GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

Seminar submitted to
KAVAYITRI BAHINABAI CHAUDHARI NORTH MAHARASHTRA
UNIVERSITY,JALGAON
In fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
Under the
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
In the discipline
Computer Engineering

By
Puja Milind Badhe
T.E. Computer
Guide
Prof. Rahul Gaikwad
Assistance Proffesor

Department of Computer Engineering

Godavari Foundation’s
GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JALGAON
(NAAC Accredited)
(An affiliated to Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University,
Jalgaon)
YEAR 2018-2019
 Godavari Foundation’s
GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JALGAON
(NAAC Accredited)
(An affiliated to Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University,
Jalgaon)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the T.E.Computer Seminar GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

USING IOT submitted by Puja Milind Badhe In fulfillment of the degree of BACHE-
LORS OF ENGINEERING in the Department of COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Go-
davari College of Engineering, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra Uni-
versity, Jalgaon is a bonafide record of work carried out by his in the Department of
Computer Engineering, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University,
Jalgaon under my guidance and supervision. In my opinion this work has attained the
standard fulfilling the requirements of the regulations of the University.
Date:
Place:Jalgaon

Rahul Gaikwad Prof. Pramod B. Gosavi

GUIDE H.O.D.

Dr. V. G. Arajpure
PRINCIPAL
Godavari Foundation’s
Godavari College of Engineering, Jalgaon
 DECLARATION / UNDERTAKING

I hereby declare that the work presented in this Seminar "GARBAGE MONITORING
SYSTEM USING IOT" was carried out by me under the supervision of guide from
January-2019 to April-2019.
This work or any part of this work is based on original research and has not been sub-
mitted by me to any University/Institution for the award of any degree.

Date:
Place: Jalgaon

Puja Milind Badhe (Roll No.15)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We consider ourself to be fortunate to get this opportunity to be part of a Seminar Report

on in GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT. We are sincerely grateful to
Prof. Rahul Gaikwad (Guide) for his invaluable guidance, motivation and support at all
stages and creating a flexible and enjoyable environment to work in.

Special thanks to Prof. Pramod B. Gosavi (Head of Computer Engineering) for the
support and help us in completing this Seminar successfully.
Last but not least; we are thankful to the God, my dearly beloved Parents, all Faculty
Members, my Friends and all who directly or indirectly supported for completion

Puja Milind Badhe (Roll No.15)

Contents

List of Figures iii

Abstract 1

1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Thesis Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Related Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Background Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Bio Degradable Oxy Bags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 Using of Smart Bins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5 Smart Transport System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.6 Recycling Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND DATA COLLECTION 9

3.1 Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 MSW Generation and Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 Possible Sources of Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3.1 Commercial Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.2 Household Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

i
 3.3.3 Hospital and Clinic Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3.4 Tanning Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4 METHODOLOGY 15
4.1 GSM Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.1.1 Features of GSM Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1.2 Working of GSM Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 Arduino (UNO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.1 How to use Arduino Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.2 Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3 Wi-Fi (Esp8266) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3.1 Features of esp8266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3.2 How to use the ESP8266 Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3.3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4 Ultrasonic Sensor: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.5 HC-SR04 Sensor Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.5.1 How to use the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.5.2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

5 Experimental Results 30

6 Circuit Diagram 32

7 Conclusion 33
7.1 Future Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

8 References 35

ii
List of Figures

2.1 Recycling Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.1 Banani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Gulshan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 mohkhali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 Table 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5 Average Physical Composition of MSW in Dhaka (Concern, 2009) . . . 12
3.6 Chemical composition in municipal solid waste in Dhaka city (Hamid
Khan and Fayyaz Khan, 2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.1 Block Diagram Showing Diffrent Parts Of Typical GSM/GPRS Module 16

4.2 GSM Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3 GMS Modem Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4 Table 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.5 Pin Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.6 fig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.7 Table 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.8 Ultrasonic Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.9 Table 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

