IS 2911 (Part 1ISec 1) : 2010

Indian Standard
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PILE
FOUNDATIONS - CODE OF PRACTICE
PART 1 CONCRETE PILES
Section 1 Driven Cast In-situ Concrete Piles

(Second Revision )

ICS 91.100.30 : 93.020

O BIS 2010
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 1 10002

Price Group 8
Soil atid Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 43

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard (Part IJSec I) (Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after
thc draft finalized by thc Soil and Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had becn approvcd by the
Civil Engineering Division Council.
Piles find application in foundations to transfer loads from a structure to compctcnt subsurfacc strata having
adequate load-bcaring capacity. Thc load transfcr mechanism from a pilc to the surrounding ground is
complicated and is not yct fully understood, although application of piled foundations is in practice ovcr
many decades. Broadly, piles transfer axial loads either substantially by friction along its shaft andlor by
the end-bearing. Piles are used where either of the above load transfer mechanism is possible depending
upon the subsoil stratification at a particular site. Construction of pile foundations require a careful choice
of piling system depending upon the subsoil conditions, the load characteristics of a structure and the
limitations of total settlement, differential settlement and any other special requirement of a project. The
installation of piles demands careful control on position, alignment and depth, and involve specialized skill
and experience.
This standard was originally published in 1964 and included provisions regarding driven cast in-situ piles,
precast concrete piles, bored piles and under-reamed piles including load testing of piles. Subseq~~ently the
portion pertaining to under-reamed pile foundations was deleted and now covered in IS 291 I (Part 3) : 1980
'Code of practice for design and co~lstructionof pile foundations: Part 3 Under-reamed piles (first revision)'.
At that time it was also decided that the provisions regarding other types of piles should also be published
separately for ease of reference and to take into account the recent developments in this field. Consequently
this standard was revised in 1979 into three sections. Later, in 1984, a new section as (Part l/Sec 4) was
introduced in this part of the standard to covcr thc provisions of bored precast concrete piles. The portion
d a t i n g to load tcst on piles has been covered in a scparatc part, namcly, IS 291 1 (Part 4) : 1984 'Codc of
practicc for dcsign and construction of pile foundations: Part 4 Load tcst on piles'. Accordingly IS 29 1 I has
bcen published in four parts. The othcr parts of the standard arc:
Part 2 Timber piles
Part 3 Under-reamed piles
Part 4 Load test on piles
Other sections of Part 1 are:
Section 2 Bored cast in-situ concrete piles
Section 3 Driven precast concrete piles
Section 4 Precast concrete piles in prebored holes
It has been felt that the provisions regarding the differcnt typcs of piles should bc further rcviscd to takc
into account the recent developme~ltsin this field. This revision has been brought out to incorporate these
developments.
In the present revision following major modifications have been made:
a) Definitions of various terms have been modified as per the prevailing engineering practice.
b) Procedures for calculation of bearing capacity, structural capacity, factor of safety, lateral load
capacity, overloading, etc, have also been modified to bring them at par with the present practices.
c) Design parameters with respect to adhesion factor, earth pressure coefficient, modulus of subgrade
reaction, etc, have been revised to make then1 consistence with the outcome of modern research and
construction practices.
(Continued on third cover)
(Cotrtit7~1edji.o~n
rec,otiJ cover)

d) Provision has bccn niade for usc of any cstablishcd dynamic pilc driving formulae, instcad of
recommending any specific formula, to control the pile driving at site. giving due consideration to
limitations of various formulae.
e) Minimum grade of concrete to be used in pile foundations has been revised to M 75.
Driven cast in-.\.itrr pile is fo~medin the ground by driving a casing, permanent or temporary, and subsequently
filling in the hole with plain or reinforced concrete. For this type of pile the subsoil is displaced by the
driving of the casing, which is installed with a plug or a shoe at the bottom. In case of the piles driven with
temporary casings. know11as uncased, the concrete poured in-situ comes in direct contact with the soil. The
concrete may be rammed, vibrated or just poured, depending upon the particular system of piling adopted.
This type of piles find wide application, where the pile is required to be taken to a greater depth to find
adequate bearing strata or to develop adequate skin friction and also when the length of individual piles
cannot be predetermined.
The recomn~endationsfor detailing for earthquake-resistant construction given in IS 13920 : 1993 'Ductile
detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces - Code of practice' should be taken
into consideration, where applicable (see ulso IS 4326 : 1993 'Earthquake resistant design and construction
of buildings - Code of practice').
The composition of the Cornmittce responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex E.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is con~pliedwith, the final
value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis shall be roundcd off in accordance
with IS 2 : 1960 'Rules for rounding off numerical values (1,evised)'. The number of significant places
rctaincd in the roundcd off value sliould bc the same as that of the spccificd value in this standard.
 IS 2911 (Part 1lSec 1) : 2010

Indian Standard
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PILE
FOUNDATIONS - CODE OF PRACTICE
PART 1 CONCRETE PILES
Section 1 Driven Cast In-situ Concrete Piles

( Second Revision )

1 SCOPE subseqilently filling the hole with reinforced

concrete. For displacing the subsoil the casing is
1.1 This standard (Part llScc 1) covcrs thc dcsign
driven with a plug or a shoe at the bottom. When
and construction of driven cast in-siru concrctc
the casing is left permanently in the ground, it is
piles which transmit the load to thc soil by
termed as cased pile and when the casing is taken
resistance developed either at the pile tip by end-
out, it is termed as uncased pile. The steel casing
bearing or along the surface of the shaft by friction
tube is tamped during its extraction to ensure proper
or by both.
co~npactionof concretc.
1.2 This standard is not applicable for use of driven
3.6 Elastic Displacement - This is the magnitude
cast in-situ concrcte piles for any other purpose, for
of displacenlent of the pile head during rebound on
cxamplc, temporary or pcrrnanent rctaining structure.
removal of a given test load. This comprises two
2 REFERENCES components:
The standards listed in Annex A contain provisions, a) Elastic displacen~cntof the soil participating
-
which throueh reference in this text. constitute in thc load transfcr, and
provisions of this standard. At the time of b) Elastic displacement of the pile shaft.
publication, the editions indicated were valid. All 3.7 Factor orsafety - ~t is the ratio of the ultimate
standards are subjcct to revision and parties to .
load caDacitv.of a Dile to the safe load 011 the Dilc.
agreements based on this standard are encouraged to 3.8 Follower Tube - A tube which is used
the possibility the following the main casing tube when adequate set is
recent editions of the standards listed in Annex A. not obtained with lnain casing tube and it
3 TERMINOLOGY requires to be extended further. Thc inncr diameter
of the follower tube should be the same as the inner
For the purpose of this standard, the following diamcter of the casing. The followcr tube should be
definitions shall apply. water-tight when driven in watcr-bearing strata.
3.1 Allowable Load - The load which may be 3.9 Gross Displacement - Thc total rnovclncnt of
applied to a pile after taking into account its the pile top under a given load.
ultimatc load capacity, group effcct, the allowable 3.10 Initial Load Test - A test pile is tested to
scttlemcnt, negative skin friction and othcr rclcvant
determine the load-carrying capacity of the pile by
loading conditions including reversal of loads, if
loading either to its ultimate load or to twice the
any.
estimated safe load.
3.2 Anchor Pile - An anchor pile means a pile
3.11 Initial Test Pile - One or more piles, which
meant for resisting pull or uplift forces.
are not working piles, may be installed if required to
3.3 Batter Pile (Raker Pile) - The pile which is assess the load-carrying capacity of a pile. These
installed at an anglc to the vcrtical &sing temporary piles are tested either to their ultimate load capacity
casing or permanent liner. or to twice the estimated safe load.
3.4 Cut-of!' Level - It is the level where a pile is 3.12 Load Bearing Pile - A pile formed in the
cut-off to support the pile caps or beams or any other ground for transmitting the load of a structure to the
structural components at that level. soil by the resistance developed at its tip and/or
3.5 Driven Cast In-sit11 Pile - A pile formed along its surface. It may be formed either vertically
within the ground by driving a casing of uniform or at an inclination (batter pile) and may be required
diameter, or a dcvice to providc cnlargcd base and to resist uplift forces.
IS 291 1 (Part l/Sec 1) : 2010

