PROJECT TOPIC

Integration of SCADA System With Existing PLC Setup to Control

Induction Motor speed

Submitted by

Paras Jain
Kundan kumar
Tushar Patil
Sonu vishwkarma
Pranshu katiyar

Under the guidance of

Prof. Mr.Swapnil Namekar

Bachelor of Technology In
Electrical Engineering

Bharati vidyapeeth
(Deemed to be University)
College of Engineering,
Pune - 411043 (M.S.)
 Academic Year – 2019-2020

Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) College of Engineering,

Pune - 411043 (M.S.)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that PROJECT entitled

“Integration of SCADA System to Control Induction Motor speed”
Submitted by (PARAS JAIN)
(KUNDAN KUMAR)
(TUSHAR PATIL)
(SONU VISHWKARMA)
(PRANSHU KATIYAR)

is the record of bonafide work done by them in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering in the academic year
2019-20.

Prof. Mr.Swapnil Namekar Prof. Dr. D. S. Bankar

(Guide) (Head of the Department)
Department of Electrical Department of Electrical
Engineering Engineering
 ABSTRACT

We have been very fortunate to work with Prof. Mr.SWAPNIL NAMEKAR who has
supervised the research carried out for my project. For me she has always been much more than
just a guide. he has been constant source of inspiration and motivation. I hope that this work
would fulfill their expectation.
I am extremely thankful to Dr.A.R. Bhalerao, Principal BVUCOE, Pune who provided
necessary facilities and motivation during the period of experimentation.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. D.S. Bankar, HOD of Electrical
Engineering Department for his valuable suggestions and constant encouragement to see where
I am in my report work and motivation during the period of engineering study.
I am grateful to all the faculty members and supporting staff of Electrical Engineering
Department for the help extended by them to complete my experimentation work.
AIM: Integration of SCADA System with Existing PLC Setup to by Control Induction Motor
speed.
Components used:
• MCB
• Relay
• Variable Frequency Drive
• Switched Mode Power Supply
• PLC
• SCADA
• Codesys software
• Induction Motor
• Stepper motor

Why SCADA and PLC Used in speed control

Programmable Logic Controllers were developed to replace hardwired relays on
automobile production lines. The basic idea was that it would be much easier to
change a software program than to rewire relays when a modification to the
production line hardware was made. Thus, PLCs simulate relays, timers and counters
and one of the PLC programming styles of language is ladder logic which is very
similar to a relay logic diagram - except that you don’t need to worry about the
number of poles a relay has and electrical issues of that sort. Analogue functions -
which allow PID and high-speed counters soon got added.
Another great advantage of PLCs is that you can - with suitable software - monitor the
PLC program live and see what is happening. Very helpful in tracing program bugs
and also understanding how an input failure in an external sensor has caused the
current problem. With relays, this was much more difficult, and you had to cope with
relay contact failure as well.
Before that, PID was achieved using pneumatic controls eg in chemical plants and oil
refineries.
Before SCADA, the recording and display functions used dials for current readings
and single or multi-pen recorders - some on a roll, others on a disc shaped chart which
had to be changed, usually daily
 AUTOMATION

Automation is referred to as creation of technology in a form such that the work is done by
machines controlled by applications and software which can replace the humans. Automation
is the need of today’s World in all fields of Technology. This paper presents a novel approach
to provide automation in the field of Electrical Engineering. The proposed work presents a
speed control of induction motor which is conventionally controlled by a driver circuit and is
an Open Loop System There is a need to remove all the disadvantages of driver circuits and
the aim is to make a more accurate closed loop control of motor speed. The proposed work
will use a tachometer (revolution-counter, tach, rev-counter, RPM gauge) to measure the
speed and feed it back to the PLC, which compares to the desired value and take a control
action, then the signal is transferred to the motor – via driver – to increase / decrease the
speed. We will measure the speed of the motor using an incremental rotary encoder by
adjusting parameters (PLC, driver) and also, we need to reduce the overall cost of the system.
This control system will be held using the available Siemens PLC. In addition, we will
monitor motor parameters via SCADA system. Automation is used in various sectors like
industries, machineries, factories, boilers, networking, small and large scale manufacturing
units. The motor speed is controlled via the driver as an open loop control. To make a more
precise closed loop control of motor speed we will use a tachometer to measure the speed and
feed it back to the PLC, which compares to the desired value and take a control action, then
the signal is transferred to the motor – via driver – to increase / decrease the speed. We will
measure the speed of the motor using an incremental rotary encoder by adjusting parameters
(PLC, driver) and also we need to reduce the overall cost of the system. Our control system
will be held using the available Siemens PLC.
 INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATION

Automation is the use of control systems such as computers to control industrial machinery
and process, reducing the need for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization,
automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human
operators with machinery to assist them with physical requirements of work, automation
greatly reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Processes and
systems can also be automated.

