READING

INTERVENTION
MODULE

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from Sampaloc National High School. We encourage
teachers and other education stakeholders to e-mail their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to Sampaloc National High School
at [email protected].
We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education

Republic of the Philippines

Region IV – A, CALABARZON

Sampaloc District

Sampaloc Quezon
 READING INTERVENTION PROGRAM
Learner’s Material
First Edition, 2017
ISBN:

Published by: Sampaloc National High School

Secretary: Dr. Leonora M. Briones
Undersecretary: Dr. Dina S. Ocampo

Development Team of the Learner’s Material

Consultants:
Author: Maria Carmela Rachel G. Esclanda
Reviewers:
Language Editors:
Production Team:
Content Reviewer:
Illustrators:
Layout Artist:

Sampaloc National High School - READING INTERVENTION PROGRAM

Office Address: Brgy. Banot, Sampaloc, Quezon
Telephone No.:
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 INTRODUCTION

This learner material is specially designed to improve the five fundamental reading
skills of junior high school students in Sampaloc National High School. This is an output of
a research entitled “READING DIFFICULTIES OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
IN SAMPALOC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL: A BASIS FOR READING INTERVENTION
PROGRAM.” This learners’ material uses diagnostic approach and remedial approach for
reading intervention. This is basically anchored the principles, goals and objectives of the
K-12 Basic Education Program for junior high school that centers on the development of
every student to be a functionally literate individual.
This learners’ material provides variety of texts, particularly reading intervention
activities. This offers opportunities for you to engage yourself in various activities that will
improve reading.
There are five modules that comprise this learning material. Each module builds
around a particular fundamental skill in reading for you to develop reading through
engaging yourself in variety of integrated, challenging, interesting task or activities.

Module I: Phonemic Awareness

Module II: Fluency
Module III: Vocabulary
Module IV: Comprehension

Objectives:
This module aims to:
 improve students' reading by helping increase their decoding, fluency,
comprehension or vocabulary.
 encourage students to practice drills that will expand vocabulary
 pronounce words properly

There are seven lessons for each module, where in each lesson is comprised of
eight parts:
1. Overview – a general explanation or description of the lesson
2. Objectives – views the building blocks or tasks that leads to students’
mastery
3. Pre-test – test is designed to measure what you know now against what you
know after the course is finished.
4. Text – used to define simple text field types
5. Discovery Task – It encourages independence, makes learning more
memorable, and if analysis is done in groups is a meaningful communicative
task.
6. Final Task – assessment of what is learned from the text
7. Post Test – test taken after a program
8. Reflection – thoughts or opinions that come to the students while engaged
in the program
Guidelines for using these module in class:
a. read and reread the stories;
b. comment on the language use;
c. encourage predictions of sound, word, and sentence patterns;
d. comment on or elicit specific aspects of sound patterns (e.g., "What sound
do you hear at the beginning of all those words?"); and
e. be creative in inventing new versions of the language patterns utilized in
the stories.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. MODULE I: PHONEMIC AWARENESS
Phonemic awareness training is essential for students who are at risk for
reading difficulties.
Lesson I: sounds
A. Continuant sounds (e.g., /m/, /s/, /i/)
Note: Exaggerate by holding on to them: rrrrrring
B. Stop consonants (e.g., /t/, /q/, /p/)
Note: Use iteration (rapid repetition): k-k-k-k-katie
Lesson II: Identifying Sounds in Different Positions
A. Initial position
B. Final position
C. Medial position (e.g., top, pot, setter)
Lesson III: Identifying or Combining Sound Sequences
A. CV pattern
B. VC pattern
C. CVC pattern (e.g., pie, egg, red)
*Note: CV = consonant-vowel; VC = vowel-consonant; CVC =
consonant-vowel-consonant
Lesson IV: Phonograms
Phonograms are the common elements in word families).
A. Initial consonant (e.g., the letter sequence "and"
in sand, hand, band, and land
B. Onset - initial consonant that changes the meaning of the
word.
C. Rime - the following vowel/consonant combination that
remains constant
Lesson V: Literature - exposure to phonemes is to focus on
literature that deals playfully with speech sounds through rhymes.
A. Initial Sounds of Everyday Objects
B. Rhyme patterns are easily recalled after repeated exposure,
and students will get the idea of creating new rhymes.
C. Alliteration is the repetition of an initial consonant sound
across several words, such as presented in the alphabet book.
D. Assonance, the repetition of vowel sounds within words, is
often combined with rhyme.
Lesson VI: Word families chart
A. Word family chart -use magnetic letters to "create" words for
a word family chart. Charts can contain words from one story
or a brain-stormed list from the children.
Lesson VII: Direct instruction
A. Initial rhyme
B. Direct modeling
1. instances (nose/rose)
2. non-instances (bed/car)
 C. Rhyme (happy face and sad face)
Game-like activity by having them respond with a "happy face"
card if the words rhyme and a "sad face" card if they don't (or
they can use a "thumbs up" and "thumbs down" response). It is
important for the teacher to ask a child to repeat the rhyming
pairs in this and the following activities to reinforce the verbal
production of rhymed words.
D. Odd Word Out
Four words, three of which rhyme, are presented by the teacher
(e.g., weed, bead, pill, seed). The child determines which word
is the odd one that doesn't belong with the others.

Awareness of Onset and Rime

Focus Example

a. Rhyme patterns: There's a Wocket in My Pocket (Seuss, 1974)

Faint Frogs Feeling Feverish and Other Terrifically

Literature b. Alliteration:
Tantalizing Tongue Twisters (Obligato, 1983)

c. Assonance: Moses Supposes His Toeses Are Roses (Patz, 1983)

Create words by adding beginning sounds — /b/

+ at = bat

What is another word that sounds like bat?

Word
a. Phonograms
families chart Use literature — Tog the Dog (Hawkins & Hawkins,
1986

Create individual word family reference books

a. Rhyming word Do these sound the same (nose/rose) or different

pairs: (bed/car)

Direct
b. Odd word out Which one doesn't belong? (weed, bead, pill, seed)
instruction

c. Rhyming word pair

Name the pictures out loud. Find two that rhyme.
concentration
Simple Phonemic Awareness

Targeted Skill Example

Isolated sound recognition Sammy snake sound says… (/s/)

Word/syllable/phoneme How many (words/syllables/sounds) do you hear in this

counting (sentence/word)?

It starts with /l/ and ends with ight, put it together and it
says… (light)
Sound synthesis
What word am I saying?
Put these sounds together to make a word — /f/-/i/-/sh/.

Is there a /k/ in cat?

Sound-to-word matching
What is the first sound you hear in dog?

Identification of sound Where do you hear the /g/ in pig (at the beginning middle or
positions end of the word)?

Sound segmentation What sounds do you hear in the word ball? Say each one.

Letter-sound association What letter goes with the first sound in this word: book?

Compound Phonemic Awareness

Targeted Skill Example

Word-to-word matching Do cup and cake begin (end) the same?

Say hotdog without the dog.

