Evolution of Pharmacy

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 Before the Dawn of History
• Beliefs
– Sickness caused by evil forces
– punishment from the gods

• Remedies
– Offer sacrifices like food and prayers
– Use of natural resources like plants, mud
History of Pharmacy
• Antiquity
• Middle Ages
• Modern Europe
 Ancient Babylon
• Babylon
– Jewel of ancient Mesopotamia
– cradle of civilization
– earliest known record of
practice of the art of the
apothecary

• Practitioners (2600 B.C.)

PHARMACY IN – priest, pharmacist and
ANCIENT BABYLONIA physician, all in one
 Ancient Babylon
• Clay tablets of
Mesopotamia (800
tablets)
– Medical texts
– record of the symptoms of
illness, the prescription
and directions for
compounding, then an
PHARMACY IN
ANCIENT BABYLONIA invocation to the gods
 Ancient China
• Shen Nung (2000 B.C.)
– Father of Chinese
Pharmaceutics
– Emperor who investigated the
medicinal value of herbs
– podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng,
stramonium, cinnamon bark,
ma huang or ephedra
- Wrote Pen T-Sao (The
Botanical Basis of Pharmacy),
PHARMACY IN
or native herbals
ANCIENT CHINA
 Ancient China
• Lao Tzu (500 B.C.)
– a Taoist & natural philosopher
– author of The Way
– Promotes concept of health
and prosperity through
awareness and observance
of natural cosmic cycles
– Qi (energy) – balanced of Yin PHARMACY IN
& Yang ANCIENT CHINA
 Ancient Egypt
● Papyrus Ebers (1500 B.
C.)
- oldest, best known and most
important pharmaceutical
record
- 21 yards (60 ft) long, contains
800 Rx mentioning 700 drugs
- Egyptians preparations such
as gargles, suppositories,
inhalations, poultices,
PHARMACY IN ointments
ANCIENT EGYPT
Biblical Records (1200 B.C.)

• Book of Sirach – creation of medicines

by God
• Genesis – myrrh as astringent,
carminative and protectant
• Exodus – olibanum (frankinscence)
 Ancient Greece
• Hippocrates (460 B.C.)
– Father of Medicine
– sought the rationalization of
treatment
– shows the fundamentals of
scientific method
 Ancient Greece
• Theophrastus (300 B.C.)
– Father of Botany
– Philosopher and natural
scientists
– observations and writings
dealing with the medical
qualities and peculiarities
of herbs are accurate,
even in the light of
present knowledge
Ancient Turkey
• Mithridates VI (100 B.C.)
– King of Pontus
– Father of Toxicology
– studied the art of poisoning
and the art of preventing and
counteracting poisoning
– Mithridatum
• His famed formula of
alleged pan-antidotal
powers
• popular for over a
thousand years
 Ancient Mediterranean
• Terra Sigillata (Sealed
Earth)
– One of the first
therapeutic agents to
bear a trademark as a
means of identification of
source and of gaining
customers' confidence
– a clay tablet originating
on the Mediterranean
island of Lemnos before
500 B.C .
 Ancient Mediterranean
• Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth)
– One day each year clay was dug from a pit on
a Lemnian hillside in the presence of
governmental and religious dignitaries
– washed, refined, rolled to a mass of proper
thickness
– formed into pastilles and impressed with an
official seal by priestesses, then sun-dried
– the tablets were then widely distributed
commercially
 st
Pedanios Dioscorides (1 A.D.)
– Father of Pharmacology
– De Materia Medica (600
plants & 90 minerals)
– recorded what he
observed, promulgated
excellent rules for
collection of drugs, their
storage and use (The
Herbal)
DIOSCORIDES – – His texts were considered
A SCIENTIST basic science as late as
LOOKS AT DRUGS the 16th century
 Clausius Galen (130-200 A.D.)
• First Pharmacist / Botanist
• Practiced and taught both
Pharmacy and Medicine in
Rome
• His principles of preparing
and compounding medicines
ruled in the Western world for
GALEN –
EXPERIMENTER IN 1,500 years
DRUG COMPOUNDING
 Galen (130-200 A.D.)
• Galenicals - class of
pharmaceuticals
compounded by mechanical
means
• Originator of the formula for a
cold cream (Galen’s cerates)
• Galen’s medical writings –
GALEN –
EXPERIMENTER IN basis of treaties on simple
DRUG COMPOUNDING drugs
 Latin Compilations
• Antidotaria
– similar to dispensatories