If the pile supports the load primarily by resistance tidc Icvcl, corrosive action of chenlicals
developed at the pile tip or base it is called 'End- prcsent and data regarding flow of watcr
bearing pile' and, if primarily by friction along its should be provided.
surface, then 'Friction pile'.
d) The general layout of the structure showing
3.13 Net Displacement - The net vertical estimated Loads and moments at the top of
movement of the pile top after the pile has been pile caps but excluding the weight of the
subjectcd to a test load and subseq~~ently released. piles and caps should be provided. The top
3.14 Pile Spacing - The spacing of piles means the levels of finished pile caps shall also be
centre-to-centre distance between adjacent pilcs. indicated.
3.15 Routinc Test Pile - A pile which is selected e) All transient loads due to seismic, wind,
for load testing may form a working pile itself, if water current, etc, indicated separately.
subjected to routine load test up to not more than In soils susceptible to liquefaction during
f)
1.5 times the safe load. carthquakc, appropriate analysis may be
3.16 Safe Load - It is the load derived by applying done to deterrninc the dcpth of liqucfaction
a factor of safety on the ultimate load capacity of the and considcr thc pilc dcpth accordingly.
pile or as determined from load test. 4.2 As far as possible all informations given in 4.1
3.17 Ultimate Load Capacity - The maximum shall be made available to the agency responsible
load which a pile can carry before failure, that is, for the design and/or construction of piles and/or
when the founding strata fails by shear as evidenced foundation work.
from the load settlement curve or the pile fails as a 4.3 Thc design details of pile foundation shall givc
structural membcr. thc information necessary for sctting out and layout
3.18 Working Load - The load assigned to a pile of pilcs, cut-off levels, finishcd cap Icvel, layout and
as per design. orientation of pile cap in the foundation plan and
3.19 Working Pile - A pile forming part of the the safe capacity of each type of pile, etc.
foundation system of a given structure.
5 EQUIPMENTS AND ACCESSORIES
4 NECESSARY 1NFOR:MATION 5.1 The equipments and accessories would depend
4.1 For the satisfactory design and construction of upon the type of driven cast irl-sit11piles chosen for
driven cast itz-situ piles the following information a job after giving due considerations to the subsoil
would be necessarv: strata. ground-water conditions, types of founding
material and the required penetration therein,
a) Site investigation data as laid down under
wherever applicable.
IS 1892. Sections of trial -boring,
sLlpplenlentcd, wherever appropriate, by 5-2 Anlong the commonly used plants, tools and
penetratioll tests, should incorporate data/ accessories, there exists a large variety; suitability
information down to depth sufficielltly of which depends on the subsoil condition, manner
below the anticipated level of founding of of operation, etc. Brief definitions of some
piles but this should generally be not less commonly used equiptnents are given below:
than 10 n~ beyond the pile founding level. 5.2.1 Dolly - A cushion of hardwood or some
Adequacy of the bearing strata should be suitable material placcd on thc top of the casing to
ensured by supplementary tests, if required. receive thc blows of thc hammer.
b) The nature of the soil both around and 5.2.2 Drop Hun~nret-(or Monkey) - Hammer, ram or
beneath the proposed pile should be monkey raised by a winch and allowed to fall under
indicatcd on the basis of appropriate tcsts of gravity.
strength, compressibility, etc. Ground water
5.2.3 Single or Double Acting Han~nzer-A hammer
level and artesian conditions, if any, should operated by stealn air or internal
be recorded' of chenlica' tests co~nbustion,the cnergy of its blows being dcrived
to ascertain the sulphate, chloride and any
mainly from the source of motive power and not fi-om
other deleterious cheniical content of soil gravity
and water should be indicated.
5.2.4 Hvdrtrulic Hatnmer - A hammer operated by
c) For piling work in water, as in the case of
a hydraulic fluid can be used with advantage for
bridge foundation, data on high flood levels,
water level during the working season, increasing the energy of blow.
maximum depth of scour, etc, and in the case 5.2-5 Kenfledge - Dead weight used for a ~ ~ l ~ i l l g
of marine construction, data on high and low a test load on a pile.
 IS 2911 (Part I/Sec 1) : 2010