Automation Impacts:

1. It increases productivity and reduce cost.

2. It gives emphasis on flexibility and convertibility of manufacturing process. Hence

gives manufacturers the ability to easily switch from manufacturing Product A to
manufacturing product B without completely rebuilt the existing system/product lines.

3. Automation is now often applied primarily to increase quality in the manufacturing

process, where automation can increase quality substantially.

4. Increase the consistency of output.

5. Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous environments.

Advantages of Automation:

1. Replacing human operators in tasks that involve hard physical or monotonous work. Also
task done in dangerous environments.

2. Performing tasks that are beyond human capabilities of size, weight, speed, endurance,
etc.

3. Economy improvement: Automation may improve in economy of enterprises, society or

most of humanity.

Disadvantages of Automation:

1. Technology limits: Current technology is unable to automate all the desired tasks.

2. Unpredictable development costs: The research and development cost of automating

a process may exceed the cost saved by the automation itself.
 INTRODUCTION

Induction motor plays an important role due to its are simple and rugged in
construction. Advantage of induction motors are that they are robust and can operate in any
environmental condition. Induction motors are cheaper in cost due to the absence of brushes,
commutators, and slip rings. They are maintenance free motors unlike dc motors and
synchronous motors due to the absence of brushes, commutators and slip rings. Induction
motors can be operated in polluted and explosive environments as they do not have brushes
which can cause sparks.3 phase induction motors will have self-starting torque unlike
synchronous motors; hence no starting methods are employed unlike synchronous motor. By
implementing a monitoring and control system for the speed of motor, the induction motor can
be used in high performance variable-speed applications. To control the speed of these motor,
a motor drive and control system with different methods can be used. An induction motor’s
speed enables affected by the supply frequency, change the number of motor stators, adjust the
power input. In an induction motor, there is no electrical connection to the rotor, but currents
are induced in the rotor circuit. The rotor conductors carry current in the stator magnetic field
and thereby have a force exerted upon them tending to move them at right angles to the field.
When the stator winding of a three phase AC supply, a rotating magnetic field is established
and rotates at synchronous speed. The direction of rotation of the field can be reversed by
interchanging the connection to the supply of any two leads of a 3- phase induction motor. The
control of equipment has been performed through the use of computers. Most equipment's use
programmable logic controllers (PLC) to connect with computers to monitor each load and
electricity consuming devices. A PLC interacts with the external world through its inputs and
outputs. Distributed management can be realized through Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA) system. It is a common process control application that collects data
from sensors. A SCADA system includes input/output signal hardware, controllers, Human
Machine Interface (HMI), networks, communication, database and software. The bulk of the
site control is actually
performed automatically by a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). A PLC-SCADA
based monitoring and control system for a Variable Frequency Drive system was developed
which controls a three-phase induction motor. The integration of PLC and SCADA for
industrial automation comprises of a human-machine interface which is the device presenting
processed data to a human operator, who monitors and controls the process; a Remote Terminal
Unit collects the information by connecting to sensors in the process, converting sensor signals
to digital data and sending digital data to the supervisory system after which that information
is displayed on a number of operator screens; PLC used as field devices for their economical,
versatile, flexible and configurable attributes.[2,3]. PLC have now become the first choice for
automation projects owing to the ease of use and efficient as well as reliable performance. The
failure rate of PLC is very less hence it is very much preferred at industrial level. The Ideal
choice for Speed control of Induction motor is therefore PLC.
 Programmable Logic Controller
A programmable logic controller, PLC is a digital computer used for automation of typically
industrial electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly
lines etc. It is a solid-state user programmable control system with functions to control logic,
sequencing, timing, arithmetic data manipulation and counting capabilities. It can be viewed
as an industrial computer that has a central processor unit, memory, input output interface
and a programming device. The central processing unit provides the intelligence of the
controller. It accepts data, status information from various sensing devices like limit
switches, proximity switches, executes the user control program stored in the memory and
gives appropriate output commands to devices such as solenoid valves, switches etc.