5.1 System Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

6.1 Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

iii
 Abstract

Many times, in our city we see that the garbage bins or dustbins placed at public places
are overloaded. It creates unhygienic conditions for people as well as ugliness to that
place leaving bad smell. To avoid all such situations we are going to implement a
project is IOT Based Garbage Monitoring System. These dustbins are interfaced with
arduino based system having load cell which is used to sense the garbage level which are
contained in the dustbin and showing current status of garbage on Php web page by Wi-
Fi. Major part of our project depends upon the working of the Wi-Fi module, essential
for its implementation. The main aim of this project is to reduce human resources and
efforts along with the enhancement of a smart city vision.
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Garbage may consist of the unwanted material left over from the city, public area, soci-
ety, college, home etc. This project is related to the Garbage Monitoring and based on
Internet of Things. So for smart lifestyle, cleanliness is needed and cleanliness is begins
with Garbage bin. This project will help to minimize the garbage disposal problems.

The project IOT garbage Monitoring System is very innovative system which will help
to keep the clean city. This system monitoring the garbage bins and informs about the
level of garbage collected in the garbage bins via a web page .For this the system uses
load cell placed over the bins to detect the garbage level and compare it with the garbage
bins depth. The system makes use Arduino, LCD screen, Wi-Fi modem for sending data
.The LCD screen is used to display the status of the level of garbage collected in the
bins. Where the web page is built to show the status of the user monitoring it. The web
page gives a graphical view of the garbage bins to show the level of garbage collected.
The LCD screen shows the status of the garbage level. Thus this system helps to keep
the city clean by informing about the garbage levels of the bins by providing graphical
image of the bins via IOT Php web development platform.

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 GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

1.1 Motivation
Smart Waste Management Systems based on IoT is one of the core component of mod-
ern age hype Smart City. There are countless Smart IoT based Solutions for waste
management systems which are being implemented throughout the globe, in the devel-
oped and first world countries to be specific. However, Waste management is also a
great problem in poor developing countries as waste is scattered all over roads due to
improper methods of collection and dumping thus polluting the environment. Due to
lot of factors including socio-economic and cultural drawbacks existing smart solutions
are not compatible in developing countries like Bangladesh, as there exists basic prob-
lems regarding the primary task of waste management like proper disposal, collection,
sorting, recycling etc. In our thesis we are proposing Linear Regression Algorithm and
Decreased Time Algorithm for predictive analysis of waste accumulation on day to day
basis so as to ensure effective and efficient collection and sorting of disposed household
waste materials accordingly. (The implementations and comparisons of before and after
applying these algorithms are discussed and elaborated later in this paper).

1.2 Thesis Contribution

The thesis proposes a Smart Waste management system in relevance to developing
country like Bangladesh. In last two decades there have been numerous initiatives taken
with the help of foreign aids and support but they have failed to achieve results which
can be said to be satisfactory and on acceptable level. This research aims to aid in
achieving significant results for proper collection and disposal of household waste thus
leading to a cleaner environment.

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 GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

1.2.1 Problem Statement

The greatest problem regarding waste management in developing countries begins at

the very starting point of the process. Due to lack of proper systems for disposal and
collections, wastes and garbages end up in the roads and surrounding. According to a
report Zurburg 2002, the amount of waste generation in 2010 was around 20,000 tons
per day, and it is estimated that by 2025 the amount will be no less than around 47000
tons per day. With the existing methods of collecting and disposal it is near impossible
to manage such amount of waste in the future as around 30 percent of waste end up on
the roads and public places due to ineffective disposing and collecting methods. Not
only that, there is even no systematic methodology for the collected garbage for treating
and recycling thus most of them end up in landfilling and river water, making the envi-
ronment unhealthier. The prime impediment of implementing smart waste management
system based on IoT in a developing country is the social and economic infrastructure
of the country itself. The initial stage of this system comprises of proper disposal and
collection, which is the biggest challenge. In addition, to motivate and influence people
to follow proper waste disposal methods is also important.

1.2.2 Solutions

Previously there were numerous initiatives on waste management and educating people
to dispose waste properly, and as they failed to achieve significant results, we have
figured out the scopes that could be develop. To solve this problem, we have designed
a process that ensures proper disposal and efficient waste collection. The procedures
we designed involves creative initiative that will inspire people to dump in designated
area or bins, and innovative method by using Decreasing Time algorithm or DTA for
monitoring garbage generation and collection of the garbages.