5.2.6 Pile Rig - A movable steel structure for driving be directly used for cstimating the scttlc~ne~it
of a
piles in the correct position and alignment by means structure. The settlc~nc~it
may bc dctcrmi~iedon the
of a hammer operating in the guides of the frame. basis of subsoil data and loading dctails of the
structure as a whole using the plinciples of soil
6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS mechanics.
6.1 General
6.3.1.1 Static foi.nil~lo
Pile foulidations shall be designed in such a way that
The ultimate load capacity of a single pile may be
the load from the structure can be transmitted to the
obtained by using static analysis, thc accuracy being
sub-surface with adequate factor of safety against
dependent on the reliability of the soil properties for
shear failure of sub-surface and without causing such
various strata. When computing capacity by static
settlement (differential or total). which may result in
formula, the shcar strength parameters obtaincd from
structural damage and/or functional distress under
a litnitcd number of borchole data and laboratory
pc~niancnt/trdnsicntloading. The pile shaft should
tests should bc supplcmcnted, whcrcvcr possiblc by
have adcquatc structural capacity to withstand all
in-situ shear strength obtained from field tests. The
loads (vcrtical, axial or othenvisc) and monicnts
two separate static formulae, coni~nonlyapplicable
which are to be transmitted to the subsoil and shall
for cohesive and non-cohesive soil respectively, are
be designed according to IS 456.
indicated in Annex B. Other forn~ulabased on static
6.2 Adjacent Structures cone penetration test [see IS 4968 (Parts I, 2 and 3)]
and standard penetration test (see IS 2131) are given
6.2.1 When working near existing structures, care in B-3 and B-4.
shall be taken to avoid damage to such structures.
IS 2974 (Part I) may be used as a guide for studying
qualitatively the effect of vibration on persons and
Any established dynamic formula rnay be used to
structures.
control the pile driving at site giving due
6.2.2 I11 case of deep excavations adjacent to piles, consideration to limitations of various formulae.
proper shoring or other suitable arrangenient shall be
Whenever double acting diesel hanirners or hydraulic
made to guard against undesired lateral movement
hammers are used for driving of piles, manufacturer's
of soil.
guidelines about energy and set criteria may bc
6.3 Pile Capacity rcfcrred to. Dynamic formulae arc not dircctly
applicable to cohesive soil deposits, such as,
The load-carrying capacity of a pile depends on the saturated silts and clays as the resistance to impact
properties of the soil in which it is embedded. Axial of the tip of the casing will be exaggerated by their
load from a pile is normally transmitted to tlie soil low permeability while the frictional resistance on
through skin friction along the shaft and end-b~aring the sides is reduced by lubrication.
at its tip. A horizontal load on a vertical pile is
transmitted to the subsoil primarily by horizontal
subgrade reaction generated in the upper part of the
The uplift capacity of a pile is givcn by sum of the
shaft. Lateral load capacity of a single pile depends
frictional resistance and tlie weight of the pile
on the soil reaction developed and the structural
(buoyant or total as relevant). The rccomniended
capacity of the shaft under bending. It w o ~ ~ be ld
factor of safety is 3.0 in the absence of any pullout
csscntial to invcstigate tlie latcral load capacity of
tcst results and 2.0 with pullout tcst rcsults. Uplift
thc pilc using appropriate values of horizontal
capacity can be obtained from statlc formula (see
subgrade modulus of thc soil. Altcrnativcly, piles
Annex B) by ignoting end-bearing but adding
may be installed in rake.
weight of the pile (buoyant or total as relevant).
6.3.1 The ultimate load capacity
. - of a pile may be
estimated by means of static formula on tlie basis of 6.4 Negative Skin Friction o r Dragdown Force
soil test results, or by using a dynamic pile formula
using data obtained during driving the pile. When a soil stratum, through which a pile shaft has
However, dynamic pile driving forlnula should be penetrated an hard
generally used as a mcasure to control the pile conlpresses as a of eiLher it being
driving at site, Pile capacity should be unconsolidated or it being under a newly placed fill
confirmed by initial load tests [see 1 s 291 1 (Part 4)]. 0' as a result of remoulding during driving of the
pile, a dragdown force is generated along the pile
The settlement of pile obtained at safe loadlworking shaft to a point in depth where the sllrrounding
load from load-test results on a single pile shall not soil does not move downward relalive to the pile
IS 2911 (Part l/Sec 1) : 2010

shaft. Existence of such a pllenomenon shall be load. While considering lateral load on piles. effect
assessed and suitable correction shall be made to the of other co-existent loads, including the axial load
allo\vable load where appropriate. on the pile, should be taken into consideration for
checking the structural capacity of the shaft. A
6.5 Structural Capacity recommended method for the pile analysis under
The piles shall have necessary structural strength to lateral load is given in Annex C.
transmit the loads imposcd on it, ultimately to thc Bccause of limited information on horizontal
soil. In case of uplift, thc str~~cturalcapacity of thc subgrade modulus of soil and pending refinements
pile, that is, undcr tcnsion should also bc considcrcd. in thc theoretical analysis, i t is suggested that the
adequacy of a dcsign should be checked by an
6.5.1 Axial Capacitv actual ficld load test. In thc zone of soil susceptible
Where a pile is wholely embedded in the soil to liquefaction the lateral resistance of the soil shall
(having an u~idrained shear strength not less than not be considered.
0.01 N/rnln2), its axial load-carrying capacity is not 6.5.2.1 Fi.xed aridj.ee head conditions
necessarily limited by its strength as a long column.
Where piles are installed through very weak soils A group of threc or morc pilc connected by a rigid
(having an undrained shcar strcngth less than pile cap shall be considcred to havc fixed head
0.01 N/mmz), spccial considerations shall bc niadc condition. Caps for singlc piles must be
to determinc whether thc shaft would bchavc as a interconnected by grade beams in two directions and
long column or not. If ncccssary, suitablc reductions for twin piles by grade beams in a line transverse to
shall be made for its structural strcngth following the the common axis of the pair so that the pile head is
normal structural principles covering the buckling fixed. In all other conditions the pile shall be taken
phenomenon. as free headed.
Whcn thc finishcd pilc projects above ground level 6.5.3 Raker- Piles
and is not secured against buckling by adcquatc
bracing, thc effcctive Icngth will be govc~ncdby thc Raker piles are normally provided where vertical piles
fixity imposed on it by the structure it supports and cannot resist the applied horizontal forces. Generally
by the nature of the soil into which it is installed. the rake will be limited to 1 horizontal to 6 vertical.
The depth below the ground surface to the lower [n the preliminary design, the load on a rakcr pile is
point of colitraflexure varies with the type of the generally considcrcd to bc axial. Thc distr~butionof
soil. In good soil the lower point of contraflexure load bctween raker and vcrtical piles in a group may
[nay be taken at a depth of I In below ground surface be determined by graphical or analytical methods.
subject to a niininium of 3 times the diameter of the Where necessary, due consideration should be made
shaft. In weak soil (undrained shear strength less for secondary bending induced as a result of the pile
than 0.01 N/mm2) such as, soft clay or soft silt, this cap movement, particularly when the cap is rigid.
point may be taken at about half the depth of Free-standing raker piles are subjected to bending
penetration into such stratum but not more than 3 m moments due to their own weight or external forces
or 10 timcs the diameter of thc shaft \vhichevcr is from other causes. Raker piles, embedded in fill or
more. Thc degree of fixity of thc position and consolidating deposits, may become laterally loaded
inclination of thc pilc top and the rcstrai~itprovidcd owing to the settlement of the surrounding soil. In
by any bracing shall be estimated following accepted consolidating clay, special precautions, like provision
structural principles. of pcrmancnt caslng should bc taken for rakcr piles.
The permissible stress shall be reduccd in accordance 6.6 Spacing of Piles
with similar provision for reinforced concrete
columns as laid down in IS 456. The minimum centre-to-centre spacing of pile is
considered from three aspects, namely,
6.5.2 Lateral Load Capaciv
a) practical aspects of installing the piles,
A pile may be subjected to lateral force for a number b) diameter of pile, and
of causes, such as, wind, earthquake, water current,
earth pressure, effect of moving vehicles or ships, c) nature of the load transfer to the soil and
possible reduction in the load capacity of
plant and equipment, etc. The lateral load capacity
of a single pile depends not only on the horizontal piles group.
subgrade modulus of the surrounding soil but also NOTE - In the case o f piles o f non-circular cross-
on the structural strength of the pile shaft against section, diameter o f the circu~iiscribing circle shall
be adopted.
bending, consequent upon application of a lateral
 IS 2911 (Part l/Sec 1) : 2010