Sound deletion What sound do you hear in meat that is missing in eat?
What word would be left if you take the /n/ off moon?
 I. MODULE I: PHONEMIC AWARENESS

Phonemic awareness training is essential for students who are at risk for
reading difficulties.

Lesson I: Sounds

Overview:
Different speech sounds are made by the way air flows out over the tongue.
When the tongue touches different parts of the mouth, consonants are formed. The
change in airflow changes the sound.

Objectives:
The lesson aims to:
 Identify types of sounds
 Categorize continuants and stops
 Determine the difference of voiced and unvoiced continuants and stops

Pre-test

Instruction: Identify the words below whether. Write the words in the correct
column.

lights seats rate night

base minutes boat rice
race nice face tickets
fate ticket right jacket
seat light boats minute

Continuant Sounds Stop Sounds

Text

A. Continuants and Stops

Different speech sounds are made by the way air flows out over the tongue. When
the tongue touches different parts of the mouth, consonants are formed. The change in
airflow changes the sound.
For many sounds we let the air flow through the mouth without stopping. These
sounds are called continuants. for the continuants, we can prolong the sound as long as
we still have air in our lungs.
Continuants: all fricatives (f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h); all nasal (m, n, ŋ); all liquids (l, r); all glide
(w,j)

A. Continuant sounds (e.g., /m/, /s/, /i/)

Instruction: Exaggerate by holding on to the beginning letter. (e.g., rrrrrring)
bus
pass face
bus tickets
cats rice
mice minutes
race base
nice lights
boats seats

B. Stops
In other sounds, we stop the airflow inside the mouth. These sounds are called Stops. for
the stops, we can't prolong the sound.

Could you list all stops & continuants?

Stops: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/

So there are 2 lefts, the affricates (tʃ & dʒ): they are either Stops nor Continuants

B. Stop consonants (e.g., /t/, /q/, /p/)

Instruction: Use iteration (rapid repetition): k-k-k-k-katie. Repeat the sound of
the first letter sound four times.
pat cat
but might
 rate right
night minute
boat jacket
fate seat
ticket light

Consonant Chart for North American English

This chart shows the consonants of NAE, classified by place of articulation,
manner of articulation, and voicing.

http://teachingpronunciation.weebly.com/consonant--vowel-charts-nae.html

Discovery Task
Stops vs. Continuants

To feel the difference between a stop sound and a continuant make an "sssss" sound as long as
you can.
That is a continuant sound.
Now make a "p" sound (not adding a vowel).
Can you continue the "p" sound?
No, because the "p" is a stop sound.
 Stops Continuants
Voiced boy, day, go, judge, toy, tense, take, me, then, low, vote, not, zoo, pleasure, and
tank, ten, ton all vowels
Unvoiced pan, too, cake, chew, point think, fine, say, shoe, thank, thing, that,
those, than, them, these, this

Which word is different?

Instruction: Write a check on the word that is differt
# X Y Z
1 wise rice light
2 base case ate
3 dad bad dads
4 ace rise ice
5 floss toss faught
6 bat pass cat
7 far car cars
8 coat boats boat

Final Task
Instruction: Read the poem below. The teacher will use the rubric below as you
read the poem.

ENGLISH IS A QUEER LANGUAGE

We'll begin with box, and the plural is boxes ,

But the plural of ox is oxen , not "oxes"
Then one fowl is a goose and two are geese ,
Yet the plural of moose would never be "meese,"

You may find a lone mouse or a whole lot of mice ,

But the plural of house is houses , not "hice."
If the plural of man is always men ,
Why shouldn‘t the plural of pan be "pen"?

Cow in the plural may be cows or kine .

But the plural of vow is vows , not "vine."
I speak of a foot and you show me your feet .
I give you a boot ; would you call a pair "beet"?

If the singular is tooth and the plural teeth ,

Why shouldn‘t the plural of booth be "beeth"?
If the singular is this, and the plural is these ,
Should the plural of kiss rightly be "keese"?

Then, with ONE you use that and with THREE, those ,
Yet the plural of hat is never called "hose."
We speak of a brother and also of brethren ;
But though we say mother , we never say "methren."
The masculine pronouns are he, his and him ,
But imagine the feminine as she , "shis," and "shim."
So English, I think -- and you must agree —
Is a language as queer as any you‘ll see.

Retrieved from: http://www.burkhard-leuschner.de/fun/plural.htm

Assessment Rubric
Reading Poor Fair Good Total Grade
criteria 1 pts 3 pts 5 pts Points
Pronunciation Mispronounced Mispronounced Mispronounced
7 or more 4 to 6 words 1 to 3 words
words
Fluency Many Some Speech
hesitations and hesitations but continuous and
poor intonation managed to with few
maintain flow pauses and
and adequate maintained
intonation proper
intonation

Retrieved from: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/usinggooglevoicetoimprovepronunciation-

120812114741-phpapp02/95/using-google-voice-to-improve-pronunciation-11-
728.jpg?cb=1344772108

Post Test

Instruction: Write examples of continuants and stops.

Continuants Stops

1. _______________ _______________
2. _______________ _______________
3. _______________ _______________
4. _______________ _______________
5. _______________ _______________

Reflection

I learned . . . ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Lesson II: Identifying Sounds in Different Positions

Overview:

Identify the location or origin of a detected sound in a word.

Objectives:
The lesson aims to:
 Identify letter sounds in words
 Familiarize phonemes in initial, final and medial position
 Count the number of phonemes in words

Pre-test
Instruction: Identify the initial sound, final sound and medial sound. The first
word is already answered for you

No. Word Initial Final Medial

1. ant /a/ /t/ /n/
2. moon
3. hog
4. fig
5. bed
6. earth
7. tent
8. bud
9. owl
10. hand
11. cloud

A. Initial position

Initial position – the beginning sound in a word.

Initial sounds Words

A alligator, anaconda, ant, apple, axe

B bag, ball, banana, beater, bee, bed, bike, bird, boat, bud, bun, bus, butterfly

C camera, can, cap, carrot, cat, cloud, cob, cog, corn, cot, cup
D daisy, dart, deer, desk, dinosaur, dog, doll, donut, door, dragon, duck
E eagle, earth, egg, elbow, elephant
F fan, feather, fig, fin, fish, foot, fork, fox
G garage, gas, gears, goat, gorilla, guitar, gum
H ham, hammer, hand, hat, helicopter, hem, hen, hip, hoe, hog, house
I ice, igloo, Indian, island
J jacks, jam, jeans, jeep, jet, jug, juggle, jump
K kangaroo, keg, key, kid, king, kitchen, kite, kiwi, knight, koala
L ladder, leg, lemon, lid, light, lion, lips, lobster, log
M mad, map, mail, maracas, men, moose, moon, mop, mouse, mud
N nose, net, nail, needle, nest, newspaper, nine, nose, numbers, nut
O officer, orange, owl
P pan, peg, pen, pig, pin, pineapple, pod, post, pup
Q quail, quarter, queen, quilt
R rabbit, radio, rag, rainbow, rake, rat, red, rib, rocket, rod, rose, rug
S sailboat, saw, sod, sea, seal, seven, six, star, submarine, sun

