GROUP 1

Earthquake
The earthquake is the tremor or shocks occurring in the earth as a result of a sudden release of
energy that creates a seismic wave. Earthquake is usually caused by the movement of the earth
crust. The frequency is an area based on the type and size of an earthquake which naturally occurs
during a period of time. The quake is measured by means of a seismograph.

The process how earthquake occurs can be seen from the main cause of the earthquake. There
were three kinds of earthquakes and it can be distinguished from the point of view of the
occurrence.

First is volcanic earthquake. Like its name, the volcanic earthquake is an event of an earthquake
which occurs due to a volcanic eruption. This earthquake can occur before and while the presence
of volcanic eruptions and the seismic vibration is very felt by humans and animals around the
located volcano. According to the research, volcanic earthquake occurs just 7% of all earthquakes
that have occurred in the surface of the Earth. The examples of volcanic earthquakes are
earthquake on Mount Merapi in Central Java, earthquake on Mount Una-Una Tomini in Central
Sulawesi, and earthquake on Mount Pericutin.

Second is tectonic earthquake. As we know that the skin of the earth consists of the layers of rocks.
Each layer has the hardness and different density one to another. The layers of the skin of the
earth consists tectonic plates that shift each other as a result of the flow of convection that occurs
in the earth. Day by day, this shift gives rise to the collection of stress energy that at any time can
be released. The shift of plate consists of three types, horizontal shifts that are resulted horizontal
fault, puncture shifts that is one of the infiltrating plate into other plates, thus it creates the valley
or hollows of the earth and a shift in the collision between plates that will create a mountain or new
hill. The release of energy in this shifting the slab is called tectonic earthquake.

Third is falling-out earthquake. As we know that the earth is one of the planets in the solar system.
Every day the earth receives lacing meteor or other sky objects. But, when it receives a meteor or
other big sky objects, the earth will shake. Shaking of the earth surface is caused by the fall of a
sky object that is called fallout earthquake.

From those types of earthquake, fallout earthquake rarely occurs on the earth, so experts often
neglect to include it into the type of earthquake in many reviews. On the contrary, a tectonic
earthquake often occurs and it is the most dangerous. Tectonic earthquake has great vibration and
it is the most devastating. The seismic vibration makes the surface layer of the earth crushed. As
a result, the surface of the ground is split; a highway on the house and bridges and other physical
building are broken and crushed, even it can cause the victims of physical things and human.
GROUP 2
Lunar Eclipse

The lunar eclipse is an event of the sun, the earth and the moon lie on one line so that the
shadow of the earth covers a part or whole moon. The lunar eclipses that occur on this
earth distinguished to several types, they are total lunar eclipse, partial lunar eclipse and
lunar eclipse penumbra.

The process of the lunar eclipse begins when the earth is between the sun and the moon on
the same line. The result is the sunlight can not reach the moon because it is blocked by the
earth.

A total lunar eclipse is when the moon is right in the umbra (the darkest area). On a partial
lunar eclipse, the earth is not entirely blocking the moon from the sun. While the other half
of the surface of the moon is in the penumbra area. So there is still some sunlight that
reaches the surface of the moon. On the lunar eclipse panumbra, all parts of the moon are
in the penumbra. So the moon can still be seen with a gloomy color.

There is also a very rare lunar eclipse phenomenon called super total lunar eclipse red
blood. This kind of lunar eclipse occurs due at the time of occurence of the total lunar
eclipse. The moon position is in the position of the closest approach to the earth, thus
making the moon seem larger and brighter than usual and at the same time only red color
of sunlight penetrated to reflected by the earth’s atmosphere.
GROUP 3
Volcano Eruption
Do you know what a volcano is? I guess you all know volcano is a mountain with
magma inside it. Most volcanoes are formed on land, but there are some volcanoes that are
on the ocean floor. You know the famous volcanoes in Indonesia, right? Yes, there are
Mount Merapi and Mount Krakatau. Mount Merapi was erupt in October 2010 and Mount
Krakatau was erupt in 1883. The eruptions are really massive and destructive. Do you want
to know how is the volcano erupting? Well, let me explain to you.
At first, the eruption begins when pressure on a magma chamber inside the volcano
forces magma up through the conduit and out the volcano's vents. Then, when the magma
chamber has been completely filled, the pressure is getting higher. Finally, the magma
reaches up to the surface. When magma reaches earth's surface it is called lava. It may pour
out in gentle streams called lava flows or erupt violently into the air. Rocks ripped loose
from the inside of the volcano or torn apart by the gas. may be shot into the air with the
lava. The lava destroys everything in its path because it is very hot. The big rocks can
destroy anything because the sizes are super big. The thick black smoke can burn everything
slowly and it’s suffocating.