6.6.1 In case of piles founded on hard stratum and ~nomcntdue to lateral loads or ccccntric loading,
deriving their capacity nlainly from end-bearing the bcams may be providcd to restrain the pile cap
minimum spacing shall be 2.5 times the diameter of effectively from lateral or rotational movcrnent.
thc circumscribing circle corresponding to the cross- 6.7.5 In case of a structure supported on single piles/
section of the pilc shaft. In case of pilcs rcsting on group of piles resulting in large variation in the
rock, the spacing of two times thc said diametcr may number of piles from column-to-column it may result
be adopted. in excessive differential settlement. Such differential
6.6.2 Piles deriving their load-carrying capacity settlement should be either catered for in the
mainly from friction shall be spaced sufficiently structural design or it may be suitably reduced by
apart to ensure that the zones of soils from which the judicious choice of variations in the actual pile
pilcs dcrive thcir support do not ovcrlap to such an loading. For example, a single pile cap may be
extent that their bcaring values are rcduccd. loaded to a level higher than that of the pile in a
C;cnerally thc spacing in such cascs shall not bc less group in order to achieve reduced differential
than 3 times the diameter of the pile shaft. settlement bctwcen two adjacent pile caps supported
on different ~iumbcrof piles.
6.7 Pile Groups
6.7.1 In ordcr to determine the load-carrying 6.8 Factor of Safety
capacity of a group of piles a number of efficiency 6.8.1 Factor of safety should be choscn aftcr
equations are in use. However, it is difficult to considering,
establish the accuracy of these efficiency equations
a) the reliability of the calculated value of
as the behaviour of pile group is dependent on many
ultimate load capacity of a pile,
complex factors. It is desirable to consider cach case
separately on its ow11 merits. b) the types of superstructure and the type of
loading, and
6.7.2 The load-carrying capacity of a pile group
may be equal to or less than the load-carrying c) allowable total/differential settlement of the
capacity of individual piles multiplied by the number structure.
of piles in the group. The former holds true in case 6.8.2 When the ultimate load capacity is determined
of friction piles, driven into progressively stiffer from either static formula or dynamic formula, the
materials or in cnd-bearing pilcs. For driven piles in factor of safety would depend on the reliability of
loose sandy soils, the group capacity may even be the formula and the reliability of the subsoil
higher due to the effect of compaction. In such cases parameters used in the computation. Thc minilnun1
a load test may be carried out on a pile in the group factor of safety on static formula shall bc 2.5. Thc
after all the piles in the group have been installed. final selection of a factor of safcty shall takc into
6.7.3 In case of piles deriving their support mainly considcration the load settlement characteristics of
from friction and conncctcd by a rigid pilc cap, the the structure as a whole at a given site.
group may be visualizcd as a block with thc pilcs 6.8.3 Higher value of factor of safety for
ernbcdded within the soil. The ultimate load determining the safe load on piles may be adopted,
capacity of the group may then be obtained by whcre,
taking into account the frictional capacity along the a) settlement is to be limited or unequal
perimeter of the block and end-bearing at the bottom settlement avoided,
of the block using the accepted principles of soil
mechanics. b) large impact or vibrating loads are expected,
and
6.7.3.1 When the cap of the pile group is cast
directly on reasonably firm stratum which supports c) the properties of the soil may deteriorate with
the piles, it may contribute to the load-carrying time.
capacity of the group. This additional capacity 6.9 Transient Loading
along with the individual capacity of the piles
multiplied by the nu~nbcrof piles in the group shall The maximum permissible increase over the safe load
not be morc than the capacity worked out according of a pile, as arising out of wind loading, is
to 6.7.3. 25 percent. In case of loads and nlomcnts arising out
6.7.4 When a pile group is subjected to moment of earthquakc effects, the incrcase of safe load on a
either from superstructure or as a consequence of single pile may be limited to the provisions
inaccuracies of installation, the adequacy of the pile contained in IS 1893 (Part I). For transient loading
group in resisting the applied moment should be arising out of superimposed loads, no increase is
checkcd. In case of a siugle pile subjected to allowed.
IS 2911 (Part 1ISec I) : 2010

6.10 Overloading 6 numbers of vertical bars shall be uscd for a circular

pile and minimum diameter of vertical bar shall be
When a pile in a group, designed for a certain safe
12 mm. The clear horizontal spacing between the
load is found, during or after execution, to fall just
adjacent vertical bars shall be four times the
short of the load required to be carried by it, an
maximum aggregate size in concrete. [f required, the
ovcrload up to 10 percent of the pile capacity may
bars can be bundled to maintain such spacing.
be allowed on each pile. The total overloading on
the group should not, however, be more than 6.12 Design of Pile Cap
I0 pcrccnt of the capacity of thc group subject to the
incrcasc of the load on any pile bcing not more than 6.12.1 The pilc caps may bc dcsigncd by assuming
25 pcrccnt of thc allowable load on a single pilc. that the load from column is dispersed at 45' from
the top of the cap to the mid-depth of the pile cap
6.1 1 Reinforcement from the base of the column or pedestal. The
reaction from piles may also be taken to be
6.11.1 The design of the reinforcing cage varies
distributed at 45" from the edge of the pile, up to
depending upon the driving and installation
the mid-depth of the p ~ l ecap. On this basis the
conditions, the nature of the subsoil and the nature
maximum bending moment and shear forces should
of load to be transmitted by the shaft-axial, or
be worked out at critical sections. The method of
otherwise. The minimum area of longitudinal
analysis and allowable stresses should be in
reinforcement of any type or grade within the pile
accordance with [S 456.
shaft shall bc 0.4 pcrccnt of the cross-sectional arca
of thc pile shaft. The minimum rcinforcc~ncntshall 6.12.2 Pile cap shall bc dccp enough to allow for
be provided throughout the length of thc shaft. ncccssary anchorage of the column and pilc
rcinforcement.
6.1 1.2 The curtailment of reinforcement along the
depth of the pile, in general, depends on the type of 6.12.3 The pile cap should be rigid enough so that
loading and subsoil strata. [n case of piles subjected the imposed load could be distributed on the piles
to compressive load only, the designed quantity of in a group equitably.
rcinforce~ncutmay bc curtailed at appropriate level 6.12.4 In case of a large cap, whcre diffcrcntial
according to thc design requirements. For pilcs scttle~ncntmay occur between pilcs under the same
subjected to uplift load, lateral load and moments, cap, due consideration for the consequential moment
separately or with compressive loads, it would be should be given.
necessary to provide reinforce~nentfor the full depth 6.12.5 The clear overhang of the pile cap beyond
of pile. In soft clays or loose sands, or where there the outermost pile in the group shall be a minimum
may be danger to green concrete due to driving of of 150 mm.
adjacent piles. the reinforcement should be provided
6.12.6 The cap is generally cast over a 75 mm thick
to the full pile depth, regardless of whether 6r not it
levelling course of concrete. The clear cover for
is required from uplift and lateral load
main reinforcement in the cap slab shall not be less
considerations. However, in all cases, the minimum
than 60 mm.
reinforcement specified in 6.11.1 shall be provided
throughout the length of the shaft. 6.12.7 The embedment of pile into cap should be
75 mm.
6.11.3 Piles shall always be reinforced with a
minimum amount of rcinforcement as dowels 6.13 The design of grade beam if used shall be as
keeping the minimum bond length into the pile shaft given in IS 29 1 1 (Part 3).
below its cut-off level and with adequate projection
7 M A I E R I A L S AND STRESSES
into the pile cap, i~~espectiveof design requirements.
6.1 1.4 Clear cover to all main reinforcement in pile 7.1 Cement
shaft shall be not less than 50 mm. The laterals of a
The cement used shall be any of the following:
I-einforcing cage may be in the form of links or
spirals. The diameter and spacing of the same is a) 33 Grade ordinary Portland cement
chosen to impart adequate rigidity of the rciuforcing conforming to [S 269,
cage during its handling and installations. The b) 43 Grade ordinary Portland cement
minimum diameter of the links or spirals shall be conforming to IS 8 1 12,
8 mm and the spacing of the links or spiraIs shall be
c) 53 Grade ordinary Portland cement
not less than 150 mm. Stiffner rings preferably of
conforming to IS 12269,
16 mrn diameter at every 1.5 ni centre-to-centre
should be provided along the length of the cage for d) Rapid hardening Portland cement
providing rigidity to reinforcement cage. Minimum conforming to IS 8041,
 IS 2911 (Part IISec 1 ) : 2010