T tag, tambourine, tan, telephone, ten, tent, tiger, tin, tomato, top, tower, train, tub

U unicorn, uniform,
V vase, video, violin, volcano, valentine
W wagon, water, web, wig, windmill
X Xmas, xylograph, xylophone
Y yak, yarn, yoyo, yam
Z zebra, zebra, zero, zipper, zither
Blends

Initial sounds Words

BL black, blend, block, blond, bluff

BR brad, bran, brig, brim, brush
CL clap, clam, cliff, clock, clubs
CR crab, crack, crash, crest, cross
DR dress, drop, drill, drink, drums
FL flab, flag, flat, floss, flush
FR frills, frock, frog, frost, froth
 GL glad, glass, glen, gloss, glum
GR grab, grand, grass, grill, grin
PL plans, plant, plug, plums, plus
PR pram, press, primps, print, prop
SC scab, scald, scallop, scalp, scallop
SH shell, ship, shirt, shoe, shop, shovel
SK skip, skull, skip, skin, skill
SL slam, slosh, slot, slug, slush
SM smog, smash, small, smell, smug
SN snack, snap, snag, snip, sniffs
SP spill, spin, spell, spend, spot
ST stop, stump, stand, stamp, stuck
SW swift, swig, swim, swan, swamp
TR trick, trim, trunk, tram, track
TW twins, twig, twist, twill, twang

Initial /s/ words

sit seat sign
soup city sand
salt said soft
seal sad seven
sick sorry sink
sing soap son
sun sock safe
save sail
seed sour

Initial /k/ word

can corn cow
cat cold cut
key cool cart
comb cop candy
catch cake card
coin car color
cub kid kite
cone cave
carrot coat
Initial /l/ words
leaf ladybug log
lamp listen lunch
laugh lock lazy
leak look lion
list love lake
long lemon lucky
letter lamb late
light leg
land lips

Initial /r/ words

run ribbon ran
rice radio write
rat rocket rip
rag ranch recess
rake rich rock
red race read
wrist ring wrap
raisin rain
rabbit rug

Initial /f/ words

face five fall
farm fish fossil
feet foot fin
fur four feed
phone fork fan
fingers forest fence
fire feather fox
fudge fist
food fast

Initial /g/ words

goose gone goat
gate guess game
gas give gum
gift ghost girl
go guitar golf
gulp garbage guy
good goodbye goal
 gallon garage
gold gorilla

Initial /v/ words

vest vowels voice
van visor vain
vine visit vault
vote village vanilla
vet violet video
vase volcano view
vacuum vegetables vent
valley volleyball
vampire violin

Initial /p/ words

pencil pizza pie
party pirate parade
pig pet park
pickle paint pass
pony peach past
penny picnic paid
penguin piano pear
parrot pants paw

Initial /t/ words

teeth taco tall
tire tool taste
toast tooth tub
toy toe touch
teacher talk top
two towel tongue
toad turtle time
tiger team
turkey take

Initial /sh/ words

shape chef shop
shirt shadow shy
shoe shot shadow
ship shut shampoo
 share sugar shake
shave shed shade
shoelace short sharp
shower show
shovel shine

B. Final position

Final position – the last sound in a word.

Final /s/ words

bus glass mouse
face pass race
ice voice lettuce
grass nice fence
horse lips miss
yes class juice
address dress this
office erase
purse house

Final /b/ words

bib cob grab rub
blob crab grub scab
Bob crib knob scrub
cab cub lobe sub
club cube rib tub

Final /p/ words

ape clap hop nap soap
beep cup jeep pop soup
cap dip jump pup stop
cape grape map rope top
chip group mop sheep up

Final /m/ words

bloom dime gum lamb plum
broom dream gym limb room
clam drum ham lime same
climb flame home mom swim
comb game jam name yam

Final /d/ words

beard food nod sand
bed head pod seed
bird kid read sled
bud lid red toad
dad mud road wood

Final /t/ words

bat coat goat light rat
beet dot hat meat seat
boat eight hut nut skate
boot feet jet pet street
cat gate kite plate wet

Final /n/ words

bean clown grin one rain
bone cone hen pan spoon
brain den lawn pen stone
can fan man phone sun
chin fawn moon plane train

Final /f/ words

beef cough knife off sniff
calf cuff laugh puff thief
chef fife leaf reef tough
chief hoof loaf roof whiff
cliff huff muff rough woof

Final /g/ words

bag dog hag leg rug
big egg hog log slug
bug fig hug mug stag
clog flag jog pig tag
dig frog jug rag wig

Final /k/ words

back book hook rake trick
bake cake lake rock truck
beak cheek lock smoke walk
bike chick lock sock yak
block duck neck stick yolk

Final /l/ words

ball eel jail owl roll
bell fall mail pail school
bowl fool mall pal seal
call goal mole pole shell
doll hill nail pool tail

Final /s/ words

ace face ice place
bus glass juice race
case goose mess rice
dice grass moose toss
dress house mouse yes

Final /ks/ (x)

ax clocks jacks ox sax
backs docks knocks packs six
books facts – fax locks – lox picks – pix socks
box fix makes Rex tacks
bucks fox Max rocks tucks

Final /gs /
bags eggs jogs pegs rugs
begs figs jugs pigs tags
bugs frogs legs pugs tugs
digs gags logs rags wags
dogs hugs mugs rigs wigs

SC/SK - Blends
scoop scar skim
scare score school
scarf skill skin
skirt skip skate
scout skull ski
scale skunk sky
skinny scab
SL - Blends
slow slick slob
sled slit sleeve
slacker slim sleep
slam sliver slip
slab sludge slide
slave slug slap
sleigh slant

SM - Blends
smell smug smother
smoke smock smuggle
smog smooth smart
smear smack smash
smooch smite small
smudge smoky smile

SN - Blends
snail snob snowball
snack snuggle snort
snarl snooze snap
snatch sniffle snake
snoop snoop sneeze
snot snout snow
sneak snorkel snore
snip snicker
snag snitch

SP - Blends
spoon spine spice
space spoon spent
spy space special
spare spinach spider
sponge spa speak
sparkle spark spill
spear speed spell
spend Spanish sports
spin speech

ST - Blends
stamp stack stay
step stand steal
steer stick stuck
stitch sting sticker
still store star
steam stage stairs
stone steak story
stop start student
stem stir
state storm

SW - Blends
sweep sway swim
swallow swell swan
swaddle swept swing
swam swipe sweater
swap switch sweet
swarm sword sweat
swear swollen
swat swamp

B. Medial position (e.g., top, pot, setter)

Medial position – the middle sound in a word.

Medial /s/ words

baseball racing eraser
dancer insect faucet
gasoline recipe messy
grasshopper medicine outside
motorcycle listen passing
fossil glasses whistle
pencil bicycle policeman
muscle dinosaur
beside popsicle

Discovery Task

Group the class with each group having three members.

