's Continental Drift Theory.

2) Since the crustal plates are moving continuously. Why don’t we feel the movement?
Since the crustal plates are moving continuously in relation to one another but this movement
is not felt because it is very gradual.

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Multiple Choice Questions

1. The connection between people and the earth is best shown by _______________.
A) the type of soil affecting the crops that farmers grow *
B) family size and the type of housing
C) the choice of holidays and the earning of the family
D) the different levels of development and the climate
2. The earth is suitable for living things because it has all of the following except that it has
_______________.
A) an atmosphere
B) water
C) the right temperature
D) natural vegetation *
3. What is “Pangea”?
A) It is a huge land mass formed by all the continents of the world. *
B) It is the earth’s crust that is broken up due to earthquakes.
C) It is the largest continent of the world.
D) It is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
4. Which one of the following is evidence that the continents have drifted apart?
A) The fossils found in different continents are the same. *
B) The plants and animals in different continents match.
C) Coal is found in different continents.
D) The presence of the same type of rock layers on different continents.

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Fill in the Blanks

1. The sun is just one of the billions of ______________________ within the Milky Way Galaxy
2. The ________________ came from the matter that was left behind during the sun’s formation
3. The solar system consists of the ___________________ and _________________.
4. Venus rotates at a speed of _____________________________km/h
5. The earth rotates at a speed of _______________________km/h and takes only
_____________ hours to rotate on its own axis.
6. A day on Saturn is equal to ___________ earth days.
7. The earth is about ___________________ million kilometers from the sun.
8. The earth is the __________________ planet and the ________________ is largest planet in the
solar system.
9. The further away a planet is from the sun, the _______________________ the average
temperature.
10. The planet furthest away from the sun is ______________________ while the planet nearest to
the sun is _______________________.
11. __________________ % of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. However, ___________ %
of water is salt water while __________________ % is fresh water.
12. 1 % of fresh water is found in ___________________ and ___________________ and the other
2% is _______________________________
13. Pangaea means ______________________ in Greek.
14. The Earth’s outer layer is broken into great pieces called __________________________.
15. __________________ proposed the continental Drift Theory.
16. The discovery of the _________________________ was the most significant to show that the
continents have moved.
17. __________________ is the hottest layer of the Earth
18. The place where two plates meet is called the _________________________.
19. Living things can only stay alive and grow when ______________ and ____________ are
present and the ___________ is right.

State whether True or False

1. Like Earth, Mercury is also suitable for living things.

2. The continents and oceans are evenly distributed.
3. Most of the land masses are in the northern hemisphere.
4. The earth is solid mass.
5. Venus takes 243 Earth days to complete one rotation on its axis.

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Chapter # 4
THE EARTH’S LANDFORMS

1) Define “landforms”. Give examples. What cause the landforms to be formed?

A landform is a feature on the Earth's surface that is part of the terrain. Mountains, hills,
plateaus, and plains are the four major types of landforms. Minor landforms include valleys and
basins. Tectonic plate movement under the Earth can create landforms by pushing up
mountains and hills. The powerful force of wind, rain and rivers changes the surface of the land.
That is why the type of landform varies from place to place.

Landforms

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2) Define the following terms:

a. Mountains
b. Hill
c. Plateau
d. Valley
e. Plain
Mountain:
A mountain is a large landform that rises steeply above its surroundings. It rises to a peak or
ridge above 600 meters.

Hill
A hill is less steep and is lower in elevation than a mountain.

Plateau
A Plateau is a raised flat-surfaced landform. It is also known as table land or flat-topped
mountain. Plateaus vary in height from about 500 metres to thousands s of meters above the
surroundings.

Plain
A plain is an extensive, nearly level stretch of land. It usually doesn’t have any change in height
or elevation. Plains are usually lower than the land around them.

Valley
A valley is a long depression surrounded by higher grounds on the sides.

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3) What are Fold Mountains? Describe the formation of Fold Mountains. Which mountain
ranges of the world are the Fold Mountains?
Fold Mountains
Fold Mountains are mountains that form mainly by the effects of folding on layers within the
upper part of the Earth's crust.

Formation
Fold Mountains are created due to compressional forces which result in the rocks bending and
crumpling.
The Earth's crust is not continuous but broken into pieces called plates. These plates float on
the semi-liquid mantle and they are continuously moving. The movements of the plates are not
smooth all the time. Sometimes, when two plates collide, the soft sedimentary rocks bend or
buckle up to form Fold Mountains. This known as folding. Fold Mountains are usually formed
over millions of years ago. A mountain may not occur alone but often several mountains
grouped together to form a, mountain range. Examples of fold mountain ranges are the
Himalayan Mountains in Asia, Alps in Europe, Andes in South America, Rockies in North America
and Urals in Russia.