A constant demand for better and more efficient manufacturing and process machinery
has led to the requirement for higher quality and reliability in control techniques. With the
availability of intelligent, compact solid-state electronic devices, it has been possible to
provide control systems that can reduce maintenance, down time and improve productivity
to a great extent. One of the latest techniques in solid state controls that offers flexible and
efficient operation to the user is programmable controllers.

Features of PLCS

1. PLC is an industrial computer control system that continuously monitors the state of
input devices and makes decisions based upon a custom program to control the state
of output devices.

2. It is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature

ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact.

3. Almost any production process can greatly enhance using this type of control system,
the biggest benefit in using a PLC is the ability to change and replicate the operation
or process while collecting and communicating vital information.

4. It is modular i.e. one can mix and match the types of input and output devices to best
suit one’s application.
 History of PLCS
1. The first PLCS were designed and developed by Modicon as a relay replacer for GM
and Landis.
2. The primary reason for designing such a device was eliminating the large cost
involved in replacing the complicated relay-based machine control systems for major
U.S. car manufacturers.
3. These controllers eliminated the need of rewiring and adding additional hardware for
every new configuration of logic.

4. The first PLC, model 084, was invented by Dick Morley in 1969.

5. The first commercial successful PLC, the 184, was introduced in 1973 and was
designed by Michel Greenberg.

Components of PLC:
The PLC mainly consists of a CPU, memory areas, and appropriate circuits to receive
input/output data. We can actually consider the PLC to be a box full of hundreds or
thousands of separate relays, counters, timers and data storage locations. Each component
of a PLC has a specific function:

1. The CPU is the brain of a PLC system. It consists of the microprocessor, memory
integrated circuits and circuits necessary to store and retrieve information from
memory. It also includes communication ports to the peripherals, other PLCs or
programming terminals. The job of the processor is to monitor status or state of input
devices, scan and solve the logic of a user program, and control on or off state of
output devices.
2. Counters - These are simulated counters and they can be programmed to
3. Timers - These come in many varieties and increments. The most common type is an
on-delay type. Others include off-delay and both retentive and non-retentive types.
Increments vary from 1 millisecond to 1 second.
4. Output Relays (coils) - These are connected to the outside world. They physically
exist and send on/off signals to solenoids, lights, etc. They can be transistors, relays
depending upon the model chosen.
5. Data Storage - Typically there are registers assigned to simply store data. They are
usually used as temporary storage for math or data manipulation. They can also
typically be used to store data when power is removed from the PLC. Upon power-up
they will still have the same contents as before power was removed
 PLC OPERATION AND PLC SCAN CYCLE:
There are four basic steps in the operation of all PLCS which continually take place in a
repeating loop.

1. Input Scan: Detects the state of all input devices that are connected to the PLC.
2. Program Scan: Executes the user created program logic.
3. Output Scan: Energizes or de-energize output devices that are connected to the PLC.
Depending on the PLC design, this process of updating the output devices may be
done at the end of program execution or updated immediately upon execution of its
corresponding logic statement in the user program
4. Housekeeping: This step includes communications with programming terminals,
internal diagnostics etc.

PLC SCAN CYCLE: The completion of a cycle of the controller is called a Scan. The scan
time needed to complete a full cycle by the controller gives the measure of the speed of
execution for the PLC.
 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION(SCADA)

 SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. The main purposes for
the use of a SCADA system would be to collect the needed data from remote sites and
even the local site, displaying them on the monitor of the master computer in the
control room, storing the appropriate data to the hard drive of the master computer
and allowing the control of field devices (remote or local) from the control room.
SCADA systems are equipped to make immediate corrections in the operational
system, so they can increase the life period of your equipment and save on the need
for costly repairs. It also translates into man-hours saved and personnel enabled to
focus on tasks that require human involvement

 Control industrial processes locally or at remote locations

 Monitor, gather, and process real-time data
 Directly interact with devices such as sensors, valves, pumps, motors, and more
through human-machine interface (HMI) software
 Record events into a log file

SCADA systems are crucial for industrial organizations since they help to maintain
efficiency, process data for smarter decisions, and communicate system issues to help
mitigate downtime.