I. Instruction: Write ten (10) examples of words with initial, final and medial
sounds indicated in the table.
 Initial Final Medial
/p/ /sh/ /e/
1
2
3
4
5

II. Instruction: Categorize the words below based from the number of
phonemes.

jump bay each key spin

elk job snob cone meet
geese sand odd day stop

Number of
2 3 4
Phonemes
1
2
3
4
5

Final Task

Instruction: Write the correct answer on the blank.

ch ch ch

sh sh sh

ba___ th
__ips th
ben__ th

_
 ch ch ch

sh sh sh

ca___ th __orns th
tra__ th

ch ch
_ ch

sh sh sh

___ell th
bea_ th
ear__ th

_ Post Test
_
Instruction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. How many phonemes(sounds) are in the word cat?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

2. How many phonemes (sounds) are in the word chirp?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
3. What is the medial sound in the word dinosaur?
a. /d/
b. /s/
c. /r/
d. /u/
4. What is the final sound in the word place?
a. /s/
 b. /d/
c. /r/
d. /u/
5. What is the initial sound in the word feather?
a. /a/
b. /k/
c. /f/
d. /j/
6. What is the initial sound in the word candy?
a. /f/
b. /o/
c. /l/
d. /k/
7. What is the initial sound in the word goat?
a. /g/
b. /h/
c. /a/
d. /z/
8. What is the medial sound in the word dancer?
a. /s/
b. /t/
c. /x/
d. /w/
9. What is an example of blend?
a. sweep
b. keep
c. peak
d. cake
10. What is an example of blend?
a. face
b. pat
c. brush
d. wet

Reflection

I learned . . . ___________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Lesson III: Identifying or Combining Sound Sequences

Overview:
In uttering a word we actualize the sequence of discrete sounds stored in
memory as a sequence of actions of our articulators. speech sounds are the
constituents of words, and words are special in that only words are sequences of
speech sounds.

Objectives:
The lesson aims to:
 Identify sound sequences
  Combine sound sequences
 Familiarize consonant vowel sounds patterns

Pre-test

Instruction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Cat, hot, tip, man and hut are words that follow the sequence _________.
a. CV
b. CVC
c. CCV
d. CVCC
2. Hunt, fast, cart, milk, want are words that follow the sequence _________.
a. CVCC
b. CCV
c. CVC
d. CV
3. Trap, chop, stun, grit, shop are words that follow the sequence _________.
a. CVC
b. CV
c. CVCC
d. CCV
4. Me, key, knee, shoe, no, cow are words that follow the sequence _________.
a. CCV
b. CVCC
c. CVC
d. CV
5. Moon, goose, fan, mouse, coat words that follow the sequence _________.
a. CV
b. CVC
c. CCV
d. CVCC

Text

Identifying or Combining Sound Sequence

words?
What are CVC words?

A CVC word is a word that is made up of a consonant, vowel and consonant

sound.
Cat, hot, tip, man and hut are all CVC words.
What are CCVC words?

Consonant, consonant, vowel, consonant words, for example: trap, chop,

stun, grit, shop.?

What are CVCC words?

Examples of CVCC (consonant, vowel, consonant, consonant) words

are: hunt, fast, cart, milk, want.

A. CV pattern

Consonant-Vowel:
me boy you
key bee bow
knee paw hay
shoe saw pie
no toe go
cow tie

B. VC pattern
 Vowel-Consonant Words:
up eat ice
arm egg out

C. CVC pattern (e.g., pie, egg, red)

Consonant-Vowel-Consonant Words:
moon bike kite
hat book knife
goose wave lake
fan fish gas
mouse five gum
coat mouth white
comb dog house
cup duck sock
dice face pig
boot foot nine
bus leaf food
cake leg lime
cat nose one
bed light soap
tape hose phone

Consonant-Vowel-Consonant-Vowel Words:
baby hippo over
bunny honey paper
taco ladder penny
coffee lady pillow
cookie lego puppy
heavy yo-yo pony
hammer money
Discovery Task
Instruction: Create twenty (20) words using the table below.

1. ________________ 11. ________________

2. ________________ 12. ________________
3. ________________ 13. ________________
4. ________________ 14. ________________
5. ________________ 15. ________________
6. ________________ 16. ________________
7. ________________ 17. ________________
8. ________________ 18. ________________
9. ________________ 19. ________________
10. ________________ 20. ________________

Final Task
Write words with the same Final sounds.

tent
fast
sound
clock
loft
bring
walk
Post Test

Instruction: Categorize words in the box.

treetop drum egg grey freshness

eat starlight floating sled gum
bee paw drop swim white
saw toe tie flag gas
arm
No. VC ice CV our CVC knife
CCV lake CVCC
 1
2
3
4
5

Reflection

I learned . . . ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Lesson IV: Phonograms

Overview:

Phonograms are the common elements in word families. Understanding initial consonant,
onset and rime.

Objectives
The lesson aims to:
 Identify sounds of initial consonant
 Identify sounds of onset
 Identify sounds of rimes

Pre-test
Instruction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer

1. What is the initial consonant/s of the word small?

a. s b. sm c. ll d. a
2. What is the initial consonant/s of the word card?
a. rd b. a c. r d. c
3. _________ is an initial consonant that changes the meaning of the word.
a. rime b. onset c. initial consonant d. consonant
4. ______ are the following vowel/consonant combination that remains constant
a. onset b. consonant c. rime d. rime
5. What is the initial consonant/s of the word church?
a. br b. cr c. ch d. sw

Text

A. Initial consonant (e.g., the letter sequence "and" in sand, hand, band, and land)
bl br ch cl cr dr fl fr gl gr pl pr sc

sh sk sl sm sn sp st sw th tr tw wh wr

sch scr shr sph spl spr squ str thr

Consonant blends (also called consonant clusters) are groups of two or three consonants in words that
makes a distinct consonant sound, such as "bl" or "spl." Consonant digraphs include bl, br, ch, ck, cl, cr,
dr, fl, fr, gh, gl, gr, ng, ph, pl, pr, qu, sc, sh, sk, sl, sm, sn, sp, st, sw, th, tr, tw, wh, wr. Some trigraphs
are nth, sch, scr, shr, spl, spr, squ, str, thr. There are also digraphs that produce a distinct vowel sound.
Some examples are: ai, au, aw, ay, ea, ee, ei, eu, ew, ey, ie, oi, oo, ou, ow, oy.