There’s no doubt that volcano eruption is really dangerous. Many people were dead
because of it. A big number of people had to abandon their homes and land forever. Even
the whole world's climate was changed for a while as a result of an eruption. But volcano
eruptions bring good effects too, because after a long time it can make the land fertile. Now
you know how and the effects of volcano eruption, don’t you? If you want to find out more
try searching for it in internet.
GROUP 4

Rainbow
The bending of light
The basic process of the process of the rainbow is refraction. Deflected light
– or rather, a change of direction – when traveling from one medium to
another. This occurs because light travels at different speeds in different
media.

A beam of light changes when it enters the glass prism. This is a

simplification, but we can predict it like this: One side of light waves slow
down before the other, so that the light beam is changing direction at the
boundary between air and glass (some light is totally reflected on the surface
of the prism, but the vast majority get through the prism ). Then, the light
beam will turn directions again when exiting the prism, because one side of
the light waves move faster before others.

In addition to the overall bend light, a prism separates white light into its
component colors. Different colors of light have different frequencies, which
causes them to propagate at different speeds as they move through a medium.

A color that move more slowly in the glass will turn more sharply when
passing from air to glass, because the speed difference is greater. A color that
move faster in the glass will not be much slowed down, so it will be less
sharp bend. In this way, the colors that make up white light is separated by
the frequency when they pass through the glass. If the glass bend the light
twice, as in a prism, you can see the colors separated more easily. This is
called dispersion.
Process of the Rainbow: A glass prism separates white light into its
component colors.

Raindrop can refract and scatter light with the same basic way as a prism.
Under the right conditions, this refraction form the rainbow.

Process of Rainbow
A raindrop has a different shape and consistency of a glass prism, but it
affects the light in the same way. When white sunlight break through the
collection of rainfall at an angle low enough, you can see the color
components of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet – a
rainbow. For simplicity, we will only see red and purple, the color of the
light at the end of the visible light spectrum.

Process of the Rainbow: When the sun is streaming through the raindrops.

When white light passes from air into a drop of water, the color components
of light slows to a different pace depending on their frequency. Violet light to
turn at a relatively sharp angle when it enters the raindrop. On the right side
of the droplet, some light penetrates back into the air, and the rest is reflected
back. Some of the reflected light is passing from the left side of droplets,
turning as it moves into the air again.

In this way, every drop of rain disperses white sunlight into its component
colors. So why do we see wide bands of color as if every area of different
rain dispersing only one color? It is because we only see one color of every
drop of rain.

Process of the Rainbow: We only see one color of every drop of rain.
When raindrops A disperses light, only red light in the right corner that
bounces right toward our eyes. Other color lights out or is bouncing from the
lower angle, so that the reflection is not right direction toward our eyes.
Sunlight will bypass all the raindrops around it in the same manner as
described above, so that they all will reflect the red light to the observer.

Raindrops B is much lower in the sky, so it does not reflect light red to our
eyes. In the end, the purple light out at a right angle to bounce toward our
eyes. All the drops of rain water around the raindrops and reflect light in the
same way. Raindrops between A and B all reflect different colors of light
toward the eye of the observer, so that the observer sees the full spectrum of
colors. If you rise above the rain, you will see the rainbow as a full circle,
because the light will bounce back from all corners where you are. On the
ground, we see a rainbow that looks out over the horizon.

Sometimes you can see a double rainbow – the rainbow with sharp color and
a faint rainbow on it. Dimmer rainbow is produced in the same manner as a
rainbow with sharp colors, but the light is not reflected at all in the drops of
rain, but rather reflected twice. As a result of this double reflection, the light
out of the raindrop at a different angle, so we see the rainbow higher. If you
look carefully, you will notice that the colors in the second rainbow will be in
reverse order of the primary rainbow.
GROUP 5