The basic SCADA architecture begins with programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or remote
terminal units (RTUs). PLCs and RTUs are microcomputers that communicate with an array
of objects such as factory machines, HMIs, sensors, and end devices, and then route the
information from those objects to computers with SCADA software. The SCADA software
processes, distributes, and displays the data, helping operators and other employees analyze
the data and make important decisions.

For example, the SCADA system quickly notifies an operator that a batch of product is
showing a high incidence of errors. The operator pauses the operation and views the SCADA
system data via an HMI to determine the cause of the issue. The operator reviews the data
and discovers that Machine 4 was malfunctioning. The SCADA system’s ability to notify the
operator of an issue helps him to resolve it and prevent further loss of product.

Who Uses SCADA?

SCADA systems are used by industrial organizations and companies in the public and private
sectors to control and maintain efficiency, distribute data for smarter decisions, and
communicate system issues to help mitigate downtime. SCADA systems work well in many
different types of enterprises because they can range from simple configurations to large,
complex installations. SCADA systems are the backbone of many modern industries,
including:

 Energy  Oil and gas  Transportation

 Food and beverage  Power  Water and waste water
 Manufacturing  Recycling  And many more

Virtually anywhere you look in today's world, there is some type of SCADA system running
behind the scenes: maintaining the refrigeration systems at the local supermarket, ensuring
production and safety at a refinery, achieving quality standards at a waste water treatment
plant, or even tracking your energy use at home, to give a few examples.

Effective SCADA systems can result in significant savings of time and money. Numerous
case studies have been published highlighting the benefits and savings of using a modern
SCADA software solution such as Ignition.

OE’s Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Office of Science [Public
domain], via Wikimedia Commons

To understand the origins of SCADA, we must understand the problems industrial

organizations are trying to solve. Before the concept of SCADA was introduced in the mid-
20th century, many manufacturing floors, industrial plants, and remote sites relied on
personnel to manually control and monitor equipment via push buttons and analog dials.
As industrial floors and remotes site began to scale out in size, solutions were needed to
control equipment over long distances. Industrial organizations started to utilize relays and
timers to provide some level of supervisory control without having to send people to remote
locations to interact with each device.

While relays and timers solved many problems by providing limited automation
functionality, more issues began to arise as organizations continued to scale out. Relays and
timers were difficult to reconfigure, fault-find and the control panels took up racks upon
racks of space. A more efficient and fully automated system of control and monitoring was
needed.

In the early 1950s, computers were first developed and used for industrial control purposes.
Supervisory control began to become popular among the major utilities, oil and gas pipelines,
and other industrial markets at that time. In the 1960s, telemetry was established for
monitoring, which allowed for automated communications to transmit measurements and
other data from remotes sites to monitoring equipment. The term “SCADA” was coined in
the early 1970s, and the rise of microprocessors and PLCs during that decade increased
enterprises’ ability to monitor and control automated processes more than ever before.

The Evolution of SCADA

The first iteration of SCADA started off with mainframe computers. Networks as we know
them today were not available and each SCADA system stood on its own. These systems
were what would now be referred to as monolithic SCADA systems.

In the 80s and 90s, SCADA continued to evolve thanks to smaller computer systems, Local
Area Networking (LAN) technology, and PC-based HMI software. SCADA systems soon
were able to be connected to other similar systems. Many of the LAN protocols used in these
systems were proprietary, which gave vendors control of how to optimize data transfer.
Unfortunately, these systems were incapable of communicating with systems from other
vendors. These systems were called distributed SCADA systems.
In the 1990s and early 2000s, building upon the distributed system model, SCADA adopted
an incremental change by embracing an open system architecture and communications
protocols that were not vendor-specific. This iteration of SCADA, called a networked
SCADA system, took advantage of communications technologies such as Ethernet.
Networked SCADA systems allowed systems from other vendors to communicate with each
other, alleviating the limitations imposed by older SCADA systems, and allowed
organizations to connect more devices to the network.