Some words that begin with common digraphs or blends:

 bl br ch cl cr dr
blab brace chain clad crab drab
black bracelet chair claim crack draft
blackberry bracket chalk clairvoyant cracker drag
blackbird brad challenge clam crackle dragon
blackmail brag chamber clambake crackpot dragonfly
blacksmith braid champion clamber cradle dragoon
bladder brain chance clammy crafts drain
blade brake change clamor crag drake
blah bramble channel clamp cram dram
blame bran chant clamshell cramp drama
blanche brand chap clan cranberry dramatic
bland branch chapel clandestine crane drank
blandish brass chapter clap cranefly drape
blank brat char clapper cranium drapery
blanket brave charge clarify cranky drastic
blaring brawny chariot clarinet cranny draw
blarney bray charity clarity crash drawbridge
blast breach charm clash crass drawer
blatant bread chart clasp crate drawl
blaze break chase class crater drawn
bleach breath chat classic crave dread
bleachers breathe cheap classical crawfish dreadful
bleak bred check classification crawl dreadnought
bleary breed checkers classify crayfish dreadlocks
bleat breeze cheek classmate crayon dream
bled brew cheer classroom craze dreary
bleed briar cheese clause crazy dredge
bleep bribe cheetah claustrophobia creak dregs
blemish brick chef clavichord cream dreidel
blend bride cherry claw crease drench
blender bridge chess clay create dress
bless brief chest clean creature dresser
blew brig chew cleanse credence drew
blight bright chick clear credit dribble
blimp brilliant chicken clearance creed drier
blind brim chief cleat creek drift
blindfold brine child cleaver creep driftwood
blini bring chili clef creepy drill
blink brink chime cleft crepe drink
blinkers brisk chimp clench crescent drip
blintz bristle chin clergy cress drive
blip brittle china clerical crest drivel
bliss broad chip clerk crew driven
blister broccoli chisel clever crewcut driver
blithe broil chocolate click crib driveway
blitz broken choice client cricket drizzle
blizzard bronco choose cliff cries drole
bloat bronze chop climate crime drool
blob brood chore climb criminal dromedary
block brooch cling crimp drone
 blockade brook chose clinic cringe drool
blockbuster broom church clink crinkle droop
blockhead broth clip crippling drop
bloke brother clipboard crisis drought
blonde brought clique crisp drove
blood brow cloak crisscross droves
bloom brown clobber criteria drown
blooper browse clock critical drowsy
blossom bruise clockwise criticize drudgery
blot brunette clod critter drug
blotch brush clog croak druggist
blouse brutal clone crochet drum
blow clop crocodile drunk
blowtorch close crocus dry
blubber closet crone dry
bludgeon clot crook
blue clothes crooked
blueberry clothespin crop
bluejay cloud croquet
bluff clout cross
blunder clover crosswalk
blunt clown crossword
blur cloy crouch
blurry club crow
blurt cluck crowd
blush clue crown
bluster clump cruel
blustery clumsy cruise
clunky crumb
cluster crumpet
clutch crunch
clutter crust
crutch
crux
cry
crypt
cryptic
crystal
fl fr gl gr pl pr sc
flab fraction glacier grab place prairie scab
flabbergasted fragile glad grace placid prance scabbard
flag fragment glade graceful plagiarize pray scads
flagship fragrant gladiator gracious plague precipitation scaffold
flail frail gladiolus grad plaid precious scald
flair frame glamorous grade plain precise scale
flake frank glamor gradual plan precocious scalene
flamboyant frantic glance graduate plane predict scallop
flame fraud gland graffiti planet preposition scalp
flamingo fray glare graft plank present scalpel
flan free glass graham plankton president scaly
flank freeze glasses grain plant press scam
 flannel freezer glaze gram plantain pretzel scamper
flap freight gleam grammar plantation prey scan
flapjacks French horn glean grand planter price scandal
flare frenzy glee grandchild plaque pride scanner
flash frequent glen grandfather plasma prim scant
flashcard fresh glib grandmother plaster primary scapegoat
flask fret glid grandparent plastic prime scar
flat friction glide granite plate prince scarab
flatter friend glider grant plateau princess scare
flaunt frighten glimmer granular platform principal scarecrow
flavor frill glimpse grapefruit platitude principle scarf
flaw fringe glint grapes platter print scarlet
flax frisk glisten graph platypus prize scary
flay frock glitch grasp play probe scathing
flea frog glitter grass playground problem scatter
fleck frolic glitz grasshopper plaza project scavenger
fled from gloat grassland plea pronoun scenario
fledge frond glob grate plead prior scene
fleece front global grateful pleasant private scenery
fleet frontier globalization grater please prism scenic
flesh frost globe gratitude pleasure prison scent
flex froth globetrotter grave pleat privacy scepter
flicker frothy globular gravel pled privilege sceptic
flier frown glom graveyard pledge prize science
flight frozen gloomy gravity plenty pro scientific
flimflam frugal glorify gravy pliant probably scientist
flimsy fruit glory gray pliers proceed scimitar
flinch frumpy glossary graze plight prod scintilla
fling frustrate glossy grease plod prom scintillate
flint fry glove great plop prong scissors
flip glow grebe plot pronoun scoff
flipbook glower greedy plover prop scofflaw
flipper glucose Greek plow propeller scold
flit glue green pluck proper sconce
float glum greet plug proton scoop
flock glut greeting plum protractor scoot
floe glutes grew plumb proud scope
flog glutton grey plumber prove scorch
flood gluttony greyhound plume proverb score
floodlight grid plummet prow scorn
floor griddle plump prune scorpion
flop gridiron plunder pry scot
Florida gridlock plunger scotch
florist grief plural scour
floss grieving plus scout
flotilla grill plush scowl
flounder grim Pluto scuba
flour grimace ply scuff
flourish grime plywood scuffle
flow grin sculptor
flower grind sculpture
 flown grip scum
flu gripe scurrilous
flub gristle scurry
fluctuate grit scurvy
flue grits scute
fluent grizzly scythe
fluffy groan
fluid grocery
fluke groggy
flung groin
flunk groom
flush groove
flute groovy
flutter grope
flux gross
fly grotesque
flyswatter grotto
grouch
grouchy
ground
groundhog
group
grouse
grout
grove
grovel
grow
growl
grown
grownup
growth
grub
grudge
gruesome
gruff
grumble
grumpy
grunt
sh sk sl sm sn sp
shack skate slab smack snack spa
shade skateboard slack small snag space
shadow skatepark slain smallpox snail spacecraft
shake skedaddle slam smarmy snake spacious
shall skeet slant smart snap spackle
sham skein slap smash snapdragon spade
shampoo skeletal slash smattering snapper spaghetti
shamrock skeleton slat smear snapshot Spain
shape skeptic slave smell snare spam
share sketch slaw smelt snarl span
shark sketchbook slay smidgen snatch spandex
she skew sled smile snazzy spank
 sheep skewer sleek smilodon sneak spar
shelf ski sleep smirk sneaker spare
shell skid sleeping bag smite sneer spareribs
shepherd skiff sleet smith sneeze spark
shine skill sleeve smitten snicker sparkle
shiny skillet sleigh smock snide sparkler
ship skim slender smog sniff sparrow
shirt skimobile slice smoke sniffle sparse
shock skimp slick smokescreen snip spartan
shoddy skimpy slid smolder snipe spasm
shoot skin slide smooch sniper spat
shop skink slim smooth snippers spatial
shore skinny slime smoothie snippy spatter
short skip slip smorgasbord snit spatula
shot skipjack slippers smother snivel spawn
should skipper slit smudge snob speak
shoulder skirmish sloth smug snood spear
shout skirt slob smuggle snooker special
shovel skit slop smush snoop species
show skittish slot snooty specific
shower skittle slough snooze specify
shuck skivvy slow snore specimen
shudder skiwear slug snorkel speckle
shunt skull slum snort spectacle
shut skullcap slump snot spectacular
skullduggery snout spectator
skulk snow speculate
skunk snowball sped
sky snowboard speech
skydive snowcap speed
skylark snowflake spell
skyline snowmobile spend
skylight snowplow spew
skyrocket snowshoe spice
skyscraper snub spider
skywriting snuck spiffy
snuff spigot
snug spike
snuggle spill
snugly spin
spinach
spinal
spine
spiral
spire
spirit
spit
spite
spoil
spoke
sponge
 sponsor
spoof
spooky
spool
spoon
spore
sports
spot
spotlight
spouse
spout
spud
spun
spunk
spur
spurn
spurt
sputnik
sputter
spy
st sw th tr tw wh wr
stab swab than trace twang whale wrack
stable swaddle thank trachea t'was wharf wraith
stack swagger thanksgiving track tweak what wrangle
stadium swallow thaw tract tweed wheat wrap
staff swallowtail that traction tween wheel wraparound
stag swam the tractor tweet wheelbarrow wrapper
stage swami their trade tweeze wheelchair wrath
stagger swamp them tradition tweezers wheeze wreath
stair swan then traffic twelfth whelp wreck
stake swanky there tragedy twelve when wreckage
stalactite swansong therefore tragic twenty where wrecker
stalagmite swap thermometer trail twerp whereby wren
stale swarm these trailer twice wherefore wrench
stalk swashbuckler they train twiddle wherewithal wrestle
stall swat they're trait twig whet wretched
stallion sway thick traitor twilight whetstone wriggle
stamp swear thief tram twill whether wring
stand sweat thigh tramp twin whew wrinkle
stapler sweater thimble trample twine whey wrist
star sweatshirt thin trance twinge which wristwatch
static sweep thing tranquil twinkle whiff writ
steak sweepstake think transfer twirl whig write
steam sweet third transform twist while writhe
stem swell thirsty transit twister whim writing
step sweltering thirteen translate twit whimper written
steep swept thirty transmit twitter whimsical wrong
stick swerve this transparent twixt whine wrongful
sticker swift thorax transport whinny wrote
sting swim thorn trap whip wrought
stomach swimsuit thorough trapeze whiplash
 stone swindle those trash whippersnapper wrung
stool swine though travel whippet wry
stoop swing thought tray whippoorwill
stop swingset thousand tread whir
store swipe thud treasure whirl
storm swirl thumb treat whirligig
story swish thump treble whirlpool
stove Swiss thunder tree whirlwind
student switch Thursday trek whisk
stub swivel thus triangle whisker
stud swizzle trim whiskey
stump swollen trinket whisper
stun swoon trip whist
swoop triplets whistle
swoosh trod whistleblower
sword troll whit
swordfish trolley white
sworn trombone whiteboard
swum trot whitecap
swung trout whiteout
truck whitewash
trumpet whittle
trunk whiz
whoa
whooping
whoosh
whorl
why
Some words that begin with common trigraphs:

sch scr shr sph

schedule scram shrank sphagnum
schematic scramble shrapnel sphere
scheme scrap shred spherical
scherzo scrapbook shrew spheroid
schism scrape shrewd sphincter
schizophrenic scrappy shriek sphinx
schlep scratch shrift
schlock scrawl shrill
schmooze scrawny shrimp
scholar scream shrine
scholarship screech shrink
scholastic screen shrivel
school screenwriter shroud
schoolroom screw shrub
schooner screwball shrug
schwa screwdriver shrunk
scribble
scribe
scrimmage
scrimp
scrimshaw
 scrip
script
scripture
scroll
scrooge
scrounge
scrub
scruffy
scrunch
scruples
scrutinize
scrutiny
spl spr squ str thr
splash sprain squab straight thrash
splashdown sprang squabble strain thread
splat sprawl squad strait threat
splatter spray squadron strand three
splay spread squalid strange thresher
spleen spreadsheet squall strap threw
splendid spree squalor straw thrice
splendor sprig squander strawberry thrift
splice spring square stray thriller
splint springboard squash streak thrive
splinter springbok squat stream throat
split springtime squawk street throb
splotchy sprinkle squeak strength throne
splurge sprinkler squeal stress throng
splurt sprint squeamish stretch throttle
splutter sprite squeegee stress through
spritz squeeze stretch throw
spritzer squelch strict thrush
sprocket squib stride thrust
sprout squid string
spruce squiggle stripe
sprung squint strobe
spry squire stroke
squirm stroll
squirrel strong
squirt struck
squish strum
strung
strut

Skill: final consonant blends:

–st, –sk, –sp, –nd, –nt, –nk, –mp, –rd, –ld, –lp, –rk, –lt, –lf, –pt, –ft, –ct

Initial consonant blends (beginning) and final (ending) consonant blends appear throughout these
lessons. Blends are consonants whose “sounds blends together”. In other words, each letter within the
blend is pronounced individually, but quickly, so they “blend” together.
Read these words:

-st -sk -sp -nd -nt

best ask clasp and different
fast desk crisp band important
just disk cusp blend parent
last dusk gasp end plant
lost husk grasp find president
must mask lisp kind student
rest risk wasp land want
trust task wisp stand went

-nk -mp -rd -ld -lp

Bank camp afford child gulp
Drink damp bird cold help
Junk dump card fold kelp
Pink jump discard gold palp
Sink lamp hard held pulp
Shrink pump record hold scalp
Thank stamp word old whelp
Think swamp yard wild yelp
 -rk -lt -lf -pt -ft -ct
ark adult calf accept craft act
clerk belt half adopt drift direct
irk difficult elf attempt gift expect
jerk fault golf crept left fact
lurk melt gulf except lift object
park result self kept raft project
smirk salt shelf slept soft respect
work tilt wolf unkempt waft tract

Read these sentences.

 Is it best to ask for help if the task is too hard?

 Grasp the stand behind you and lift it onto the desk.
 I think I’ll discard this lamp and dump it at the junkyard.
 I will accept all the stamps except the one cut in half.
 Does the student know all the consonant blends?
 Please stand and show respect for our president.
 The kind child left her soft pillow on the aircraft.
 The accident wasn't my fault but the result was tragic.
 Is it difficult for a speech therapist to correct a lisp?
 Is that a wolf chasing the calf on the golf course?
 If the jerk smirks at the clerk, it will irk him.