Formation of Fold Mountains

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4) Mountains are also formed when volcanoes erupt. How?

Mountains are also formed when volcanoes erupt, piling successive layers of magma on the
surface. The magma pushes its way into the Earth's crust and reaches the Earth’s surface
through cracks. When the magma reaches the surface, it flows out onto the surrounding areas.
Over the years, the magma piles up to form a volcanic mountain. Examples of volcanic
mountains are Mount Rainer and Mount Saint Helen in the United States of America, Mount
Kilimanjaro in Africa.

Formation of Volcanic Mountain

5) How are the hills formed?

Hills are formed by the buildup of rock debris or sand deposited by glaciers and wind. A hill can
also be formed when erosion carries away all the soil of a mountain after millions of years. A hill
can also be formed-when successive layers of magma cool and solidify. Hills are found in low
mountain valleys, valleys, & plains.

6) Differentiate between hill and mountain

Hill Mountain
A natural landform that extends above the A large natural landform that extends above
surrounding terrain the surrounding terrain, usually forming a
peak
Less than 984-1968 feet Higher than 1968 feet
Less steep Steeper
Comparatively easier to climb Climbing a mountain is harder and more
challenging

Difference between mountain and hill

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7) State what a plateau is. Name two different types of plateaus and describe their formation.
Plateau
A plateau is a raised flat-surfaced landform. It is also appropriately known as 'table land' or flat-
topped mountain. Plateaus vary in height, from about 500 meters to thousands of meters above
the surroundings.

Types of Plateau
There are two kinds of plateaus

Dissected Plateau
A dissected plateau is formed as a result of upward movement in the Earth’s crust. The uplift is
caused by the slow collision of tectonic plates.

Dissected Plateau

Volcanic Plateau
A volcanic plateau is formed as a result of numerous, but small volcanic eruptions that slowly
build up over time, forming a plateau from the resulting lava flows.

Volcanic Plateau

Formation
Plateaus are formed due to many weathering and erosional processes such as volcanic magma,
extrusion of lava, running water and glaciers. Plateaus are formed when molten magma rises
from the mantle towards the surface of the Earth’s crust; during the rising process, a large flat
area of rock is uplifted to form a plateau. The magma does not break through but instead raises
a section of the rock up as it rises to form a plateau.

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8) State the differences between a plain and a plateau

PLAIN PLATEAU
Plain is an un-raised flat area. Plateau is a raised area of land with a flat top.
The slope of the plain is gradual and not A plateau rises abruptly from the surrounding
abrupt. area.
The soil in a plain us typically fertile and The climate at the top of the plateau may not
supports agriculture. be supportive towards agriculture.
Plain is called lowlands. Plateau us called high plains, tabletops or
flat-topped mountains.

Difference between plain & plateau

9) (a) What is the Indo-Gangetic Plain and why is it important?

(b) On the map of South Asia, color the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the Indus-Ganga Plain is a 2.5-million km2
fertile plain surrounding northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, including most of
northern and eastern India, the eastern parts of Pakistan, virtually all of Bangladesh and
southern plains of Nepal. The region is named after the Indus and the Ganges rivers. The plain is
bound on the north by the Himalayas, which feed its numerous rivers.

10) What is a valley? Name two types of valleys.

Valley
A valley is a low area between hills or mountains typically with a river running through it.
There are two types of valleys
 V-shaped valleys
 U-shaped valleys

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11) State the differences between U-shaped & V-shaped valleys.

V-Shaped Valleys
1) V-Shaped Valleys are carved out by the river in their youthful stages
2) They are original in nature that is they are formed by the erosional actions of the rivers
3) Their shapes are of the letter “V” of English alphabet
4) They are associated with gorges, canyon etc.
U-Shaped Valleys
1) U-shaped valleys are casual by glaciers in hilly regions
2) They are modified form of pre-existing valleys
3) Their shapes are that of the letter “U” of English alphabet
4) They are associated with hanging valleys

12) Why are the plains often well-populated?

Because the soil is suitable for cultivation and the land is flat so that the roads and railways are
easily built.

Fill in the blanks

1. Several mountains group together to form a __________________________
2. ___________________ are the widest spread landforms covering 45 % of the earth’s land
surface.
3. The ___________________ plateau is also known as the roof of the world.
4. The plains are found along the ___________________.
5. The Indo-Gigantic plain is home to __________________ of the world’s population.