While SCADA systems have undergone substantial evolutionary changes, many industrial
organizations continued to struggle with industrial data access from the enterprise level. By
the late 1990s to the early 2000s, a technological boom occurred and personal computing and
IT technologies accelerated in development. Structured query language (SQL) databases
became the standard for IT databases but were not adopted by SCADA developers. This
resulted in a rift between the fields of controls and IT, and SCADA technology became
antiquated over time.

Traditional SCADA systems still use proprietary technology to handle data. Whether it is a
data historian, a data connector, or other means of data transfer, the solution is messy and
incredibly expensive. Modern SCADA systems aim to solve this problem by leveraging the
best of controls and IT technology.

Modern SCADA Systems

Modern SCADA systems allow real-time data from the plant floor to be accessed from
anywhere in the world. This access to real-time information allows governments, businesses,
and individuals to make data-driven decisions about how to improve their processes. Without
SCADA software, it would be extremely difficult if not impossible to gather sufficient data
for consistently well-informed decisions.
Also, most modern SCADA designer applications have rapid application development (RAD)
capabilities that allow users to design applications relatively easily, even if they don't have
extensive knowledge of software development.

The introduction of modern IT standards and practices such as SQL and web-based
applications into SCADA software has greatly improved the efficiency, security,
productivity, and reliability of SCADA systems.

SCADA software that utilizes the power of SQL databases provides huge advantages over
antiquated SCADA software. One big advantage of using SQL databases with a SCADA
system is that it makes it easier to integrate into existing MES and ERP systems, allowing
data to flow seamlessly through an entire organization.

Historical data from a SCADA system can also be logged in a SQL database, which allows
for easier data analysis through data trending.
 VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE (VFD)
A Variable Frequency Drive is used for applications wherein speed control is of an
essential importance due to load changes wherein the speed needs to be increased or
decreased accordingly. V/f method of speed control -The motor speed can be controlled by
varying the supply frequency. The voltage induced in the stator is directly proportional to
product of supply frequency and air-gap flux. If stator drop is neglected, terminal voltage can
be considered proportional to product of frequency and flux. V1 α f.Φ Effect of supply
frequency change without terminal voltage change:
1. Reduction of supply frequency without change in terminal voltage will cause an
increase in the air gap flux thereby saturating the motor. This will cause the increase in
magnetizing current, core loss and stator. copper loss and cause distortion in line current and
voltage and produce high-pitch noise.
2. An increase of supply frequency without change in terminal voltage will cause decrease
in flux, therefore leading to reduction of torque capability of the motor. A driver used in control
system is Siemens (micro master 440). [5]

ENCODER
Controlling the speed of a motor is a basic functionality of modern electric drives. In
order to precisely control the speed of an electric motor, it is necessary to measure the actual
speed of the motor. This measurement can be done with various tools and methods. Encoders
can be used in applications, where long positions, speed or an angular position are measured.
They transform mechanical movements into electrical signals and can be divided into
incremental and absolute measuring systems.

CONTACTOR

Contactor is an electrically-controlled switch used for switching an electrical power

circuit A contactor is typically controlled by a circuit, which has a much lower power level
than the switched circuit, such as a 24volt coil electromagnet controlling a 230-volt motor
switch.
 Nexgenie 1000 PLC

Keeping in tandem with the ever-changing market demands, Mitsubishi Electric India
introduces Nexgenie 1000 PLC with ultra-fast CPU. With a technologically compact design,
it is devised for exceptional performance and hassle free functionality. Embedded with
innumerable features, it is equipped to address a wide range of industrial applications.

Power Packed Features

Compact – Expandable – Flexible

 Compact Base Unit packed with 14/16 feature rich I/O points
 Base Variant Option with DI + AI + HSC Input
 Expandable up to 80 I/O Points with 4 Expansion Modules
 Models with or without Visual Access Window (VAW)
 Visual Access Window (VAW)

 Bright Graphics LCD (128x64 Pixels) with White Backlit

 64 User Programmable Screens
 Four Keys for Navigation and Modification
 4 levels of Password Protected Access
 System Status and I/Q/M Monitoring
 Screen Definition via user friendly Program Configuration Utility

Configurable Analog Input Option

 Analog Control is made simple with built-in Configurable Analog Inputs Option
 It supports: - AI (0-10 VDC) / DI (24 VDC)- 4 Inputs and - HSC (4 HSC or 1 ABZ Encoder) / DI
(24 VDC) - 4 Inputs
 High Speed Counters

 Various Configurable HSC Modes

 Up to 6 Single Phase Counters -Software Direction Control
 Up to 2 Quadrature Encoder -(10 KHz) Interfaces
 Interrupt Events with HSC Compare, Zero Crossing etc.