B. Onset - initial consonant that changes the meaning of the word.

-am
ram sam slam tram
ham yam clam gram
dam cram dram sham
jam pram swam scram

-ab
cab jab flab slab
nab tab grab stab
lab crab blab drab
 -ag
bag tag wag snag
rag gag stag swag
nag lag brag drag
hag sag flag crag

-ad
mad bad lad brad
sad fad clad
pad had glad

-ax
lax tax wax flax

-et
bet jet yet pet
let wet net get
met set vet fret

-en
den pen men
hen ten when
Ben yen then

-ed
bed red bled sled
fed wed bred shed
led Ted fled

-eg
beg keg leg peg

-em
hem them stem

-ip
dip sip trip grip
hip tip clip strip
lip zip skip ship
nip slip snip chip
rip flip drip

-im
dim vim grim swim
him slim prim trim
rim brim skim
 -id
did hid lid slid
bid kid rid skid

-ib
bib jib rib crib
fib nib glib

-ig
big jig wig brig
dig pig swig sprig
fig rig twig

-ix
fix mix six

-ot
cot lot tot clot
dot not slot shot
got pot blot
hot rot trot

-on
con don yon

-op
bop pop stop shop
cop sop clop chop
hop top flop
lop crop slop
mop drop prop

-od
cod pod clod shod
god rod plod
nod sod prod

-ob
cob job rob blob
fob lob sob snob
gob mob slob

-og
bog fog log smog
cog hog frog clog
dog jog slog
 -ox
box fox cox

-ut
but hut rut
cut jut glut
gut nut shut

-un
bun gun pun sun
fun nun run stun

-up
cup pup sup

-um
bum rum plum chum
gum sum swum
hum drum scrum
mum glum strum

-ud
bud dud cud mud

-ub
cub rub club grub
dub sub snub scrub
hub tub stub shrub
pub nub drub

-eck
deck peck speck
neck fleck check

-ick
kick sick flick brick
lick tick trick quick
nick wick click thick
pick slick stick chick

C. Rime - the following vowel/consonant combination that remains constant

Rime word families in order of three levels of ease of learning

I. Easiest: it, ay, in, ap, ill, an, ack, ip, ing, at, ore, ug, ell
 -it
bit lit wit skit
fit nit quit spit
hit pit flit grit
kit sit slit

-ay
day pay flay
bay say fray stray
gay way pray today
hay play tray away
lay slay stay
may clay sway

-in
bin pin skin shin
din sin spin chin
fin tin twin thin
kin win grin

-ap
tap cap yap scrap
map gap flap strap
rap nap snap clap
lap sap trap slap

-ill
Dill mill grill spill
fill pill swill still
gill sill trill chill
hill till frill
kill will skill

-an
fan ban bran span
ran can plan
man pan clan
tan van scan

-ack
back sack clack shack
hack tack snack quack
lack flack stack
pack slack crack
rack black track

-ip
dip sip trip grip
hip tip clip strip
lip zip skip ship
nip slip snip chip
rip flip drip

-ing
sing ring sting spring
wing sling swing thing
king cling bring
ping fling string

-at
cat sat vat spat
rat pat flat brat
fat hat slat chat
mat bat scat

-ore
ore sore spore before
bore tore store restore
core wore swore
more score chore
pore snore shore

-ug
dug bug slug drug
rug plug smug chug
mug glug snug shrug

-ell
sell fell jell swell
Bell yell well spell
dell tell smell shell

II. More difficult: aw, ide, ake, ock, unk, ick, oke, ank, ice, ash, ump, ink

-aw
saw law draw straw
caw paw claw thaw
jaw raw flaw

-ide
ride side glide pride
bide tide slide stride
hide wide bride
 -ake
cake make wake drake
bake rake flake shake
fake sake snake
lake take stake

-ock
cock hock mock rock
clock flock frock shock
dock lock sock
block crock stock

-unk
dunk junk flunk chunk
bunk punk skunk shrunk
sunk plunk drunk
hunk clunk trunk

-ick
kick sick flick brick
lick tick trick quick
nick wick click thick
pick slick stick chick

-oke
coke woke broke
joke spoke smoke
poke stoke stroke

-ank
bank tank clank thank
dank yank prank shank
lank blank crank
rank flank drank
sank plank spank

-ice
ice mice slice twice
dice nice spice
lice rice price

-ash
dash lash sash trash
bash gash slash smash
hash mash flash
cash rash crash
 -ump
bump lump slump trump
dump pump clump chump
hump plump stump thump

-ink
sink rink stink chink
link wink clink think
mink slink brink shrink
pink blink drink

III. Most difficult: ine, ain, ate, ail, est, ale, ight, ot, uck, eat, ap, ame

-ine
dine nine spine shine
fine pine swine whine
line vine twine
mine wine brine

-ain
gain brain slain again
lain drain stain Spain
main grain strain
pain train sprain
rain plain chain

-ate
ate hate plate crate
date late slate grate
fate mate skate
gate rate state

-ail
ail mail tail trail
bail nail wail quail
fail pail flail avail
hail rail snail
jail sail frail

-est
best rest west
nest test zest
pest vest chest

-ale
ale bale dale hale
male sale scale shale
pale tale stale whale

-ight
fight right slight knight
light sight flight delight
might tight bright
night blight fright

-uck
buck pluck muck chuck
cluck luck stuck tuck
duck truck suck shuck

-ot
cot lot tot clot
dot not slot shot
got pot blot
hot rot trot

-uck
buck muck cluck truck
duck suck pluck shuck
luck tuck stuck chuck

-eat
beat meat seat bleat
feat neat pleat wheat
heat peat cleat cheat

-ap
tap cap yap scrap
map gap flap strap
rap nap snap clap
lap sap trap slap

-ame
came lame flame
dame name blame
fame same frame
game tame shame
(Koppenhaver and Ericksson, 2000; based on information collected for Cunningham et al, 1999)

Discovery Task

Words and phrases that rhyme with task:

Level 1
ask, bask, basque, brasque, cask, casque, crask, flask, flasque, lask, lasque, masdc, mask,
masque, nasdc, pasch, pask, pasque, rask, slask, trask, vasque

Level 2
abask, attask, bar mask, bourasque, death mask, dismask, eye mask, face mask, half
mask, immask, incask, life mask, netmask, roflastc, ski mask, subtask, unmask, wine cask

Level 3
antimasque, birdcage mask, catcher's mask, dewar flask, fencing mask, multitask, pocket
flask, powder flask, supertask, vacuum flask

Level 4
oxygen mask

Final Task

Post Test

Reflection

I learned . . . ________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Lesson V: Literature

Overview:
Literature exposure to phonemes is to focus on literature that deals playfully with speech
sounds through rhymes.

Objectives:
The lesson aims to:
 Identify phonograms
 Focus on literature that deals playfully with speech sounds through rhymes
 Create words for a word family chart
 Determine words

Pre-test

A. Initial Sounds of Everyday Objects

1. Words Related to Water – These words often begin with sp- or dr-. Words that indicate
a small amount of liquid often end in -le (sprinkle/drizzle).
 bloop  sprinkle  drizzle
 splash  squirt
 spray  drip

2. Words Related to the Voice – Sounds that come from the back of the throat tend to start
with a gr- sound whereas sounds that come out of the mouth through the lips, tongue and
teeth begin with mu-.
 giggle  mumble  chatter
 growl  murmur  blurt
 grunt  bawl
 gurgle  belch

3. Words Related to Collisions – Collisions can occur between any two or more objects.
Sounds that begin with cl- usually indicate collisions between metal or glass objects, and
words that end in -ng are sounds that resonate. Words that begin with th- usually describe
dull sounds like soft but heavy things hitting wood or earth.
 bam  clatter  screech
 bang  click  slap
 clang  clink  thud
 clank  ding  thump
 clap  jingle