e) Portland slag cement conforming to IS 455, vertically or to the specificd batter. Grcatcr care
f) Portland pozzolana cement (fly ash based) should be exercised in respect of installation of
conforming to IS 1489 (Part I), single piles or piles in two pile groups. As a guide,
for vertical piles, an angular deviation of 1.5 percent
g) Portland pozzolana cement (calcined clay and for raker piles, a deviation of 4 percent should
based) conforming to IS 1489 (Part 2).
not be exceeded. Piles should not deviate more than
h) Hydrophobic ccment conforming to IS 8043, 75 mm or Dl6 whichever is less (75 mm or DIIO
j) Low bcat Portland ccmcnt conforming to whichever is more in case of piles having diameter
IS 12600, and more than 600 mm) from their designed positions at
the working level. In the case of single pile under a
k) Sulphate resisting Portland cement
column the positional deviation should not be more
confornling to IS 12330.
than 50 mm or Dl6 whichcvcr is less (I 00 nun in case
7.2 Steel of pilcs having diamctcr more than 600 mm). Greater
tolerance may bc prcscribcd for pilcs cast ovcr watcr
Reinforcement steel shall be any of the following: and for raking piles. For piles to be cut-off at a
a) Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars substantial depth below the working level, the
confornling to IS 432 (Part I). design shall provide for the worst combination of the
above tolerances in position and inclination. In case
b) High strength dcformcd stcel bars
of piles deviating beyond these limits and to such
conforming to IS 1786, and
an extent that the resulting eccentricity can not be
c) Structural steel coriforming to IS 2062. taken care of by redesign of the pile cap or pile ties,
the piles shall be replaced or supplemented by
7.3 Concrete additional piles.
7.3.1 Consiste~lcyof concrete to be used for driven
cast in-sittr piles shall be consistent with the method 8.2 Sequence of Piling
of installation of piles. Concrete shall be so designed 8.2.1 In a pile group the sequence of installation of
or chosen as to have a homogeneous mix having a piles shall normally be from the center to the
slumplworkability consistent with the method of periphery of the group or from one side to the other.
concreting under the given conditions of pile
installation. 8.2.2 Dviving u Group qf Friction Piles
7.3.2 The slump should be 150 to 180 mm at the Driving pilcs in loosc sand tcnds to compact the
time of pouring. sand, which in turn, increases thc skin friction. In
7.3.3 The minimum grade of concrete to be used for case where stiff clay or dense sand layers have to be
piling shall be M 25. For sub aqueous concrete, the penetrated, similar precautions described in 8.2.1
requirements specified in IS 456 shall be folloyed. The needs to he taken. tiowever, in the case of very soft
minimum cement content shall be 400 kg/m3. However, soils, the driving may have to proceed from outside
with proper mix design and use of proper admixtures to inside so that the soil is restricted from flowing
the cement content may be reduced but in no case the out during operations.
cement content shall be less than 350 kg/m3.
8.3 Concreting and Withdrawal of Casing Tube
7.3.4 For the concrete, water and aggregates
specifications laid down in IS 456 shall be followed 8.3.1 Whenever condition indicates ingrcss of water,
in general. casing tubc shall be examincd for any water
7.3.5 The average compressive stress under working accumulation and care shall bc takcn to place
load should not exceed 25 percent of the specified concrete in a reasonably dry condition.
works cube strength at 28 days calculated on the 8.3.2 The top of concrete in a pile shall be brought
total cross-sectional area of the pile. Where the above the cut-off level to permit removal of all
casing of the pile is permanent, of adequate thickness laitance and weak concrete before capping and to
and of suitable shape, thc allowable compressive ensure good concrete at cut-off level. The
stress may be increased. reinforcing cages shall be left with adequate
protruding length above cut-off level for proper
embedment into the pile cap.
8.1 Control of AIignrnent 8.3.3 Where cut-off level is less than 1.50 m below
working level, the concrete shall be cast to a
Piles shall be installed as accurately as possible
minimum of 600 mm above the cut-off level. In case
according to the design and drawings either
the cut-off is at deeper level, the empty bore shall be
IS 2911 (Part IlSec 1) : 2010

filled with lean concrete or suitable material, 8.6 While removing excess concretc or laitance
wherever the weight of fresh concrete in the casing above cut-off level, manual chipping shall be
pipe is found inadequate to counteract upward permitted after three days of pile concreting.
hydrostatic pressure at any level below the cut-off Pneumatic tools shall be permitted only after seven
level. days after casting. Before chippinglbreaking the
Also before initial withdrawal of the casing tube, pile top, a groove shall be formed all around the pile
adequate quantity of concretc shall be placed into diameter at the required cut-off level.
the casing to counter the hydrostatic pressure at pile
8.7 Recording of Data
tip.
8.7.1 A competent inspector shall be maintained at
8.4 Defective Piles site to record necessary information during
8.4.1 case defective piles are formed, they shall i~~stallation
of piles atid thc data to be recorded shall
be left in place and additional piles as necessary the
shall be provided. a) Sequence of installation of piles in a group,
8.4.2 If therc is a major variation in the depths at b) Type and size of driving hammer and its
which adjacent piles in a group meet refusal, a stroke.
boring may be made nearby to ascertain the cause of
c) Dimensions of the pile including the
such difference. If the boring shows that the strata
reinforcement details and mark of the pile,
contain pockets of highly compressive material
below the level of shorter pile, it may be necessary d) Cut-off level and working level,
to take such piles to a level below the bottom of the e) Depth driven,
zone, which shows such pockets.
f ) Time taken for driving and for concreting
8.5 Deviations recorded separately, and
g) Any other important obscrvations. during
Any deviation from the dcsigncd location, alignment
driving, concreting and after withdrawal
or load-carrying capacity of any pile shall be noted
of casing tube.
and adequate measures taken to check the design
well before the concreting of the pile cap and grade 8.7.2 Typical data sheet for recording piling data are
beams are done. shown in Annex D.