GF’s Godavari College of Engineering, Jalgaon 4

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter we have discussed about all the main sequences of our model along with
the background study and related works.

2.1 Related Works

Several papers on waste management of Bangladesh like journals and research papers
have been published previously such as Solid Waste Management System in Dhaka City
of Bangladesh, Waste Management in Bangladesh: Current Situations Suggestions for
Action, A CASE STUDY ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DHAKA CITY,
Municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Dhaka City, Bangladesh etc. It has been
seen that no other paper on our topic is there. In every paper, previous waste manage-
ment of Bangladeshi is discussed or statistics are shown but no accurate solutions are
given using algorithms. In this case, this paper would be a strong evidence along with
solution as well on Smart Waste Management System of Bangladesh.

2.2 Background Study

The crucial part of our topic was to implement the whole process with the help of ma-
chine learning algorithms after collecting yearly data of waste of Bangladesh. To select

5
 GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

the appropriate algorithm for our topic, we went through all the popular and effec-
tive machine learning algorithms in order to evolve our paper. Among above Machine
Learning Algorithms, we have used Linear Regression very strongly. On the other
hand, for time scheduling, Decreasing-Time Algorithm (DTA) has been used. Both
algorithms are described with example to let know the basic idea of how algorithms
work.

2.3 Bio Degradable Oxy Bags

The first essential step to manage waste is packing garbage properly with bags so that
it becomes easier to carry for further process. In that case, bio degradable oxy bags for
household consumers would be the effective choice for packing garbage. Biodegrad-
able bags that are fit for being deteriorated by bacteria or other living organisms.

Household consumers will pack waste with biodegradable bags and bags will be picked
by the volunteers on right time. This packing system will make everything flexible for
management as no stench will spread and waste will remain in ordered form.

2.4 Using of Smart Bins

In this management system, smart bins will play the vital role to start the processing in
an organized way. There will be several bins in areas under one large regional office.
Sonar sensor will be used in every bin to detect the level of waste. If the wastes cross a
certain predetermined level of bin, it will notify employees to collect the waste.

Smart bins will also be able to determine the types of wastes. Virtual machines will
be programmed to identify 3 types of wastes such as biodegradable, metal-plastic and
glass. This differentiated information will later help Recycle Partners recycle the wastes.
All information from bins will be saved in a .JSON file and sent to the Regional Office

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 GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

when a bin is full.

2.5 Smart Transport System

All wastes from smart bins will be collected by Regional Waste Collection Office. After
collecting wastes, all information or data will be sent to Central Control Centre (CCC)
in every 6 hours. Based on these data, CCC will assign trucks and employees. CCC
will also have last 10 years data in its database to assign man power and transportation
for every month as wastes amount depend on seasons. To predict the amount of waste
and scheduling man-power, Machine Learning Algorithm (MLA) and Decreasing Time
Algorithm (DTA) will be used successively.

2.6 Recycling Waste

Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects.
If the recycling process is used properly on our waste, country will get benefited eco-
nomically. Example can be given like based on the given data from Regional Office,
Recycling Partners will differentiate and separate biodegrading, metal-plastic and glass
from wastes. After separating wastes, they can send waste types to predetermined fac-
tories for further process or recovery. If waste type is metal and plastic, then above
process can be used to recycle metal and plastic. For other types, digitalized recycling
processes are now available to recycle waste.

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 GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

Figure 2.1: Recycling Waste

GF’s Godavari College of Engineering, Jalgaon 8

Chapter 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND DATA

COLLECTION

3.1 Study Area

In this part, we are mainly working on threee major areas of Dhaka city. Those areas
are Mohakhali, Gulshan-1, Banani. Recently, the population are rapidly increasing,
as a result, different types of wastes are getting produced at a very fast rate. Lack
of financial resources, uneducated work force, inappropriate technology and lack of
awareness of the community are the major problem to control waste management for
the rapid growing area of Dhaka city.

