Th

is
pp
ti
s
pr
es
ent
ed
by
D
r.
Sr
ee
de
vi
.V
.T
, VI
T
U
ni
ve
rs
ity
, C
he
nn
ai
Three Phase VSI (180 Degree Mode)
 ai
nn
he
C,
ity
rs
ve
ni
U
T
VI
Step Devices Conducting

,
.T
.V
I T1, T5 & T6

vi
de
ee
II T1, T2 & T6

Sr
r.
D
III T1, T2 & T3
by
ed
IV T4, T2 & T3
nt
e
es
pr

V T4, T5 & T3
s
ti
pp

VI T4, T5 & T6
is
Th
 ai
nn
he
C,
ity
rs
ve
ni
U
T
VI
,
• Step I

.T
.V
vi
de
𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝑹𝒀 = 𝑽𝒔

ee
𝑽𝑹𝑵 =

Sr
𝟑

r.
D
𝟐. 𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝒀𝑩 = −𝑽𝒔
by
𝑽𝒀𝑵 = −
𝟑
ed
nt
e

𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝑩𝑹 = 𝟎
es

𝑽𝑩𝑵 =
pr

𝟑
s
ti
pp
is
Th
 ai
nn
he
C,
ity
rs
ve
ni
U
T
VI
,
.T
• Step II

.V
vi
de
𝟐. 𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝑹𝒀 = 𝑽𝒔

ee
𝑽𝑹𝑵 =

Sr
𝟑

r.
D
𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝒀𝑩 = 𝟎
by
𝑽𝒀𝑵 = −
𝟑
ed
nt
e

𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝑩𝑹 = −𝑽𝒔
es

𝑽𝑩𝑵 =−
pr

𝟑
s
ti
pp
is
Th
 ai
nn
Phase Voltage Line Voltage

he
C
Step

,
ity
VRN VYN VBN VRY VYB VBR

rs
ve
ni
U
I Vs/3 -2Vs/3 Vs/3 Vs - Vs 0

T
VI
,
.T
II 2Vs/3 -Vs/3 -Vs/3 Vs 0 - Vs

.V
vi
de
ee
III Vs/3 Vs/3 -2Vs/3 0 Vs - Vs

Sr
r.
D
IV -Vs/3 2Vs/3 -Vs/3 - Vs Vs 0
by
ed
nt
e

V -2Vs/3 Vs/3 Vs/3 - Vs 0 Vs

es
pr
s
ti

VI -Vs/3 -Vs/3 2Vs/3 0 - Vs Vs

pp
is
Th
Th
is
pp
ti
s
pr
es
ent
ed
by
D
r.
Sr
ee
de
vi
.V
.T
, VI
T
U
ni
ve
rs
ity
, C
he
nn
ai
Th
is
pp
ti
s
pr
es
ent
ed
by
D
r.
Sr
ee
de
vi
.V
.T
, VI
T
U
ni
ve
rs
ity
, C
he
nn
ai
Th
is
pp
ti
s
pr
es
ent
ed
by
D
r.
Sr
ee
de
vi
.V
.T
, VI
T
U
ni
ve
rs
ity
, C
he
nn
ai
Three Phase VSI (120 Degree Mode)
 ai
nn
he
C,
ity
rs
ve
ni
U
T
VI
,
• Step I

.T
.V
vi
de
𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝑹𝒀 = 𝑽𝒔

ee
𝑽𝑹𝑵 =

Sr
𝑽𝒔 𝟐

r.
D
𝟐 𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝒔
by
𝑽𝒀𝑵 = − 𝑽𝒀𝑩 =−
𝟐 𝟐
ed
nt