ANNEX A
(Clause 2 )
LIST OF REF'ERREDlNDIAN STANDARDS

IS No. Title IS No. Title

269 : 1989 Ordinary Portland cement, 33 1786 : 1955 Specification for high strength
grade - Specification Cfolrrth defornied steel bars and wires for
revision) concretc reinforee~nent (third
432 (Part I) : Specification for mild steel and revisiotl)
1892 : 1979 Code of practice for sub-surface
1982 medium tensilc steel bars and investigations for foundations
hard-drawn steel wire for concrete (first revision)
reinforcement: Part I Mild steel 1893 (Part I) : Criteria for earthquake resistant
and medium tensile steel bars 2002 design of structures: Part I
(third revision) General ~rovisionand buildings
455 : 1989 Portland slag cement - (fiifili revisioti)
Specification m ~ r r t hrevision) 2062 : 2006 Hot rolled low, medium and high
456 : 2000 Plain and reinforced concrete - tensile structural steel (sixth
Code of practice @urtll revision) revision)
1489 Portland-pozzolana cement - 2131 : 1981 Method for standard penetration
Specification: test for soils (first revision)
291 1 Code of practice for design and
(Part I) : 199 1 Fly ash based (tliird rsvisiotl)
construction of pile foundatio~is:
(Part 2) : 1991 Calcined clay based (third (part 3) 1980 Under-reamed piles (firsf
revisiorr) revision)
 IS 2911 (Part IISec 1) : 2010

IS 1%. T~tle IS No. Title

(Part 4) : 1984 Load test on piles ( / k i t revision) 6403 : 198 1 Code of practice for determination
2974 (Part I) : Codc of practice for design and of bearing capacity of shallow
1982 construction of machine foundations first revision)
foundations: Part 1 Foundation 804 I : 1990 Rapid hardening Portland cement
for reciprocating type machines - Specification (second revision)
(second revision) 8043 : 1991 Hydrophobic Portland cement -
4968 Method for sub-surface sounding Specification (secoiid rel~ision)
for soils: 8112 : 1989 43 grade ordinary Portland cement
(Part I) : 1976 Dynamic method using 50 mm - Specification @st revision)
conc without bcntonite slurry 12269 1987 Specification for 53 grade
first revision) ordinary Portland cement
(Part 2) : 1976 Dynamic method using cone and 12330 : 1988 Specification for sulphate
bentonite slurry (/irst revision) resisting Portland cement
(Part 3) : I976 Static cone penctration test (first 12600 l9a9 Portland cement, low heat -
revision) Specification

ANNEX B
(Claiues 6.3.1.1 and 6.3.2)
LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY O F PlLES -STATIC ANALYSIS

B-1 P l L E S IN GRANULAR S O I L S NOTES

I Ny Factor can be taken for general shear failure
The ultimate load capacity (Q,,) of piles, in kN, in according to IS 6403.
granular soils is given by the following formula: 2 /Vq factor will depend on the nature of soil, type of
pile, tlie LiD ratio and its nietliod of constructio~~.The
values applicable for driven piles are given in Fig. I .
3 K,, the earth pressure coefficient depends on the
The first term gives end bearing resistance and the nature of soil strata, type of pile, spacing of pile and
second term gives skin friction resistance. its nietliod of co~istn~ction.For driven piles in loose
to dense sand with (I varying between 30°and 40°,
where Kt values in the range of I to 2 may be used.
= cross-sectional area of pile tip, in m2; 4 6. the angle of wall friction may be taken equal to
Ap the friction angle of the soil around the pile stem.
D = diameter of pile shaft, in m; 5 In working out pile capacity by static formula, the
y = cfkctive unit weight of the soil at pile maximum effective overburden at the pile tip should
tip, in kN/m3; correspond to the critical depth. which may be taken
as 15 times the diameter of the pile shaft for (I 2 30"
N., = bearing capacity factors depending upon and increasing to 20 times for 6 2 40".
and N, the angle of internal friction, I$ at pile tip; 6 For piles passing through cohesive strata and
PI, = effective overburden pressure at pile tip, terminating In a granular stratum, a penetration of at
least twice the diameter of the pile shaft should be
in kN11n' (see Note 5); given into the granular stratum.

C> I= I
summation for layers I to n in which pile B-2 PILES I N COHESIVE SOILS
is installed and which contribute to
The ultimate load capacity (Q,) of piles, in kN, in
positive skin friction;
cohesive soils is given by the following formula:
Ki = coefficient of earth pressure applicable
for the ith layer (see Note 3); Q, = A, Nccp+ CY=,a i ~ i A , i ...(2)
p,, = effective o\,erburden pressure for the ;th The first term gives the end-bearing resistance and
layer, in kNlm2; the second term gives the skin friction resistance.
= angle of wall friction between pile and where
soil for the ith layer; and Ap = cross-sectional area of pile tip, in m2;
A,, = surface area of pile shaft in the ith layer, ,vc = bearing capacity factor, may be taken
in mZ. as 9;
IS 2911 (Part 1ISec 1) : 2010

-n
cp = average cohesion at pile tip, in kN/rnZ;

x:=l = sumnlation for layers I to I in which the

pile is installed and which contribute to B
nh

positive skin friction; 3 8.6

5
a, = adhesion factor for the ~tli layer
depending on the consistency of soil,
(see Note); CS
-1.
-.
c, = average cohesion for the ith layer, in &
.c:
cz
kN/m2; and
AS, = surface area of pile shaft in the ith layer, tl
in m2. 5 2~ -1g ~1 1132 129 ?&a 1 IFC- ~I:<I
6 ~

NOTE - The value o f adhes~on factor, a, depends

on the undra~nedshear strength o f the clay and may dWDA4NED SByWR STgEhGPt C u ~ h ? i , ' f l ~ ~ l
be obtatned fro111 I;lg ?
C;
~f-Ck? .: 48 ~Ii!.'m7 I A A . ~Q = I I

B-3 USE O F STATIC C O N E P E N E T R A T I O N FIG.2 VARIATION OF a WITH Cu

DATA B-3.2 Ultimate end bearing resistatlee (q"), in
B-3.1 When full static cone penetration data are kN/m2, may be obtained as:
available for the entire depth, the following
qd) +4Cl
correlation may be used as a guide for the + qc2
2
determination of ultimate load capacity of a pile. 4, =
2
10
 IS 2911 (Part 1ISec 1) : 2010