Figure 3.1: Banani

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 GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

Figure 3.2: Gulshan

Figure 3.3: mohkhali

3.2 MSW Generation and Characteristics

Many factors depend on producing waste in city areas like geographical condition, cli-
mate conditions and waste collection system. For future waste management planning,
we need quality and valuable wastes. Total MSW generation in DCC area is 4634.52
tons/day, with a per capital waste generation is 0.41kg/day (Concern, 2009). A percent-
age variation of the wastes given in Table 1.

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 GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

Figure 3.4: Table 1

From table, In Dhaka city MSW state that the highest percentage of waste is Metal/Organic
food waste. Due to lack of consumption of raw foods this mainly happens. Moreover,
fraction of organic waste decreased from 84 percent in year 1992 to 78per in year 2005.
It reported in MSW that the existence of large organic fraction for many other devel-
oping countries such as India (40-60) (Sharholy et al., 2008), Turkey (43per-64per)
(Keser et al., 2012), China (57per-62per) (Chen et al., 2010), Nigeria (52per-65per),
Nepal (60-70per) (Pokhrel and Viraraghavan, 2005).Physical and synthetic composition
of MSW in Dhaka is exhibited in fig and Fig. As of late, level of plastics as bundling
waste is changing because of huge scale process sustenance generation in Bangladesh.
Additionally, fast food culture that spreads broadly all through the city is rolling out im-
provements in nourishment propensity and in addition the arrangement of waste things.

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 GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

Figure 3.5: Average Physical Composition of MSW in Dhaka (Concern, 2009)

Figure 3.6: Chemical composition in municipal solid waste in Dhaka city (Hamid Khan
and Fayyaz Khan, 2009)

3.3 Possible Sources of Waste

There are several types of wastes that can be found in the environment. Let us discuss
the possible sources of waste.

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 GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

3.3.1 Commercial Sources

One of the biggest sources of waste production are commercial sources. It means
different types of industries like garments, pharmaceuticals Company, hospital and
other industry. Different industries using huge number of chimerical like sulfuric acid,
chromium, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and calcium oxide. Those wastes
may contain chromium salts and/or tannic acid. Insect killer and fungicide used by the
manufactures. Some sort of heavy metals may produce in Metallic and non-metallic
industries. Dust is also a source of pollution for soil, which is discharge from smelter
from those industries. If dust is not disposed of appropriately, it will hamper our soil
and agricultural fields.

Hospital and pharmaceutical industries produce three types of wastes-

Infectious waste -(Pathological tissues, organs, body parts, blood and blood products,
body fluids, placenta, human excreta, culture materials from laboratories and other in-
fectious materials.)
Sharp Waste(Needles, syringes, intravenous set, scalpel, saw, blades, broken glass, nails
and sharps generated from support service, etc.)

Non-infectious Waste (Expired drugs, waste contaminated with cytotoxic drugs and
leftover cytotoxic drugs and radioactive waste)

3.3.2 Household Waste

Another big source of waste is Household waste. The percentage of Household waste is
around 49.08per and about 1718tons per day. Many types of wastes gather in Household
waste. Like vegetable peelings, onion seed coat, broken plastic and festal, spider etc.

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 GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

Soil and dust, pieces of thread, animal fasces, grasses, used shoes, pieces of cloth, small
bottles, soot, used car parts, etc.

3.3.3 Hospital and Clinic Waste

In Dhaka city, there are more than 500 clinics and hospital. Everyday all those hospitals
and clinics are generating vast amount of waste. The present average of medical waste
generation in hospitals and clinics are calculated using 1kg/bed/day and an extra 200
kg/year. Around 20per of the whole waste (255 tons, 7.29 per of total solid waste
generated per day) produced by hospitals in Dhaka city is dangerous and transferrable.
Each bed provide small bowls or plastic bins used for gathering waste and emptied into
larger containers. Wastes from operation theaters, laboratories, and kitchens dumped
into these municipal bins. As hospital waste are more unsafe than other wastes because
it contains toxic and infectious materials. All sorts of medical wastes like syringes
and needles thrown into the municipal dustbin in Dhaka city. Therefore, inflectional
diseases spread out easily.