Write True or False

1. The Tibetan Plateau is gaining 1 cm height per year.
2. There is a higher concentration of people in Indo Gigantic.
3. The Alps are a type of volcanic mountains.
4. The Tibetan plateau in China is the highest plateau in the world.
5. Indo-Gangetic Plain is home to one-fifth of the world’s population.

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Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which one of the following statements about landforms is false?
A) All landforms are formed by the same processes. *
B) Floodplains are one of the most populated regions in the world.
C) Landforms do not remain the same but change with time.
D) Some landforms may disappear after a very long period of time.
2. Fold mountains are formed as a result of _______________.
A) the piling up of lava
B) the movements of the earth’s crust
C) erosion that leaves only the harder rocks behind
D) millions of years of deposition of materials *
3. The reason floodplains attract people to settle there is the _________________.
A) rich minerals found there
B) soft soil that is suitable for agriculture
C) climate
D) fertile soil *
4. The Swat in Pakistan is an example of a ___________.
A) fold mountain
B) plateau
C) volcano
D) valley *
5. The Potwar in Pakistan is an example of a ___________.
A) fold mountain
B) plateau *
C) volcano
D) valley

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Chapter # 3
THE PHYSICAL & THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENTS
1) Define the terms:
 Environment
 Physical Environment
 Human Environment
Environment
Environment means the surroundings in which we live

Physical Environment
Physical environment comprises of the things that occur naturally on the Earth, e.g. mountains,
volcanoes.

Human Environment
Human environment is the environment which is man-made.

2) Describe in detail the physical & the human environments.

Physical Environment
 The physical environment consists of physical features that occur naturally on earth such
mountains, rivers and forests.
 Physical environment can be divided as follows:
 The layer of air that surrounds the Earth
 The Earth's solid and rocky land surface.
 The bodies of water on the Earth, consisting of rivers, lakes, seas and ice caps.
 The living environment that includes all living things

Living Environment Air

Natural vegetation, Weather, climate
wildlife

The Physical
Environment

Land Water
Rivers, lakes, oceans
Landforms, rocks

Physical Environment

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Human Environment
We need the physical environment to meet our needs. We obtain food from plants and animals,
wood from trees and water from rivers. Materials we use from the physical environment is called
natural resources. When we extract and use these natural resources we often change the physical
environment.
 Human environment is composed largely of human elements
 Human modifications changes the physical environment (e.g. buildings, industries, offices,
clearing forests for residential uses)
We say that a human environment is formed when a physical environment is changed as a result
of human activities
Some example of human environments are villages and cities

3) State the effects of environment on humans and vice versa.

Impacts of environment on Humans
 The environment can facilitate or discourage interactions among people. For example, an
inviting space with comfortable chairs and privacy can encourage a family to stay and visit
with a patient.
 The environment can influence peoples' behavior and motivation to act. For example, a
dingy corridor filled with extra hospital equipment will invite staff to leave another item in
the hall, whereas a clean corridor and adequate storage will encourage staff to take the
time to put the item away.
 The environment can influence mood. For example, the results of several research studies
reveal that rooms with bright light, both natural and artificial, can improve health outcomes
such as depression, agitation, and sleep.

Effects of the Humans on the environment

Humans affect the environment in several ways, some common effects include water quality,
environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, depletion of natural resources and
contribution to climate change. Some of these are the direct result of human activities, whereas
others are secondary effects that are part of a series of actions and reactions. Though, technology
is making lives of humans easier and comfortable. It poses a great threat to the environment. The
threat is due to pollution, radiation hazards, exploitation of natural resources etc. Greenhouse
gases and aerosols affect climate by altering incoming solar radiation and out-going infrared
(thermal) radiation that are part of Earth’s energy balance. Changing the atmospheric abundance
or properties of these gases and particles can lead to a warming or cooling of the climate system.

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4) What do you understand by the term “Physical-Human Relationship”?

 An interrelationship exists between people and the environment
 The environment influences the way people live and people change the environment
according to their needs.

5) Today, Humans have a greater impact on the environment compared to a hundred years ago.
Why? Give reasons to support your answer
Today, humans have a greater impact on the environment compared to a hundred years ago.
This is the result of two factors.
Population growth
The world’s population has been growing rapidly in the last 2 years. The change to the physical
environment is less when the number of people on Earth is small. But as the number increases,
the change becomes greater. With a large population, more food, housing, clothes and jobs are
needed. It means more land will have to be cleared to grow food and build houses and
factories. More resources will be needed to make things that the people need. The surface of
the Earth and the environment will be changed by all these activities.
Technology
Technology refers to the knowledge, skills and tools that we have. We use technology to help us
grow our food and make things that we need. With the invention of machines and new
technology, people are able to grow crops and rear animals. The growing of crops and rearing of
animals are very important as they provide food for people. Farming has brought about a great
change to the natural environment. As farms grow bigger, the effect on the environment
Increases.
New technology also brings about the growth in the number of industries. This started with the
Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century in Britain. During the Industrial Revolution,
people used machines to make life easier for them. Machines were used on a large scale to
make goods. Coal was burnt to produce steam to power these machines. With more machines
and factories, roads and railways were built to bring the goods to and from the factories. With
more factories, roads and cars. The natural environment becomes polluted.