where B-4 USE O F STAKDAKD PENETRATION

q,,, = avcrage static cone rcsistancc ovcr a depth TEST DATA FOR COHESlONLESS SOIL
of 2 0 below the pile tip, in kN1m2;
B-4.1 The correlation suggcstcd by Mcycrhof using
q c , -- minimum static cone resistance over the
standard penctration rcsista~icc. iV in saturatcd
samc 2 0 below the pile tip, in kN/m2;
cohesionless soil to estimate the ultimate load
qc2 = avcragc of the c n v c l o ~ of
c mininlumstatic capacity of driven pile is given below, The ultimate
cone rcsistance valucs ovcr thc lcngth of load capacity of pile (Q"). i n kN, is givell as:
pile of 8U above the pile tip, in kN/m2; and
D = diameter of pile shaft.
B-3.3 Ultimate skin friction resistance can be
to local side K), in kN/m2, The first term gives tile end-bearing resistance and
obtained from static cone resistance as given in the second term gives the frictionalresistance,
Tablc 1.
Table 1 Side Friction for Different Types of Soil where
N = average N value at pile tip;
SI Type of Soil Local Side Friction, f'
NU. kN11n' L, = length of penetration of pile in the bearing
(1) (2) (3) strata, in m;
I ) qc less than 1 000 kN/ml q'I30 < j , < qcl10
D = diamcter or minimum width of pile shaft,
~ i ) Clay qJ?5 < A < 2qJ25 in m;
iii) S ~ l t yclay and s ~ l t ysand gJ100 < f: < q'/25
it,) Sand qJ100 c i < qJ50 Ap = cross-sectional area of pile tip, in m2;
v) Coarse sand and gravel qJ100 qJl50 -
N = avcrage N along thc pilc shaft; and
q . = cone resistance, In kN!m'.
As = surface area of pile shaft, in m2.
8-3.4 The correlation between standard penetration
resistance, N (blows130 cm) and static cone NOTE - The end-hearing resistance sllould not
rcsistance, qc, in kN/n12 as givcn in Tablc 2 may be exceed 400 ;V.4p.
uscd for working out thc end-bcaring resistance and
B-4.2 For non-plastic silt or very fine sand the
skin friction rcsistance of pilcs. This correlation
equation has been modified as:
should only be taken as a guide and should
preferably be established for a given site as they can
substantially vary with the grain size, Atterberg
limits, water table, etc.
Table 2 Co-relation Between N a n d qcfor The meaning of all terms is same as for equation 3.
Different Types of Soil
B-5 FACTOR OF SAFETY
SI Type of Soil
No. The minimum factor of safety for arriving at the safe
pile capacity from the ultimate load capacity
-

i) Clay 150-200 obtained by using static formulae shall be 2.5.

ii) Silts, sandy silts and slightly 200-250
cohesive silt-sand mixtures B-6 PILES IK STRATIFIED SOIL
iii) Clean fine to medium sand 300-400
and slightly silty sand In stratified soillc-@soil, the ultimate load capacity
iv) Coarse sand and sands with 500-600 of piles should be determined by calculating the end-
little gravel bearing and skin friction in different strata by using
v) Sandy gravel and gravel 800- 1 0 0 0 appropriate expressions given in B-1 and B-2.
IS 2911 (Part l/Sec 1) : 2010

ANNEX C
(Clazr.re 6.5.2)
ANALYSIS OF LATERALLY LOADED PILES

C - l GENERAL Table 3 Il.lodulus of Subgrade Reaction for

Granular Soils. n,. in kN/m3
C-1.1 Thc ultinlate resistance of a vertical pilc to a
lateral load and the deflection of the pile as the load S1 Soil Tfpe N Range of 11,
builds LIP to its ultimate value are complex matters No. (RloasI30 cni) kN/m' x 10'
b
involving the interaction between a semi-rigid Dry Submerged
structural element and soil which deforms partly (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
elastically and partly plastically. The failure i) Very loose sand 0-4 < 0.4 < 0.2
mechanisms of an infinitely long pile and that of a ii) Loose sand 4-10 0.4-2.5 0.2-1.4
short rigid pile are different. The failure mechanisms
i ~ i ) Mediumsand 10-35 2.5-7.5 1.4-5.0
also differ for a restrained and unrestrained pile head
conditions. iv) Dense sand > 35 7.5-20.0 5.0-12.0

Because of the conlplexity of the problenl only a NO'I'E--- The q, values may be interpolated for
procedure for a n approximate solution, that is, intermediate standard penetration values, $.
adequate in most of the cases is presented here.
C-2.2 The lateral soil resistance for preloaded clays
Situations that need a rigorous analysis shall be
with constant soil modulus is modelled according to
dealt with accordingly.
the equation:
C-1.2 The first step is to determine, if the pile will
behave as a short rigid unit or as an infinitely long
flexible member. This is done by calculating the
stiffness factor R or T for the particular combination where
of pile and soil.
Having calculated the stiffness factor, the criteria for
behaviour as a short rigid pile or as a long elastic wherc k , is Tcrzaghi's nlodulus of subgradc reaction
pile are related to the embedded length L of the pile. as dctern~inedfrom load deflection measurements on
The depth from the ground surface to the point o f a 30 cnl square plate and B is the width of the pile
virtual fixity is then calculated and used in the (diameter in case of circular piles). The recommended
conventional elastic analysis for estimating the values of k , are given in Table 4.
'
lateral deflection and bending moment.
Table 4 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction for
C-2 STIFFNESS FACTORS Cohesive Soil, k , , in kN/m3

C-2.1 The lateral soil resistance for gra~iillarsoils SI Soil Unconfined Range of k ,
and normally consolidated clays which have varying No. Consistency Compression kN/nil x 10'
Strength, qu
soil modulus is lnodcllcd according to the equation: kN!m'
(1) (2) (3) (4)
i) Sort 25-50 4.5-9.0
where ii) Medium stiff 50- 1 0 0 9.0-1 8 . 0
p = lateral soil reactiotl per unit length of pile iii) Stiff 100-100 18.0-36.0
at depth z below ground levcl; iv) Very stiff 200-400 36.0-72.0
y = lateral pile deflection; and V) Hard > 400 >72.0
q, = modulus of subgrade reaction for which NOTE -- For q,, less than 25. k , may be taken as zero,
which implies that there is no lateral resislance.
the recoinniended values are given in
Table 3 .
 IS 2911 (Part 1/Sec 1) : 2010

C-2.3 Stiffness Factors C-3 CRITERIA FOR SHORT RIGID PlLES

AND LONG ELASTIC PILES
C-2.3.1 For Piles in Satld und Normally Loaded
Clays Having calculated the stiffness factor T o r R, the
criteria for behaviour as a short rigid pile o r as a long
elastic pile are related to the embedded length L as
Stiffness factor T, in m =
given in Table 5.
Table 5 Criteria for Behaviour of Pile
wherc
Based on its Embedded Length
E = Young's modulus of pile material, in
MN/m2; SI Type of Pile Relation of Embedded
No. Behavioi~r Length with
1 = moment o f inertia of the pile cross- Stiffness Factor
section, in m" atid L i n e m t a n t
qh = modulus o f subgrade reaction, in MN/m3 Increasing
(see Table 3). (1) (2) (3) (4)
i) Short (rigid) pile L 5 2T L 5 ?R
C-2.3.2 Ebr Piles it1 Preloaded Clajs ii) Lonz (elastic) pile L 2 4T L 2 3.5R
NOTE - The intemiediate L shall indicate a case
Stiffness factor R, in m = between rigid pile behaviour and elaslic pile
behaviour.

where C - 4 D E F L E C T I O N AND M O M E N T S IN
E = Young's modulus o f pile material, in LONG ELASTIC PILES
MN/m2; C-4.1 Equivalent cantilever approach gives a simple
= moment of inertia of the pile cross- procedure for obtaining the deflections and moments
section, in ma; due to relatively small lateral loads. This requires
the determination of depth of virtual fixity, z,
K = O 3 .\LC Table 4 for values o f k , , in
Lx--(.,, The depth to the point o f fixity niay be read from
1.5 B
the plots given in Fig. 3. e is the effective
MN/m3); and eccentricity of the point of load application obtained
B = width of pile shaft (diameter in case o f either by converting the moment to an equivalent
circular piles), in m. horizontal load o r by actual position of the
horizontal load application. R and Tare the stiffness
factors described earlier.

I
- 7 -

FCR PKEE I4 F ~ ~ , L O I E E D
I CiAv?