3.3.4 Tanning Waste

Tanning waste is alternative type of industrial waste, which is also polluting then weather
and environment dangerously. In Hazaribag area of Dhaka city, there are around 149
tanning industries and those industries producing 18,000 litres of liquid wastes and 115
tons of wastes. Several types of chemical used in tanning factories like sulfuric acid,
chromium, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and calcium. The wastes of tan-
ning factories have dangerous impact on atmosphere in terms of health, welfare, and
environment like fever, headaches, respiratory and skin diseases and may bring un-
wanted changes in land use and fisheries. It has also negative impact on groundwater,
surface water, and the ecosystem in general.

GF’s Godavari College of Engineering, Jalgaon 14

Chapter 4

METHODOLOGY

In the proposed system, we are implementing algorithms to make the system smart and
automatic. The existing system in the third world developing countries are not smart
and automated at all. However, we are specially designing the whole system for the
developing countries specially. The algorithms are mainly divided into two parts. One
part is being used for sorting and priority analysis for the job assigning task of the sys-
tem for the employees or freelancers who are going to work for the system. Another
part is the machine learning part, where we are using the previous data of the location to
predict how much the waste might be generated in the area on the exact time and how
many workers or employees that the project office or the system needs on that exact
time so that the system always prepared and there will be no shortage of employees.

4.1 GSM Module

GSM is a mobile communication modem, it is stands for global system for mobile com-
munication (GSM). The idea of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970. It is
widely used mobile communication system in the world. GSM is an open and digital
cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services operates at the
850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency bands.

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 GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

GSM system was developed as a digital system using time division multiple access
(TDMA) technique for communication purpose. A GSM digitizes and reduces the data,
then sends it down through a channel with two different streams of client data, each in
its own particular time slot. The digital system has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120
Mbps of data rates.

Figure 4.1: Block Diagram Showing Diffrent Parts Of Typical GSM/GPRS Module

There are various cell sizes in a GSM system such as macro, micro, pico and umbrella
cells. Each cell varies as per the implementation domain. There are five different cell
sizes in a GSM network macro, micro, pico and umbrella cells. The coverage area of
each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Time Division Multiple
Access TDMA technique relies on assigning different time slots to each user on the
same frequency. It can easily adapt to data transmission and voice communication and
can carry 64kbps to 120Mbps of data rate. GSM Architecture
¯

A GSM network consists of the following components:

• Mobile Station:
It is the mobile phone which consists of the transceiver, the display and the processor
and is controlled by a SIM card operating over the network.

• Base Station Subsystem:

It acts as an interface between the mobile station and the network subsystem. It consists

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 GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

of the Base Transceiver Station which contains the radio transceivers and handles the
protocols for communication with mobiles. It also consists of the Base Station Con-
troller which controls the Base Transceiver station and acts as a interface between the
mobile station and mobile switching centre.

• Network Subsystem:
It provides the basic network connection to the mobile stations. The basic part of the
Network Subsystem is the Mobile Service Switching Centre which provides access to
different networks like ISDN, PSTN etc. It also consists of the Home Location Register
and the Visitor Location Register which provides the call routing and roaming capabil-
ities of GSM.

Figure 4.2: GSM Module

4.1.1 Features of GSM Module

• Improved spectrum efficiency

• International roaming

• Compatibility with integrated services digital network (ISDN)

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 GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

• Support for new services.

• SIM phonebook management

• Fixed dialing number (FDN)

• Real time clock with alarm management

• High-quality speech

• Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure

• Short message service (SMS)

4.1.2 Working of GSM Module

From the below circuit, a GSM modem duly interfaced to the MC through the level
shifter IC Max232. The SIM card mounted GSM modem upon receiving digit com-
mand by SMS from any cell phone send that data to the MC through serial communi-
cation. While the program is executed, the GSM modem receives command STOP to
develop an output at the MC, the contact point of which are used to disable the ignition
switch. The command so sent by the user is based on an intimation received by him
through the GSM modem ALERT a programmed message only if the input is driven
low. The complete operation is displayed over 16*2 LCD display.