6) How do the !Kung Bushmen adapt to the physical environment?

 !Kung Bushmen come from the Kalahari desert in the African continent. They have been
hunters and gatherers for a long time in this hot and very dry place.
 Nothing much grows in the desert, except for some root plants. !Kung Bushmen hunt
animals for food.
 As hunters, they make simple tools like bow and arrows to hunt animals. They use stem
grass for the arrows and animal muscles for the bow strings.
 They can also make arrow shafts from animal bones.
 !Kung Bushmen are gatherers, so they collect roots, tubers and fruits for food too. They dig
for water bearing roots, which is good for the lips and throat.
 Water is scarce in the desert. However, when it rains, they store the rainwater in water
holes, using ostrich egg shells.
 Their shelter is temporary. Whenever they cannot find food or water, they move to another
place. They use grasses, branches and the leaves of desert shrub to build their shelter.
 !Kung Bushmen community is close-knit. They share and do whatever they have.

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7) How does the physical-human environment of Kalahari Desert differ from that of Karachi?
Give reasons for your answer.
Kalahari Desert Karachi
People have grown used to It is hot for most part of the
Climate the very hot desert. Huts year but there are fans and air
provide shade and protection conditioners to keep them cool
from the heat
Dried grasses and branches Houses are made of concrete
found in the desert are used sometimes located in high-rise
Settlements to build simple huts to protect building. There is electricity
from them from heat supply and clean water from
the taps
People living in Kalahari desert People of Karachi have
Technology use simple tools for hunting computers to help them work
and digging to find food in offices & schools
People mainly depend on Natural vegetation here has
natural vegetation for food been cleared up to build
Vegetation and medicine. The dried houses, factories and offices.
vegetation is also used to build People here do not depend on
houses natural vegetation as their food
is grown on farms.
People usually walk about the Bus, train and car are used to
Transport desert while hunting for food travel as these are faster and
save time.

Fill in the blanks

1. The physical environment affects our _______________________ and __________________.
2. The change to the physical environment is ____________________ when the number of people
on the earth is small.
3. Ostrich egg shell can hold _____________________ litre of water.
4. In steep mountainous areas, __________ are cut into the mountain in order to grow crops.
5. Mud houses help to keep the ______ out.

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Multiple Choice Questions

1. It is important to understand how humans affect the environment because _______________.
A) the effect can be harmful to the environment
B) the earth’s natural resources can be better used
C) eventually the effects would affect humans *
D) the earth is constantly changing
2. The activity that has the least effect on the environment is _______________.
A) rice growing
B) mining for oil
C) shifting cultivation
D) gathering of food by the! Kung Bushmen *
3. The example that best shows how the environment affects humans is _______________.
A) the climate affecting the type of natural vegetation of a place
B) the drifting of the continents to where they are today
C) people living close together for protection against animals
D) the amount of rainfall affecting farmers’ decision to plant their crops *
4. Which one of the following is the odd one out?
A) Tropical rainforest
B) Polar ice caps
C) The Himalayas
D) The Hoover Dam *

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Chapter # 5
MAPPING SKILLS
1) State what a map is?
A map is a representation of the Earth’s features drawn on a flat surface.
It uses symbols & colors to represent features of an area, simplifying the real world

Vidsville Map

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2) What are the basic elements of a map? Define each of them

A good map usually has the following
 Title
 Scale
 Names of features
 A key or legend
 North arrow
 Grid lines
Title
It tells us what the map shows.

Scale
Scale shows the relationship between a length on a map and the actual distance it represents
on the Earth’s surface.

Names of Features
It tells us the names of features buildings, roads and reservoirs.

A key or legend
A key or legend consists of symbols that represent the physical and human features on the
actual surface of the Earth.

North Arrow
North arrow shows where the north lies on the map.

Grid Lines
Grid lines are a series of numbered vertical (eastings) and horizontal (northings) lines on a map.