Connectivity via 2 Serial Ports

 Memory Application: 128 Kb, Data: 28 Kb

 Storage of complete Project with Comments on CPU
 Alternate Project backup on External Cassette
 Password Protection for Application Codes
 Real Time Clock (RTC) Based Control

 RTC based Arithmetic Calculations

 Time Channel Function with Daily/ Weekly Programs

Consolidated Storage Space

 Memory Application: 128 Kb, Data: 28 Kb

 Storage of complete Project with Comments on CPU
 ŸAlternate Project backup on External Cassette
 Password Protection for Application Codes

Pre-emptive Multitasking

 Dynamic handling of High Priority Interrupt Events

 On-the-fly Event Enable, Disable, POU Assignment Control via Application

User Friendly Features

Global Standard Windows based IEC61131-3 Compatible Programming
Software Package

 Single Uniform Programming Platform

Wide Choice of IEC Programming Languages

 LD: Ladder • ST: Structured Text • SFC: Sequential Function Chart

 IL: Instruction List • CFC: Continuous Function Chart • FBD: Function Block
Diagram

Dimensional Details
 METHODOLOGY

The first step in Speed Control of Induction Motor is to select the motor according to
the rating and application in which it has to be used. The second step is to program the drive
in Open Loop Configuration. Program is written to control the motor which is then connected
to an encoder. Once it is connected to the encoder, the drive is then programmed to run in
closed loop configuration. It is then programmed to control the speed of Induction Motor.
The SCADA screen is then designed to control the Induction Motor remotely. In the
hardware design part, overall component such as PLC S7-300 (Siemens), Encoder, motor,
and drive micro master 440 (Siemens) will be integrated to form the complete prototype. The
hardware components are the backbone of the system. The normally closed part of the
FORWARD push button is connected in series with R coil, and the normally closed part of
the REVERSE push button is connected in series with F coil. If the motor should be running
in the forward direction and the REVERSE push button is pressed, the normally closed part
of the push button will open and disconnect F coil from the line before the normally open
part closes to energize R coil. The normally closed section of either push button has the same
effect on the circuit as pressing the STOP button. In any industry the induction motor plays
an important role due to its low cost and simplicity. By implementing a monitoring and
control system for the speed of motor, the induction motor can be used in high performance
variable-speed applications. To control the speed of these motor, a motor drive and control
system with different methods can be used.
 THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Induction motors are the most common motors used for various equipment in the industry.
Their popularity is due to their simple design, they are inexpensive and easy to maintain, and
can be directly connected to an AC power source. An induction motor has two main
electrical components A- Rotor (Squirrel-cage rotor and Wound rotor) B- Stator. Induction
motors are the most common motors used for various equipment in the industry. Their
popularity is due to their simple design, they are inexpensive and easy to maintain, and can
be directly connected to an AC power source. An induction motor has two main electrical
components- Rotor (Squirrel cage rotor and Wound rotor) B- Stator.

SPEED OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR

The magnetic field created in the stator rotates at a synchronous speed (NS).

(1)
Where:
NS = the synchronous speed of the stator magnetic field in RPM
P = the number of poles on the stator
F = the supply frequency in Hertz
The magnetic field produced in the rotor because of the induced voltage is alternating
in nature. To reduce the relative speed, with respect to the stator, the rotor starts running in
the same direction as that of the stator flux and tries to catch up with the rotating
flux.However, in practice, the rotor never succeeds in “catching up” to the stator field. The
rotor runs slower than the speed of the stator field. This speed is called the Base Speed (Nb).
The difference between NS and Nb is called the slip. The slip varies with the load. An
increase in load will cause the rotor to slow down or increase slip. A decrease in the Lord
will cause the rotor to speed up or decrease slip. The slip is expressed as a percentage and can
be determined with the following formula:

(
Where:
NS = the synchronous speed in RPM
N b = the base speed in RPM.
We controlled the speed of an AC induction motor in our
application by using:- 1- Open loop control system. 2- Closed
loop control system
PROCESS OF FLOWCHART