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 GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

Figure 4.3: GMS Modem Circuit

4.2 Arduino (UNO)

Arduino is an open source hardware and software company used for building electron-
ics projects. Arduino board uses the variety of microprocessor and microcontroller.
The Arduino board is the collection of digital and analog input-output pins. Uno means
one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release Arduino software(IDE).Arduino Uno
is a microcontroller board based on 8-bit ATmega328P microcontroller. Along with
ATmega328P, it consists other components such as crystal oscillator, serial commu-
nication, voltage regulator, etc. to support the microcontroller. Arduino Uno has 14
digital input/output pins (out of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog input
pins, a USB connection, A Power barrel jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.

4.2.1 How to use Arduino Board

The 14 digital input/output pins can be used as input or output pins by using pinMode(),
digitalRead() and digitalWrite() functions in arduino programming. Each pin operate at
5V and can provide or receive a maximum of 40mA current, and has an internal pull-up
resistor of 20-50 KOhms which are disconnected by default. Out of these 14 pins, some
pins have specific functions as listed below:

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• Serial Pins 0 (Rx) and 1 (Tx): Rx and Tx pins are used to receive and transmit TTL
serial data. They are connected with the corresponding ATmega328P USB to TTL se-
rial chip.

• External Interrupt Pins 2 and 3: These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt
on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.

• PWM Pins 3, 5, 6, 9 and 11: These pins provide an 8-bit PWM output by using
analogWrite() function.

• SPI Pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO) and 13 (SCK): These pins are used for SPI
communication.

• In-built LED Pin 13: This pin is connected with an built-in LED, when pin 13 is
HIGH âĂŞ LED is on and when pin 13 is LOW, its off.

• Analog pin 4 (SDA) and pin 5 (SCA) also used for TWI communication using Wire
library. Arduino Uno has a couple of other pins as explained below:

• AREF: Used to provide reference voltage for analog inputs with analogReference()
function.

• Reset Pin: Making this pin LOW, resets the microcontroller.

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Figure 4.4: Table 2

4.2.2 Communication

Arduino can be used to communicate with a computer, another Arduino board or other
microcontrollers. The ATmega328P microcontroller provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication which can be done using digital pin 0 (Rx) and digital pin 1 (Tx). An
ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears
as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The ATmega16U2 firmware uses the
standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows,
a .inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows
simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. There are two RX and
TX LEDs on the arduino board which will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (not for serial communication
on pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of
the Uno’s digital pins. The ATmega328P also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communi-
cation. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus.

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Arduino Uno to ATmega328 Pin Mapping

When ATmega328 chip is used in place of Arduino Uno, or vice versa, the image below
shows the pin mapping between the two.

Figure 4.5: Pin Diagram

4.2.3 Applications

• Prototyping of Electronics Products and Systems

• Multiple DIY Projects.

• Easy to use for beginner level DIYers and makers.

• Projects requiring Multiple I/O interfaces and communications.

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4.3 Wi-Fi (Esp8266)

The ESP 8266 is a low power highly integrated microchip. It is mainly used in IOT
based project because it consumes low power. ESP8266EX has been designed for mo-
bile, wearable electronics and Internet of Things applications with the aim of achieving
the lowest power consumption with a combination of several proprietary techniques.
The real-time clock can be programmed to start the ESP8266EX 01at any required con-
dition. The ESP8266EX 01 can be programmed to start up when a specified condition
is detected. This minimal start-up time feature of the ESP8266EX 01 can be utilized
by a mobile device, allowing them to remain in the low-power standby mode WiFi is
needed. To satisfy the power supply requirements of a mobile device and another elec-
tronic device, ESP8266EX 01 can be used to reduce the output power to fithe various
application, by off range for power consumption.