Title

Grid Lines Map Key

Compass

Map Scale

Basic elements of a map

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3) What are symbols? How many types of symbols are used on maps? What is each symbol used
for?
Symbol
In the legend of a map, there are symbols that are sued in the map. They are used to represent
the different physical and human features found on the Earth's surface.
Types of Symbols
Line Symbol
They represent line features such as roads, paths, rivers, or railway tracks.

Point Symbols
They represent features such as schools, churches, hospitals or buildings.

Area Symbols
They are used for features that cover an area such as lakes and farms. Different symbols are
used to keep the color of the symbols as close as possible to the real features.

Height Symbols
The height of place on a map is shown by contour lines which are imaginary lines which join the
places of the same height.

4) Define scale. Into how many ways a scale can be shown on the map?
Scale
Map scale the relationship between distances on a map and distances on the Earth’s surface.
A scale can be shown in three ways:
• In words
The scale is stated, for example, 1 cm to 1 km. That means 1 cm on the map is 1 km on the
ground.
• As a ratio
A ratio such as 1: 100,000 means 1 cm on the map represents 100,000 cm or 1 km on the
ground. (100,000 cm = 1 km)
• As a line
A line is divided into units, each representing a certain distance. In the scale, 1 cm represents
50,000 cm on the ground. 50,000 cm = 0.5 km. 1 cm on the map represents 0.5 km on the actual
ground.

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5) What is relief? How is it represented on a map?

Relief
The height and shape of the land is known as the relief. This can be shown on a map in three
ways
 By layer shading
 Spot heights and trig stations
 Contour lines

How is relief shown on a map?

6) Match the cross-section with the contour pattern

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7) List different types of maps and describe the purpose of each type of map.
Types of Map
There are many types of maps, each showing different types of information and serving
different purposes.

Political Maps
These maps show the individual countries, each separated by national boundary. The capital
cities and major cities are usually shown.

Political map of Pakistan

Thematic Maps
Thematic maps have specific themes. For example, climatic maps give information about the
temperature, rainfall and atmospheric pressure of a place, a country, a region or the world.

Thematic Map of Climatic Zones of Pakistan

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Economic or Resource Maps

Resource maps show the different types of natural resources or economic activities that are
found in an area. Symbols are used to show the resource or the economic activity.

Economic or Resource Map of Pakistan

Physical Maps
A physical map shows the physical features such as mountains, plains and rivers. colours are
used to show land of different heights. Green is usually used to show lowlands while orange or
brown is used to show land of higher elevations, waterways such as rivers, streams and lakes
are marked blue.

Physical Map of Pakistan

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Road Maps
Road maps show the roads, highways, railroad tracks and points of interest of a place. These
maps are used by people to find their way around a town, city or country.

Road Map of Pakistan

Topographical Maps
Topographical maps show the physical features of a place. Unlike in the physical maps, the
physical features are shown in greater detail. Details such as the shape and height of each
feature are shown with the help of contour lines. Contour lines Join places of the same height.
Human features such as buildings, roads and farms are shown using symbols.

Topographic Map of Pakistan

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8) State some uses of maps

Uses of Maps
Valuable sources of information
A map provides information such as where a place is in relation to another.
Bases for planning and decision-making
In planning the development of a city, the planners use a base map to show where to build a
factory, road, school or houses. In an emergency, a map comes in useful in planning a rescue
operation.

Fill in the blanks:

1. In ancient China, maps were used to plan _____________________
2. The closer the contours, the ________________ the slop.
3. Contour lines are the ________________________ lines, which join places that have the same
height.
4. The _____________________developed the concept of latitude and longitude.
5. There are ___________sets of grid lines. Vertical lines are called _______ and horizontal lines
are called _______.

Write true or false:

1. The first world map came in about 10th century.
2. A physical map shows individual countries.
3. Topographical maps and physical maps on similar to each other.
4. A key on the map tells us the names of the features.
5. The Greeks developed the science of map projections.

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Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who is most likely to use the map shown below?
A) A person who studies rocks
B) An explorer looking for oil
C) A weather man concerned about drought
D) A tourist in a major city *

2. A feature on a map is drawn according to the _________________.

A) scale that makes it look realistic
B) scale decided by the map maker
C) standard scale used by map makers
D) scale used in the map where the feature is drawn *
3. Given the line scale below, 1 cm would represent _________________ km on the ground. (the
scale is 2 cm: 1 km)
A) 0.5 km *
B) 0.5 m
C) 50 m
D) 5000 cm
4. We use the following to show direction on a map.
A) Grid reference
B) Cardinal points *
C) Scale
D) Arrows
5. The compass point that is directly opposite of south-east is ________________.
A) south-west
B) north-east
C) north-west *
D) east-west

E-Copy Geography/ grade VI /Session 2019-20