Name of Student: Abhishek S.

Beloshe
Seat no: 19-9805
Class: T.Y. Bsc CS
Year: 2019-20

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 Artificial Intelligence in Power Systems
R.Pasupathi Nath, V.Nishanth Balaji

Abstract: A continuous and reliable supply of electricity is necessary for the functioning of today’s modern and
advanced society. Since the early to mid 1980s, most of the effort in power systems analysis has turned away from
the methodology of formal mathematical modeling which came from the areas of operations research, control
theory and numerical analysis to the less rigorous and less tedious techniques of artificial intelligence (AI). Power
systems keep on increasing on the basis of geographical regions, assets additions, and introduction of new
technologies in generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. AI techniques have become popular for
solving different problems in power systems like control, planning, scheduling, forecast, etc. These techniques can
deal with difficult tasks faced by applications in modern large power systems with even more interconnections
installed to meet increasing load demand. The application of these techniques has been successful in many areas
of power system engineering.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Power system engineering

Introduction

POWER SYSTEMS

An electric power system is a network of electrical components used to supply, transmit and
use electric power. Power systems is a subdivision of electrical engineering that deals with the
generation, transmission, distribution and utilisation of electric power and the electrical devices
connected to such systems like generators, motors and transformers.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Commonly, artificial intelligence is known to be the intelligence exhibited by machines

and software, for example, robots and computer programs. The term is generally used to the project of
developing systems equipped with the intellectual processes features and characteristics of humans, like
the ability to think, reason, find the meaning, generalize, distinguish, learn from past experience or
rectify their mistakes. Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the intelligence of a hypothetical machine
or computer which can accomplish any intellectual assignment successfully which a human being can
accomplish.

NEED FOR AI IN POWER SYSTEMS

Power system analysis by conventional techniques becomes more difficult because of:

(i) Complex, versatile and large amount of information which is used in calculation, diagnosis and
learning.
(ii) Increase in the computational time period and accuracy due to extensive and vast system data
handling.

The modern power system operates close to the limits due to the ever increasing energy
consumption and the extension of currently existing electrical transmission networks and lines. This
situation requires a less conservative power system operation and control operation which is possible
only by continuously checking the system states in a much more detail manner than it was necessary.
Sophisticated computer tools are now the primary tools in solving the difficult problems that arise in
the areas of power system planning, operation, diagnosis and design. Among these computer tools,
Artificial Intelligence has grown predominantly in recent years and has been applied to various areas of
power systems.

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 Artificial Intelligence Techniques

1. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS (ANN)

Artificial Neural Networks are biologically inspired systems which convert a set of inputs into
a set of outputs by a network of neurons, where each neuron produces one output as a function of inputs.
A fundamental neuron can be considered as a processor which makes a simple non linear operation of
its inputs producing a single output. The understanding of the working of neurons and the pattern of
their interconnection can be used to construct computers for solving real world problems of
classification of patterns and pattern recognition.

They are classified by their architecture: number of layers and topology: connectivity pattern,
feedforward or recurrent.

Input Layer: The nodes are input units which do not process the data and information but
distribute this data and information to other units.

Hidden Layers: The nodes are hidden units that are not directly evident and visible. They
provide the networks the ability to map or classify the nonlinear problems.

Output Layer: The nodes are output units, which encode possible values to be allocated to the
case under consideration.

Architecture of a feedforward ANN Typical structure of an ANN

1.1. Advantages:

(i) Speed of processing.

(ii) They do not need any appropriate knowledge of the system model.
(iii) They have the ability to handle situations of incomplete data and information, corrupt data.
(iv) They are fault tolerant.
(v) ANNs are fast and robust. They possess learning ability and adapt to the data.
(vi) They have the capability to generalize.

1.2. Disadvantages:

(i) Large dimensionality.

(ii) Results are always generated even if the input data are unreasonable.

(iii) They are not scalable i.e. once an ANN is trained to do certain task, it is difficult to extend for
other tasks without retraining the neural network.

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1.3. Applications:

Power system problems concerning encoding of an unspecified non-linear function are

appropriate for ANNs. ANNs can be particularly useful for problems which require quick results, like
those in real time operation. This is because of their ability to quickly generate results after obtaining a
set of inputs.

1.4. How ANNs can be used in power systems:

As ANNs operate on biological instincts and perform biological evaluation of real world
problems, the problems in generation, transmission and distribution of electricity can be fed to the ANNs
so that a suitable solution can be obtained. Given the constraints of a practical transmission and
distribution system, the exact values of parameters can be determined. For example, the value of
inductance, capacitance and resistance in a transmission line can be numerically calculated by ANNs
taking in various factors like environmental factors, unbalancing conditions, and other possible
problems. Also the values of resistance, capacitance and inductance of a transmission line can be given
as inputs and a combined, normalized value of the parameters can be obtained. In this way skin effect
and proximity effect can be reduced to a certain extent.