SNOW
Snow, an amazing natural phenomenon. At this time in Europe and the northern
regions of the Earth the middle of winter. One of theinteresting phenomenon of the
moment winter is snow. Be unique because the ice crystals are soft and white
as cotton it just comes naturally in the land of the four seasons or in places that are veryhigh
as Jayawijaya mountain peaks on Papuan. Why snow naturally could not present in tropical
regions such as our country?
How does the process of the formation of snow occurs? to answer that, we can start the
process of occurrence of snow. Starting from water vapor that gatherin Earth’s atmosphere,
the water vapor cools to the point of condensation (i.e. thetemperature at which the
gas turns into liquid or solid forms), then rotate to form clouds. At the beginning of the
formation of clouds, its mass is much smaller than the mass of the air so that the clouds float
in the air just like wooden beams which floats on the surface of the water. However, after the
steamcollection continues to grow and merge into the cloud, its mass also increases,
resulting in a when air was not able to hold him again. The clouds broke and the water particle
sever fallen to Earth.
Water particles that fall it was pure water (not doped by other particles). Pure
water does not freeze in temperatures of 0 degrees Celsius, because
at the temperature of liquid phase changes to solid. To make pure
water freezing temperature required is lower than 0 degrees Celsius. This also happens when
we’re boiling water, water evaporates when the temperature above 100 degrees Celsius
because at 100 degrees Celsius is the change of phase from liquid to vapor. To speed up
the change of the phase of a substance, usually added special substances, for example, salt is
used to accelerate the phase of melting ice to water.

Usually the air temperature just below the clouds is below 0 degrees Celsius (air
temperature depending on the height above sea level). But, the low temperature alone is not
enoughto createsnow. When particles of such pure water in contact with air, then the pure
water of distortionbyother particles. There are certain particles that function accelerates
the freezing phase, so that pure water is rapidly becoming the ice crystals.

Pollutant particles involved in this process is called nukleator, in addition to

functioning as the freezing phase Accelerator, also the adhesive antaruap water. So
the water particles (which are not pure any more) joined together with other water particles to
form larger crystals. If the air temperature is not to melt the ice crystals, ice crystals falling to
the ground. And here’s the snow! If not, the ice crystals melt and get to the soil in the form
of rain water.

In many cases in the world, the process of the decline of the rain always starts with the
snowsomewhen she fell from the clouds, but then melted away when crossing the
hot air. Sometimes, ifthe temperature is very low, the ice crystals can form small balls of
ice and sleet. Bandung cityincludedrelatively frequently experience hail. So, this is why
the snow was very hard down naturallyin thetropical regions that have relatively
high air temperatures than areas that are currently experiencing winter.

Snow Crystal has a unique structure, no snow crystals that have the same shape in this
world (see figure URSnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg) is like a fingerprint. Imagine, the snow‘s
been coming downsince the Earth was created up to now, and none of the snow has the
same crystal structure. The uniqueness of the snow is white in colour. If it’s snowing, the
expanse of the Earth as white, clean, and seemed to be glowing. This is due to the Crystal
structure of the snow allows snowtoreflect all the colors to all directions in the same amount,
then came the white color. The same phenomenon can also be seen when we see white
sand, salt chunk, chunks of sugar, mist, cloud, and white paint.

In addition, the decline in snow provide warmth. This can be understood from the
concept of the effective temperature. Effective temperature is the temperature felt by our
skin, is influenced by threephysical quantities: the measured temperature (by the
thermometer), the speed of movement of theair, and the air humidity. Effective temperature is
typically used to determine the comfort zone. On the beach, the measured temperature can be
high, but due to the high winds we still feel comfortable. By the time the snow
fell heavy, humidity rises and this influenced the effectivetemperature so on
one condition we felt warm.
GROUP 6

CLOUD
Cloud is a visible mass of particles of condensed vapor (such as water or ice) suspended in the
atmosphere of a planet (such as the earth) or moon

Clouds are formed when moist, warm air rises and expands in the atmosphere. The rising
water vapor condenses and forms small water droplets which make up the clouds. When the
water vapor cools, the low temperature of air lowers its capacity to hold water vapor.Cloud
formation involves a series of processes that cause water droplets or ice crystals in the
atmosphere to form into clouds. Cooling of air is a part of these processes. Warm air is
capable of holding more water vapor than cool air, which means that extra water vapor starts
to condense into liquid water droplets when air starts to cool.Water vapor typically needs a
condensation nuclei, such as dust and pollen. Eventually, water vapor condenses upon
these condensation nuclei to form a cloud. The droplets that comprise a cloud are extremely
tiny, and they are light enough to float in the air. When the cloud becomes too heavy, water
droplets fall down to the ground in the form of precipitation such as rain, snow, sleet and
hail.Clouds have various shapes and sizes, from thin wispy clouds to large and dark clouds.
The factors that generally influence the size of clouds include heat, bodies of water,
mountain ranges, seasons and volcanic eruptions. Clouds rarely form in the desert, because
there is not enough water to evaporate and form clouds. On the other hand, clouds
frequently form in coastal regions, because there is adequate moisture from surrounding
waters.