4.3.1 Features of esp8266

• Low cost, compact and powerful Wi-Fi Module

• Power Supply: +3.3V only

• Current Consumption: 100mA

• I/O Voltage: 3.6V (max)

• I/O source current: 12mA (max)

• Built-in low power 32-bit MCU @ 80MHz

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• 512kB Flash Memory

• Can be used as Station or Access Point or both combined

• Supports Deep sleep (<10uA)

• Supports serial communication hence compatible with many development platform

like Arduino

• Can be programmed using Arduino IDE or AT-commands or Lua Script

Figure 4.6: fig

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Figure 4.7: Table 3

4.3.2 How to use the ESP8266 Module

There are so many methods and IDEs available to with ESP modules, but the most
commonly used on is the Arduino IDE. So let us discuss only about that further below.

The ESP8266 module works with 3.3V only, anything more than 3.7V would kill the
module hence be cautions with your circuits. The best way to program an ESP-01 is
by using the FTDI board that supports 3.3V programming. If you donâĂŹt have one it
is recommended to buy one or for time being you can also use an Arduino board. One
commonly problem that every one faces with ESP-01 is the powering up problem. The
module is a bit power hungry while programming and hence you can power it with a
3.3V pin on Arduino or just use a potential divider. So it is important to make a small
voltage regulator for 3.31v that could supply a minimum of 500mA. One recommended
regulator is the LM317 which could handle the job easily.

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4.3.3 Applications

• IOT Projects

• Access Point Portals

• Wireless Data logging

• Smart Home Automation

• Learn basics of networking

• Portable Electronics

• Smart bulbs and Sockets

4.4 Ultrasonic Sensor:

As the name indicates, ultrasonic sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic waves.
Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects
and measure distances. The sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave and receives the wave
reflected back from the target. Ultrasonic Sensors measure the distance to the target by
measuring the time between transmission and reception.

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An optical sensor has a transmitter and receiver, whereas an ultrasonic sensor uses a
single ultrasonic element for both emission and reception. In a reflective model ultra-
sonic sensor, a single oscillator emits and receives ultrasonic waves alternately. This
enables miniaturization of the sensor head.

Figure 4.8: Ultrasonic Sensor

4.5 HC-SR04 Sensor Features

• Operating voltage: +5V

• Theoretical Measuring Distance: 2cm to 450cm

• Practical Measuring Distance: 2cm to 80cm

• Accuracy: 3mm

• Measuring angle covered: <15

• Operating Current: <15mA

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• Operating Frequency: 40Hz

Ultrasonic Sensor Pin Configuration

Figure 4.9: Table 4

4.5.1 How to use the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

HC-SR04 distance sensor is commonly used with both microcontroller and micropro-
cessor platforms like Arduino, ARM, PIC, Raspberry Pie etc.

Power the Sensor using a regulated +5V through the Vcc ad Ground pins of the sensor.
The current consumed by the sensor is less than 15mA and hence can be directly pow-
ered by the on board 5V pins (If available). The Trigger and the Echo pins are both I/O
pins and hence they can be connected to I/O pins of the microcontroller. To start the
measurement, the trigger pin has to be made high for 10uS and then turned off. This
action will trigger an ultrasonic wave at frequency of 40Hz from the transmitter and
the receiver will wait for the wave to return. Once the wave is returned after it getting
reflected by any object the Echo pin goes high for a particular amount of time which
will be equal to the time taken for the wave to return back to the sensor. The amount
of time during which the Echo pin stays high is measured by the MCU/MPU as it gives
the information about the time taken for the wave to return back to the Sensor. Using
this information the distance is measured as explained in the above heading.

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4.5.2 Applications

• Used to avoid and detect obstacles with robots like biped robot, obstacle avoider robot,
path finding robot etc.

• Used to measure the distance within a wide range of 2cm to 400cm

• Can be used to map the objects surrounding the sensor by rotating it

• Depth of certain places like wells, pits etc can be measured since the waves can pen-
etrate through water.

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Chapter 5

Experimental Results

As this is a thesis project and the whole proposed system cannot be build and imple-
mented in real life a year in under graduation level, we have built a close environment
with virtual machines which works as a smart bin itself generation controlled random
number from a given scale. The scale represents the actual amount of garbage that a
smart bin can take in. There will be a change in numbers as we compare the operation
of our smart system and the traditional system that the developing countries have nowa-
days. The random values are parsed in the database through JSON files which have
different information about different types of wastes.