𝑽𝒔
e

𝑽𝑩𝑵 = 𝟎 𝑽𝒔
es

𝟐 𝑽𝑩𝑹 =−
pr

𝟐
s
ti
pp
is
Th
 ai
nn
he
C,
ity
rs
ve
ni
U
T
VI
,
.T
• Step II

.V
vi
de
𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝒔

ee
𝑽𝑹𝑵 = 𝑽𝑹𝒀 =

Sr
𝑽𝒔 𝟐 𝟐

r.
D
𝟐 𝑽𝒔
by
𝑽𝒀𝑵 = 𝟎 𝑽𝒀𝑩 =
𝟐
ed
nt

𝑽𝒔
e

𝑽𝒔
es

𝟐 𝑽𝑩𝑵 =− 𝑽𝑩𝑹 = −𝑽𝒔

pr

𝟐
s
ti
pp
is
Th
 ai
nn
Phase Voltage Line Voltage

he
C
Step

,
ity
VRN VYN VBN VRY VYB VBR

rs
ve
ni
U
I Vs/2 -Vs/2 0 Vs -Vs/2 -Vs/2

T
VI
,
.T
II Vs/2 0 -Vs/2 Vs/2 Vs/2 - Vs

.V
vi
de
ee
III 0 Vs/2 -Vs/2 -Vs/2 Vs -Vs/2

Sr
r.
D
IV -Vs/2 Vs/2 0 - Vs Vs/2 Vs/2
by
ed
nt
e

V -Vs/2 0 Vs/2 -Vs/2 -Vs/2 Vs

es
pr
s
ti

VI 0 -Vs/2 Vs/2 Vs/2 - Vs Vs/2

pp
is
Th
Th
is
pp
ti
s
pr
es
ent
ed
by
D
r.
Sr
ee
de
vi
.V
.T
, VI
T
U
ni
ve
rs
ity
, C
he
nn
ai
Th
is
pp
ti
s
Line Voltages

pr
es
ent
ed
by
D
r.
Sr
ee
de
vi
.V
.T
, VI
T
U
ni
ve
rs
ity
, C
he
nn
ai
Different types of PWM inverters

ai
nn
he
C,
ity
 Single pulse modulation

rs
ve
ni
 Multiple pulse modulation

U
T
VI
 Sinusoidal pulse modulation

,
.T
.V
vi
de
ee
Sr
r.
D
by
ed
nt
e
es
pr
s
ti
pp
is
Th
 ai
Single Pulse Width Modulation

nn
he
C,
ity
• In single pulse modulation, there is only one pulse exists per half

rs
ve
cycle.

ni
U
T
• The width of this pulse is varied to control the inverter output

VI
,
.T
voltage.

.V
vi
de
ee
Sr
r.
D
by
ed
nt
e
es
pr
s
ti
pp
is
Th
 ai
nn
he
C,
ity
rs
ve
ni
U
T
Ar > AC

VI
,
.T
.V
vi
de
Ar < AC

ee
Sr
r.
D
by
ed
nt
e
es
pr

• Frequency of the reference signal determines the frequency of

s

output voltage.
ti
pp

• The ratio of Ar to AC, called modulation index, controls the output

is
Th

voltage.
• The output voltage of the inverter with single pulse modulation is given

ai
nn
he
by,

C
∞

,
ity
4𝑉𝑠 𝑛𝜋

rs
𝑉𝑜 = sin sin 𝑛𝑑 sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡

ve
𝑛𝜋 2

ni
𝑛=1,3,5

U
T
4𝑉𝑠 1 1

VI
𝑉𝑜 = sin 𝑑 sin 𝜔𝑡 − sin 3𝑑 sin 3𝜔𝑡 + sin 5𝑑 sin 5𝜔𝑡 … . .

,
.T
𝜋 3 5

.V
4𝑉𝑠 𝜋 4𝑉𝑠

vi
de
𝑉𝑜1 = sin sin 𝑑 sin 𝜔𝑡 = sin 𝑑 sin 𝜔𝑡

ee
𝜋 2 𝜋

Sr
4𝑉𝑠

r.
𝑉𝑜1𝑚 = sin 𝑑 −−−−−−−− −𝐴

D
𝜋
by
• If nd = π or d=π/n, then nth harmonic will be eliminated from the inverter
ed
nt
e

output voltage.
es
pr

• For example, for eliminating third harmonic, 3d = π. i.e pulse width,

s
ti

2𝑑 = 2𝜋/3 = 1200 .
pp
is
Th
 ai
nn
Inference from Single PWM

he
C,
ity
rs
• 3rd, 5th & 7th harmonics dominate

ve
ni
U
when the voltage is reduced.

T
VI
,
.T
.V
• A large amount of harmonics is

vi
de
introduced at lower output voltages.

ee
Sr
r.
D
by
ed • Harmonic content can be reduced by
having many pulses in each half cycle
nt
e
es

of output voltage.
pr
s
ti
pp
is
Th
 ai
Multiple Pulse Modulation

nn
he
C,
ity
• In this method, many pulses having equal widths are produced per every

rs
ve
half cycle.

ni
U
• The gating signals are produced by comparing reference signal with

T
VI
,
triangular carrier wave.