• Receptaria
– more modest formularies
 Damian and Cosmas
• Damian – the apothecary
• Cosmas – the physician
• Twinship of the health
professions
• Arabian descent
• Their careers were cut short
in the year 303 by martyrdom
• After canonization, they
DAMIAN AND COSMAS - became the patron saints of
PHARMACY'S Pharmacy and Medicine
PATRON SAINTS
Monastic Pharmacy
• Practice of Pharmacy and
Medicine passed from lay
practitioners to the clerics
• Monasteries (5th -12th century)
– Center of intellectual life
• Monks
– Collected and cultivated medicinal
plants
– Distilled aromatic and cordial
waters
Monastic Pharmacy

• Famous manuscripts:
– De Viribus Herbarum
(Herbs Used by the People)
– Abbot Odo in France
– Causae et Curae –
Abbess Hildegard in Germany
 The Arabs
• Separated the arts of
apothecary and physician
• Established in Bagdad (late
8th century) the 1st privately
owned drugstore
• treaties were more influential
and authoritative in Europe
THE FIRST APOTHECARY
SHOPS
• More refined and elegant
way of administering drugs
 Arabian Era (980 – 1037 A.D.)
• Ibn Sina
– Known as Avicenna by the
Western world
– Pharmacist, poet,
physician, philosopher,
diplomat
– His pharmaceutical
teachings – contribution to
AVICENNA –
THE "PERSIAN
the sciences of Pharmacy
GALEN" and Medicine
 Magna Carta of 1240
• Issued by Frederick II,
head of the Holy Roman
Empire
• Edict creating pharmacy
as an independent
branch of public welfare
service
• Pharmacy was separated
SEPARATION OF from Medicine in Sicily
PHARMACY AND MEDICINE
and southern Italy
 Magna Carta of 1240
• Limitation of the numbers of
pharmacies
• Fixed the prices of remedies
• Required official
supervision to
pharmaceutical practice
• Made the use of prescribed
SEPARATION OF
PHARMACY AND MEDICINE
formulary compulsory
The First Official Pharmacopoeia
• Originated in Florence, Italy
• The Nuovo Receptario written in Italian
• Published and became the legal
standard for the city-state in 1498
Paracelsus (1493 – 1541 A.D.)
• Revolutionalized Pharmacy
• Medicinal active “quintessences” from
natural resources
• led to important discoveries in drug
therapy
• transformed pharmacy from botanical
science to chemical science
The Society of Apothecaries of
London
• In 1617, Francis Bacon
formed a separated company
• Master, Wardens and Society
of the Art and Mystery of the
Apothecaries of the City of
London
• First organization of
pharmacists in the Anglo-
Saxon World
 Italy
• Cradle of European
professional pharmacy
– 1st professional European
apothecary shop
– 1st post-antique antidotary
– 1st pharmacopoeia
– 1st real botanical garden

• Ricettario Florentino THE FIRST OFFICIAL

– 1st official pharmacopoeia of the PHARMACOPOEIA
European world
 Modern Age (18th century)
• William Withering – digitalis, digoxin
• Karl Scheele – arsenic, chlorine, glycerin,
organic acids
• Edward Jenner – eradication of small pox
 French Pharmacist
• Bernard Courtois – iodine in algae,
bromine (sea water)
• Joseph Caventou & Pierre Pelletier–
quinine, caffeine
• Pierre Robiquet – codeine
• Henri Moissan – flourine by electrolytic
methods
 German Pharmacists
• Frederick Serturner – morphine
• Johannes Buchner – salicin from willow
bark, nicotine from tobacco; aspirin and
nicotinic acid production
• Rudolf Brandes & Philipp Geiger–
hyoscyamine and atropine
 20th Century Scientists
• Paul Ehrlich – chemoTx, Arsphenamine – syphilis
• Frederick Banting & Charles Best – insulin
• Gerhardt Domagk – Prontosil (Sulfa drug), for
hemolytic streptococci
• Alexander Fleming – penicillin
• Selman Waksman – streptomycin
• Jonas Salk – injectable vaccine for polio
• Albert Sabin – oral vaccine for polio