2. FUZZY LOGIC

Fuzzy logic or Fuzzy systems are logical systems for standardisation and formalisation of
approximate reasoning. It is similar to human decision making with an ability to produce exact and
accurate solutions from certain or even approximate information and data. The reasoning in fuzzy logic
is similar to human reasoning. Fuzzy logic is the way like which human brain works, and we can use
this technology in machines so that they can perform somewhat like humans. Fuzzification provides
superior expressive power, higher generality and an improved capability to model complex problems at
low or moderate solution cost. Fuzzy logic allows a particular level of ambiguity throughout an analysis.
Because this ambiguity can specify available information and minimise problem complexity, fuzzy
logic is useful in many applications. For power systems, fuzzy logic is suitable for applications in many
areas where the available information involves uncertainty. For example, a problem might involve
logical reasoning, but can be applied to numerical, other than symbolic inputs and outputs. Fuzzy logic
provide the conversions from numerical to symbolic inputs, and back again for the outputs.

Benefits of using fuzzy logic

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2.1. Fuzzy Logic Controller

Simply put, it is a fuzzy code designed to control something, generally mechanical input. They
can be in software or hardware mode and can be used in anything from small circuits to large
mainframes. Adaptive fuzzy controllers learn to control complex process much similar to as we do.

2.2. Applications:

(i) Stability analysis and enhancement

(ii) Power system control
(iii) Fault diagnosis
(iv) Security assessment
(v) Load forecasting
(vi) Reactive power planning and its control
(vii) State estimation

2.3. How fuzzy logic can be used in power systems:

Fuzzy logic can be used for designing the physical components of power systems. They can
be used in anything from small circuits to large mainframes. They can be used to increase the efficiency
of the components used in power systems. As most of the data used in power system analysis are
approximate values and assumptions, fuzzy logic can be of great use to derive a stable, exact and
ambiguity-free output.

3. EXPERT SYSTEMS

An expert system obtains the knowledge of a human expert in a narrow specified domain into
a machine implementable form. Expert systems are computer programs which have proficiency and
competence in a particular field. This knowledge is generally stored separately from the program’s
procedural part and may be stored in one of the many forms, like rules, decision trees, models, and
frames. They are also called as knowledge based systems or rule based systems. Expert systems use the
interface mechanism and knowledge to solve problems which cannot be or difficult to be solved by
human skill and intellect.

Structure of an Expert System

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3.1. Advantages:
(i) It is permanent and consistent.
(ii) It can be easily documented.
(iii) It can be easily transferred or reproduced.

3.2. Disadvantage:

Expert Systems are unable to learn or adapt to new problems or situations.

3.3. Applications:

Many areas of applications in power systems match the abilities of expert systems like
decision making, archiving knowledge, and solving problems by reasoning, heuristics and judgment.
Expert systems are especially useful for these problems when a large amount of data and information
must be processed in a short period of time.

3.4. How expert systems can be used in power systems:

Since expert systems are basically computer programs, the process of writing codes for these
programs is simpler than actually calculating and estimating the value of parameters used in generation,
transmission and distribution. Any modifications even after design can be easily done because they are
computer programs. Virtually, estimation of these values can be done and further research for increasing
the efficiency of the process can be also performed.

Practical Application of AI Systems In Transmission Line

Consider a practical transmission line. If any fault occurs in the transmission line, the fault
detector detects the fault and feeds it to the fuzzy system. Only three line currents are sufficient to
implement this technique and the angular difference between fault and pre-fault current phasors are used
as inputs to the fuzzy system. The fuzzy system is used to obtain the crisp output of the fault type. Fuzzy
systems can be generally used for fault diagnosis.

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 Artificial Neural Networks and Expert systems can be used to improve the performance of the
line. The environmental sensors sense the environmental and atmospheric conditions and give them as
input to the expert systems. The expert systems are computer programs written by knowledge engineers
which provide the value of line parameters to be deployed as the output. The ANNs are trained to
change the values of line parameters over the given ranges based on the environmental conditions.
Training algorithm has to be given to ANN. After training is over, neural network is tested and the
performance of updated trained neural network is evaluated. If performance is not upto the desired level,
some variations can be done like varying number of hidden layers, varying number of neurons in each
layer. The processing speed is directly proportional to the number of neurons. These networks take
different neurons for different layers and different activation functions between input and hidden layer
and hidden and output layer to obtain the desired output. In this way the performance of the transmission
line can be improved.

Comparison of AI Techniques In Power System Protection

Conclusion

The main feature of power system design and planning is reliability, which was conventionally
evaluated using deterministic methods. Moreover, conventional techniques don’t fulfill the probabilistic
essence of power systems. This leads to increase in operating and maintenance costs. Plenty of research
is performed to utilize the current interest AI for power system applications. A lot of research is yet to
be performed to perceive full advantages of this upcoming technology for improving the efficiency of
electricity market investment, distributed control and monitoring, efficient system analysis, particularly
power systems which use renewable energy resources for operation.

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 References

Books:

[1]. Warwick K., Ekwue A. And Aggarwal R. (ed). Artificial intelligence techniques in power
systems. The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, 1997

Journal Papers:

[2]. International Journal of Engineering Intelligent Systems, The special issue on AI applications to
power system protection, edited by M.M. Saha and B.Kasztenny, Vol.5, No.4, December 1997,
pp.185-93.

[3]. Dahhaghchi, I.,Christie, R.D, AI application areas in power systems, IEEE Expert,' Vol. 12,
Issue 1 pages 58-66, Jan/Feb 1997.

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