.T
.V
vi
de
ee
Sr
r.
D
by
ed
nt
e
es
pr
s
ti

𝝅 − 𝟐𝒅 𝒅
pp

𝜸= +
is

𝟑 𝟐
Th
 Multiple Pulse Modulation

ai
nn
he
C,
ity
rs
ve
ni
U
T
VI
,
.T
.V
vi
de
ee
Sr
r.
D
by
ed
• Frequency of the reference signal determines the frequency of output
nt
e
es

voltage.
pr
s

• The ratio of Ar to AC, called modulation index, controls the output voltage.
ti
pp
is
Th
 ai
nn
• The output voltage waveform can be expressed in Fourier series as,

he
C
∞

,
ity
8𝑉𝑠 𝑛𝑑

rs
𝑉𝑜 = sin nγ sin sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡

ve
𝑛𝜋 2

ni
U
𝑛=1,3,5

T
VI
𝑑 1 3𝑑

,
.T
8𝑉𝑠 sin 𝛾 sin 2 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 3 sin 3𝛾 sin 2 sin 3𝜔𝑡

.V
vi
𝑉𝑜 =

de
𝜋 1 5𝑑

ee
+ sin 5𝛾 sin sin 5𝜔𝑡 … . .

Sr
5 2

r.
D
8𝑉𝑠 𝑑
by
𝑉𝑜1 = sin γ sin sin 𝜔𝑡
ed
𝜋 2
nt
e

8𝑉𝑠 𝑑
es

𝑉𝑜1𝑚 = sin γ sin −−−−− −𝐵

pr

𝜋 2
s
ti
pp
is
Th
 ai
nn
• For example, take pulse width 2d = 720.

he
C
• In single pulse modulation, the peak value of fundamental voltage is,

,
ity
rs
ve
4𝑉𝑆 4𝑉𝑆

ni
𝑉𝑜1𝑚 = sin 𝑑 = sin 36 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟖𝟒 𝑽𝑺

U
𝜋 𝜋

T
VI
,
• In two pulse modulation, the peak value of fundamental voltage is,

.T
.V
vi
de
8𝑉𝑆 𝑑

ee
𝑉𝑜1𝑚 = sin 𝛾 sin

Sr
𝜋 2

r.
D
by
180 − 72 36
𝛾= + = 540
ed
3 2
nt
e
es

8𝑉𝑆
pr

𝑉𝑜1𝑚 = sin 54 sin 18 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟕 𝑽𝑺

s
ti

𝜋
pp
is
Th
 ai
Multiple Pulse Modulation

nn
he
C,
ity
rs
• It is seen from the above that the fundamental component of output voltage is

ve
ni
U
low for two pulse modulation than it is for single pulse modulation.

T
VI
,
• But lower order harmonics are eliminated and higher order harmonics are

.T
.V
vi
de
increased. But higher order harmonics can be filtered easily.

ee
Sr
• This scheme is advantageous than single pulse modulation.

r.
D
by
• But large number of pulses per half cycle requires frequent turn on and turn off
ed
nt
e

thyristors.
es
pr

• This will increase switching losses.

s
ti
pp
is
Th
 ai
Sinusoidal Pulse Modulation

nn
he
C,
ity
• In this method, several pulses per half cycle are used as in the case of

rs
ve
multiple pulse modulation.

ni
U
• But width of each pulse is modulated proportional to the amplitude of

T
VI
,
sine wave.

.T
.V
• Gate pulses are generated by comparing sinusoidal reference signal with

vi
de
ee
triangular carrier signal.

Sr
• Frequency of reference signal (fr) decides the frequency of output voltage.

r.
D
by
• The ratio of Vr/Vc is called the modulation index which controls the output
ed
nt

voltage.
e
es

• Number of pulses per half cycle depends on the carrier frequency (fc).
pr
s
ti
pp
is
Th
Th
is
pp
ti
s
pr
es
ent
ed
by
D
r.
Sr
ee
de
vi
.V
.T
, VI
T
U
ni
ve
rs
ity
Sinusoidal Pulse Modulation

, C
he
nn
ai
 ai
Sinusoidal Pulse Modulation

nn
he
C,
ity
rs
What is Modulation Index?

ve
ni
U
T
 Modulation index is the ratio of peak magnitudes of the

VI
,
.T
.V
modulating waveform and the carrier waveform.

vi
de
ee
𝑉𝑚

Sr
𝑚=

r.
D
𝑉𝑐
by
ed
nt

 MI controls the harmonic content in the output voltage.

e
es
pr
s
ti
pp
is
Th
 ai
Sinusoidal Pulse Modulation

nn
he
C,
ity
rs
What is Over Modulation?

ve
ni
U
• When the peak magnitude of modulating signal exceeds the peak

T
VI
,
.T
magnitude of carrier signal, the PWM inverter operates under over-

.V
vi
de
modulation.

ee
Sr
r.
• During over-modulation the output voltage increases slightly.

D
by
ed
nt
e
es
pr
s
ti
pp
is
Th