4. Words Related to Air – Because air doesn’t really make a sound unless it blows through
something, these words describe the sounds of air blowing through things or of things
rushing through the air. "Whisper" is on this list and not the voice list because we do not use
our voices to whisper. We only use the air from our lungs and the position of our teeth, lips
and tongues to form audible words.
 flutter  swish  whizz
 fisst  swoosh  whip
 fwoosh  whiff  whisper
 gasp  whoosh

5. Words Related to Animal Sounds – If you’ve spent significant amounts of time with
people from other countries, you know that animals speak different languages too.
Depending on where a chicken is from, for example, she might cluck-cluck, bok-bok, tok-
tok, kot-kot or cotcotcodet. We'll stick with English for now:
 arf  chortle  neigh
 baa  cluck  oink
 bark  cock-a-doodle-doo  purr
 bray  cuckoo  quack
 buzz  hiss  ribbit
 cheep  meow  tweet
 chirp  moo  warble

Read more at http://examples.yourdictionary.com/5-examples-of-

onomatopoeia.html#keZXico6FY8td7uG.99

Onomatopoeia is a word whose sound imitates the actual sound to which it refers, such as
pop, sizzle, and crash.

Below are several examples of onomatopoeia within famous poems:

Examples: How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle, / In the icy air of night!; To the tintinnabulation that
so musically wells / From the bells, bells, bells, bells, / Bells, bells, bells / From
the jingling and the tinkling of the bells. (Part I Examples only)

The Bells
by Edgar Allan Poe

Hear the sledges with the bells -

Silver bells!
What a world of merriment their melody foretells!
How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle,
In the icy air of night!
 While the stars that oversprinkle
All the heavens seem to twinkle
With a crystalline delight;
Keeping time, time, time,
In a sort of Runic rhyme,
To the tintinnabulation that so musically wells
From the bells, bells, bells, bells,
Bells, bells, bells -
From the jingling and the tinkling of the bells.

Examples: It hushes / It shushes (1-2); It flitter-twitters(4); and whitely whirs away (7)

"Cynthia in the Snow"

by Gwendolyn Brooks

It SUSHES.
It hushes
The loudness in the road.
It flitter-twitters,
And laughs away from me.
It laughs a lovely whiteness,
And whitely whirs away,
To be,
Some otherwhere,
Still white as milk or shirts.
So beautiful it hurts.

Example: The entire poem

"The Rusty Spigot"

by Eve Merriam

The rusty spigot

sputters,
utters
a splutter,
spatters a smattering of drops,
gashes wider;
slash
 splatters
scatters
spurts
finally stops sputtering
and plash!
gushes rushes splashes
clear water dashes.

B. Rhyme patterns are easily recalled after repeated exposure, and students will get the idea of creating new
rhymes.

A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words.

Example: fun / run
hit / fit

I. Draw a line to match each word from the left column to its rhyming word on the right
column.
1. deer tick
2. guppy moose
3. quail buck
4. clam whale
5. bee steer
6. bear raccoon
7. baboon lamb
8. duck puppy
9. goose hare
10. chick flea

II. Draw a line to match each word from the left column to its rhyming word on the right column.
1. coffee dairy
2. beans rice
3. apple gum
4. berry mustard
5. clam toffee
6. goose juice
7. crumb dip
8. ice greens
9. chip snapple
10. custard ham
C. Alliteration

Alliteration is the repetition of an initial consonant sound across several words, such as
presented in the alphabet book.

Jakia jumped in the jar of jelly.

Despite their mother’s warnings, the children chose to chew with their mouths open.
The grass grew green in the graveyard.

Notice the repetition of the “j” sound in the first example? Alliteration is not always so jarringly obvious.
Sometimes it is very subtle, such as in the following example:

He keeps the kitchen clean.

Though this example is still pretty obvious, it shows that even when one word starts with a
“k” and another word starts with a “c,” it is still considered an instance of alliteration. When
we study alliteration, we are concerned with the sounds of the words, not just the letters.

Here are selected poems from one of my most favorite authors and National Artist, Nick
Joaquin:

The Martyr

Being in love means never having to say you’re sorry

After all, at some point in your life
That love was the most important thing to you,
That love might be the one that you hoped would last forever,
That love made you believe that destiny does exist,
 And that love made you question,
Why you were afraid to fall in love in the first place.

At that time in your life,

Everything just seemed so perfect,
Everything seemed so beautiful,
Everything seemed to glow for you,
And you were my everything.

I wouldn't even think twice about sacrificing my own happiness for yours,
I was even willing to bare up this walled but crumpled heart of mine,
Just so I could be with you.
All I ever did was care for you.
All I ever did was to make you happy.
And all I ever did was love you.

Being in love means never having to say you’re sorry

But I needed to ask forgiveness from the one who was hurt the most…
Myself.

Happy Never After

How could I possibly stay awake

Despite knowing what horrors await me
In this life full of lies and despair
Where the only hope that remains
Is having you near me.
And yet,
However I push myself towards you,
The more I feel like we’re never meant to be,
The more we try to reach each other,
The more I feel so alone.
How could I possibly live my happily ever after
Without you by my side
Where even the fairy tales pale in comparison for how much I feel for you
When will He finish this chapter?
Does it even end?
Surely, any end is better than a one left hanging
For a simple No, might simply be the best answer
Rather than to face the agony of waiting and fear of the unknown.
 Strangers at First Sight

How could you possibly start from nothing?

And then end up as everything?
I never thought I’d feel this way again…
More like I pushed myself to never fall victim again
To this arresting feeling
How ironic is it,
That what I wanted to lose the most,
Is what most people long for their whole life
I don’t know what to do,
Guess I’ll just ignore everything again,
Time to shut my senses to all the assaults that the world has to offer…
After all, I’ve suppressed everything so far
What’s one more to add?

D. Assonance,

Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. It is often used in combination with

consonance and alliteration. It is the repetition of vowel sounds within words, is often
combined with rhyme.
He saw the cost and hauled off.
Will she read these cheap leaflets.
The snow in the rose garden groaned.

Notice the repetition of the “awe” sounds in the first example, the “e” sounds in the second example, or the
“o” sounds in the third example? Assonance can be subtle and may go unnoticed if you’re not scanning for it.
Lesson VI: Word families chart

A. Word family chart - "create" words from a word family chart.

Created Words
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
Discovery Task

Create a short story using the picture below.

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Final Task

Post Test

Reflection

I learned . . . ________________________________________
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Lesson VII: Direct instruction

A. Initial rhyme
 B. Direct modeling

3. instances (nose/rose)
4. non-instances (bed/car)

C. Rhyme (happy face and sad face)

Game-like activity by having them respond with a "happy face" card if the words rhyme and
a "sad face" card if they don't (or they can use a "thumbs up" and "thumbs down" response).
It is important for the teacher to ask a child to repeat the rhyming pairs in this and the following
activities to reinforce the verbal production of rhymed words.

D. Odd Word Out

Four words, three of which rhyme, are presented by the teacher (e.g., weed, bead, pill, seed).
The child determines which word is the odd one that doesn't belong with the others.

Discovery Task

Final Task
Post Test
Reflection

I learned . . . ________________________________________
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