Shri Shamrao Patil (Yadravkar) Educational & Charitable Trust’s
SHARAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
POLYTECHNIC, YADRAV.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
MICRO PROJECT REPORT
IN
Digital Techniques
NAME OF STUDENT:-
PROGRAME: -Computer Engineering CLASS : - SY
ROLL NO :- ENROLLMENT NO: -
ACADEMIC YEAR : - 2019-20 SEM:-III
A
Project Report On
” ”
Submitted in Partial of the requirements for the
”Daiploma ”
In
Computer Engineering
To
M.S.B.T.E. Mumbai
Name of Candidate Roll No
1. Pooja Patil 12424
2. Gouri Powar 12425
3. Snhea Patole 12423
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
-------------------------------------
Lecturer in
Computer Engineering
Shri Shamrao Patil (Yadravkar) Educational & Charitable Trust’s
SHARAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
POLYTECHNIC, YADRAV.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that,………………………………………,have successfully completed the Project work entitled “
--------------------”under my supervision, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the SY Diploma in subject -----
----------------------------, and the report submitted to M.S.B.T.E. MUMBAI. For academic year 2019-2020.
Date :
Place: S.I.T.Polytechnic, Yadrav.
-------------------------- ------------------------ Mr. B.S.TASHILDAR.
Project Guide Head Of Department Principal
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is my great pleasure to present the honor and sincere gratitude to my guide ---------------------------------
---, Dept. of Computer Engineering Sharad Institute of Technology, Polytechnic, Yadrav helped in joining the
hands in developing each and every steps of this project and for valuable guidance and constant encouragement
during completion of project work. It was my privilege and pleasure to work under her valuable guidance. I am
indeed gratefully to her for providing me helpful suggestions. Due to her constant encouragement and
inspiration I could complete my project work.
I am very thankful to Principal, Sharad Institute of Technology, Polytechnic, Yadrav.
My grateful thanks to------------------------------------------ Head of Computer Engineering Department, for their
valuable guidance, support and constant encouragement.
I express thanks to my family and friends for their support and encouragement at every stage of successful
completion of this project work.
My sincere thank to all those who have directly or indirectly helped me to carry out this work.
Name of the candidate Roll No
1. Pooja Patil
2. Gauri Powar
3 .Sneha Patole
INDEX
Sr. No
Content
1. Introduction
2. Resources used
3. Theory
4. Procedure
5. Conclusion
6. Reference
Introduction
The light detector is the component used to detect the light produced by the light source. They
are commonly known as photodiode or photo transistor. ... The spectral response of the light
detector determines its sensitivity to different wavelengths in light spectrum.
• Introduction-
• The light detector is the component used to detect the light produced by the light source.
They are commonly known as photodiode or photo transistor. ... The spectral response of
the light detector determines its sensitivity to different wavelengths in light spectrum.
• What is light detector?
• A light detector essentially is an optical receiver that is paired with an optical transmitter,
both of which are connected to electrically based devices or systems.
Recourses used
IC 7400 Connecting wires
9v battery LED
68kohm resister LDR
Battery cap 330kohm resister
Pcb board
Theory:-
In this project, we will build a light detector circuit using a NAND gate chip.
A light detector circuit is a circuit that can detect light.
When a bright light shines on the circuit, such as from a flashlight, we will make it so that a
LED turns on.
The circuit is very basic. The component that will allow us to detect light is a photoresistor. We
will use a photoresistor's light-sensing ability to detect whether the circuit is exposed to
darkness or bright light. How this works is that a photoresistor's resistance changes in
proportion to the amount of light it is exposed to. In darkness, it has very high resistance. In
bright light, its resistance drops dramatically. If placed in a voltage divider circuit with a fixed
resistor, we can exploit this resistance-altering behavior so that when connected to a NAND
gate, we can produce a logic HIGH output when the photoresistor is exposed to bright light and
a logic LOW output when the photoresistor is exposed to darkness. All of this will be explained
in detail below how exactly this works. But realize that a photoresistor's resistance-changing
ability allows us to distinctly know whether it is exposed to darkness or bright light. Knowing
this, we can effectively build a light detector circuit.
The following chart shows NAND gate logic, which shows what output a NAND gate chip will
produce for a set of given inputs.
This means that if one of the inputs are a 0, the NAND gate will output a logic HIGH at its
output, which means the output will be drawn up to VCC and the load will be powered. If both
inputs feeding into the NAND gate are a 1, only then will the NAND gate output a logic LOW
at its output, which means the output will be drawn down to GND, and the load will not be
powered.
In our circuit, we will use both of these cases.
The other component we need is an LED along with a 330Ω current-limiting resistor to protect
the LED from excess current.
The 6.8KΩ resistor that we will use in this circuit to form a voltage divider may have to be
adjusted depending on your photoresistor. Test it out. When you shine bright line on the
photoresistor, make sure its resistance is below 6.8KΩ. If not, choose a resistor that is greater
than the resistance that the photoresistor has when bright light is flashed on it. 6.8KΩ may be
too low if your photoresistor does not reach a resistance this low. But if it is a GL5537, then it
should go way below 6.8KΩ and you won't have to do any adjustment .
FIGURE:
PROCEDURE:-
Firstly, we must give power to the NAND gate IC. We will feed it 5V of power, so we give
+5V to pin 14 and we connect pin 7 to GND. This establishes power to the IC.
The circuit is very basic. The component that allows us to detect light is a photoresistor. We set
up a voltage divider circuit composed of a photoresistor and a 6.8KΩ fixed resistor. In a voltage
divider circuit, voltage is distributed across the components in direct proportion to the amount
of resistance each component offers. The more resistance a component offers in relation to the
other, the more voltage that will fall across that component. This is shown in the ohm's law
formula, V= IR. You can see the direct relationship between voltage and resistance in the
formula. The greater the resistance a component offers, the more voltage that falls across it.
Conversely, the less resistance a component offers, the less voltage that falls across it.
When a photoresistor is exposed to darkness, it has very high resistance, in the order of a few
megohms (MΩ). With resistance this high, most of the voltage from the power supply feeding
the voltage divider circuit falls across the photoresistor, with very little voltage falling across
the 6.8KKΩ fixed resistor. Thus, when connected to the inputs of NAND gate, with voltage so
high, the NAND gate will essentially interpret the voltage divider as if it were HIGH (or 1).
When the voltage feeding the inputs of a NAND gate are greater than half of the power supply
voltage, it will interpret it as a HIGH value. Since we will tie both inputs together, the NAND
gate will interpret this as two ones, so it will output a 0 (or LOW), which means the output will
be drawn down to GND and the load will not be powered.
Remember, NAND gate logic, two 1s gives a 0. This is the only time we get an output value of
0 in NAND gate logic. If a 0 is present anywhere in the inputs, including twice, the NAND gate
will output a 1.
When a photoresistor is exposed to bright light, its resistance drops dramatically, in order of 20-
30KΩ, or less, depending on the type in use. With this resistance this low, most of the voltage
from the power supply falls across the 33KΩ resistor, and less than half falling across the
photoresistor. With voltage this low, the NAND gate will interpret as a logic level of 0. Thus,
the output will be drawn up to VCC and the load, the buzzer, will be powered on.
So you can see how this voltage divider circuit allows us to get 2 different logic levels produced
by the NAND gate chip in different lighting conditions.
Conclusion:
References:-
http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/Articles/Light-detector-circuit-with-NAND-
gate.php
https://www.slideshare.net/abdullahkhalid50/light-detector-using-nand-gate