Figure 5.1: System Flow Chart

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 GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

In our close environment, we have tested the results and the results are like this:

We started with 150 units of waste. The wastes are for example in 5 different places.
Each has wastes like following:

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Chapter 6

Circuit Diagram

First of all we will connect the ESP8266 with the Arduino. ESP8266 runs on 3.3V
and if you will give it 5V from the Arduino then it wont work properly and it may get
damage. Connect the VCC and the CH-PD to the 3.3V pin of Arduino. The RX pin
of ESP8266 works on 3.3V and it will not communicate with the Arduino when we
will connect it directly to the Arduino. So, we will have to make a voltage divider for
it. Three 1k resistors connected in series will do the work for us. Connect the RX to
the pin 11 of the Arduino through the resistors as shown in the figure below and also
the TX of the Arduino to the pin 10 of the Arduino. Now its time to connect the HC-
SR04 ultrasonic sensor with the Arduino. Connections of the ultrasonic sensor with the
Arduino are very simple.

Figure 6.1: Circuit Diagram

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Chapter 7

Conclusion

Population of Bangladesh is increasing day by day and waste is also generating at the
same pace but the waste management system has not improved comparing to the waste
production. As a result, environment is getting polluted due to unarranged and un-
evolved management system. Besides, utilization of waste is very improper whereas
waste can be the precious wealth of a country. Therefore, above smart waste manage-
ment system using IoT can be very effective process in terms of manipulating waste
for Dhaka City as well as other cities of Bangladesh. This model will digitalize and
modernize the cities by applying IoT in waste management system of Bangladesh. De-
velopment of application for city administrations, municipal staff. IOT based garbage
monitoring system is a very innovative system which will help to keep the cities clean.

7.1 Future Enhancement

1. We are already in talks with the local cantonment authority where they are al- ready
planning to impose our plan in Dhaka Cantonment as a pilot project. After this, within
3 years, we want to implement this in Gulshan, Baridhara, Banani, Bashundhara R/A,
Uttara.

2. We will sell the compost waste to the fertilizer producers and also bio gas treat- mint

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plants. We also have plans to export some of the treated waste and earn foreign currency.

3. We also have plans to export some of the treated waste and earn foreign currency.
So, this is our revenue generation policy for the social business.

4. We will also have educational facility for the people under 18 and the children of the
people working for us. We are planning to merge with Jaago Foundation, BRAC NGO
to be our education facility provider.

5. This project can also be used in the SMART CITY.This project is also helpful in the
government project of SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN

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Chapter 8

References

1.Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. BBS. 2012, Available: http://www.citypopulation.de/php/bangladesh

dhaka.php

2. Bhuiyan, SH 2009, A Crisis in Governance: Sustainable Urban Solid Waste Man-

agement in Bangladesh Nepalese Journal of Public Policy and Governance, Vol. xxiv,
No.1: pg63-80

3. Bhuiya, GMJA 2007, Bangladesh Solid Waste Management: Issue and Challenges
in ASIA, 28-32pp.

4. Chowdhury, Ahmed, T,Afza, Rownak, S 2006, Waste management in Dhaka City

Atheoritical model,BRAC University Journal, vol. III, no.2, pp. 101-111.

5. Enayetullah, 1994,A Study of Solid Waste Management for Environmental Improve-

ment of Dhaka City, Master thesis Department of URP, Bangladesh University of Engi-
neering and Technology, Dhaka.

6. Islam, F.S., 2015. The Engineers Role in Climate Change Mitigation. Journal of
Modern Science and Technology, 3(1).

7. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 2005, Clean Dhaka Master Plan,
Pacific Consultants International and Yachiyo Engineering Co. Ltd. Dhaka.

8. M,Alamgir., A, Ahsan 2007, Municipal Solid Waste and Recovery Potential: Bangladesh
Perspective. Iran. J. Environ.Health. Sci. Eng., 2007, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp 67 76

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