--, '
v .
6 R . W HEAD PILES
- , - --I:CEC)
- HEAD PILES
IS 2911 (Part 1ISec 1) : 2010

C-4.2 The pile head deflcction,.~shall be computed C-4.3 The fixed end moment of the pile for the
using the followi~igequations: equivalent cantilever may be determined from the
following expressions:
Deflection, y = H(e+zd3 lo'
3E l Fixed end moment, 1% =H(e+zf)
... for free head pile
... for free head pile
H(e + z,) 3
Deflection, y = --- x 10'
12EI H(e+z,)
Fixed end moment, htF= - --
...for fixed head pile 2
where ...for fixed head pile
H = lateral load, in kN;
T h e fixed end moment, M, of the equivalent
y = deflection of pile head, in mm;
E = Young's modulus of pile material, in cantilever is higher than the actual maximum
kN/m2; moment M in the pile. The actual maximum moment
I = moment of inertia of the pile cross-section, may be obtained by multiplying the fixed end
in m4; moment of the equivalent cantilever by a reduction
zp = depth to point of fixity, in m; and factor. m, given in Fig. 4.
e = cantilever length above ground/bcd to the
point of load application, in rn.

.I : 4 n n -3 12
L fi OR L (: T
--- FOl+ '-',E$ IN !GB~::$L~CB b>h%,rS
----- TOP PILE%a 5BaND.T;ANU
aroes.rnl L-u a ~ ~ j F g ~ i p , , r ~

4A For Free Head Pile

-- F O R F ~ L CIt4~PW-hCMNit CLAYS
- -- - FCRFRES IWa%PS33 L M
L O ~ D t Cu,YS
&l'.lfl~~Ircbikl' a

4 8 For Fixed Head Pile

 IS 2911 (Part 11Sec 1) : 2010

ANNEX D
(Clause 8.7.2)
DATA SHEET
Site ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Title .........................................................................................................................................................................
Date of enquiry ......................................................................................................................................................
Date piling commenced .........................................................................................................................................
Actual or anticipated date for completion of piling work .................................................................................
Number of pile ........................................................................................................................................................

TEST PILE DATA

Pile: Pile test commenced .......................................................................................................

Pilc tcst completed .........................................................................................................

Pile type: .........................................................................................................................................

(Mention proprietary systcm, if any) ............................................................................

Shape - RoundISquare
I Size - Shaft .................................................. Tip ......................................................
Pile specification:
Reinforcement ................ No. .............................dia for .................................... (depth)

\ :....
....................................................................................................................................
Sequence of piling: From centre towards the periphery or from periphery towards the centre
(for groups)

Concrete : Mix ratio I : ...................................................................................... by volumelweight

or strength after ..............days ........................................................................Nlmm2
Quantity of cement/m3: ..................................................................................................
Extra cement added, if any: ..........................................................................................
Weight of hatnnier ........................................Type of hammer ....................................................................
(Specify rated energy, if ally)
Fall of hammer ........................................ Length finally driven ...........................................................
No. of blows during last 25 mni of driving .........................................................................................................

Dynamic formula used, if ally ...............................................................................................................................

Calculated value of working load ........................................................................................................................

(Calculations may be included)

Test loading:

Maintained IoadICyclic loading1C.R.P ...........................................................................................................

1 s 2911 (Part llSec 1) : 2010

Capacity of jack .........................................................................................................................................

If anchor piles used. give ................................ No., Length ...........................................................................

Distance of tcst pilc from nearest anchor pile ................................................................................................

Test pile and anchor piles werelwere not working piles

Method of Taking Observations:

Dial gaugcslEnginccrs level .............................................................................................................................

Reduced level of pile tip ..................................................................................................................................

General Remarks:

.................................................................................................................................................................................
Special Difficulties Encountered:

Results:
Working load specified for the test pile .......................................................................................................
Settlement specified for the test pile ............................................................................................................
Scttlemcnt spccificd for thc structure ...........................................................................................................
Working load accepted for a single pile as a result of the test ..................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................
Working load in a group of piles acceptcd as a result of the tcst .............................................................

General description of the structure to be founded on piles .............................................................................

Name of the piling agency ....................................................................................................................................

IS 2911 (Part I/Sec 1) : 2010

ANNEX E
(Fore~vord)

Soil and Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 43

In personal capacity (IXX/'YO. Prince A l r l ~ u rShulr Rood. D R N. Sou (Chairnlan)

Kolkurrrr 7lJUO45)
A.P. Engineering Research Laboratories. Hyderabad

AFCONS Infrastn~cture Limited. klunlbai

Central Board o f I r r l g a t ~ o n& Power, New Delhl

Ccnlral B u ~ l d ~ nRcsearcli
g Inst~tutc, Roorkce

Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi DIRECTOR(TCD)

DEPUTYDIRECTOR(TCD) (Alrernore)
Central P u b l ~ cWorks Department, New Delhi SUPERISTENDING
E N G ~ E(DESIGN)
K
EXECUTIVEENGINEER(DESIGN-V) (Allernole)
Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi

Central Soil & Materials Research Station, N e w Delhi SIIRI S. K. DABRAR

SIIRI D. N. BERA(Allernole)
Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, New Delhi SIIKI J. B. SIIAKMA
SIIRI N . K. JAIN (Allernare)
Engineers India Limited. New Delhi SHRI T. BALKAJ
SIIKI S. DEUN.\TII (Allerrrole)
F. S. Engineers l'vt Limited. Chennai
Gammon India Limited, Mumbai

Ground Engi~ieering Limited, New Delhi

Gujarat Engineering Rescarch Institute. Vadodara

lndian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi

lndian Institute o f Science, Bangalore
Indian Institute o f Techtrology, Chennai
lndian Institute o f Technology, New Delhi D K A. V A K A M R A J A ~
D K R. KANIRAJ(Alrernore)
Indian Institute o f ~I'cchnology. Mumbai
lndian Institute o f Technology, Roorkce PROF bl. N. VILADKAR
D K M:\IIENDRA SltiGll (A/rernafe)
lndian Society o f Earthquake Teclllrolo~y, Uttaranclial
I T D Cenientatio~iIndia Ltd, Kolkata

M.N. Dastur 8: Co~iipany (P) Ltd, Kolkata

M i s Cengrs Geotechnical Pvt Limited, New Delhi

Ministry o f Surface Transport, N c w Delhi

Mumbai Port Trust, Mumbai

Nagadi Colisultants Pvt Limited, New Uelhi

National Thermal Power Corporation Limited, Noida

 I S 2911 (Part 1ISec 1) : 2010

Pile Foundation Constructions C o (I) Pvt Limited.

Kolkata
Safe Enterprises, !vl~uniba~

School o f Planning and Arch~tecture. New Delhi

Simplex Infrastructures Limited, Chennai SIIRI Sll.4hKhK (~1:ll.A
SIIRI S. RAY (Allernole)
The Pressure Pll111gC o (I) Pvt L~mited, .Murnba!

Univers~ty o f Jodhpur, Jodhpur

BIS Directorate General S~IKI A. K. SAINI, Scientist 'F' & Head (CED)
[Representing Director General (Ex-oflicio)]

Member Secretor),
SIIK~M~\TI
MI\U~1l~~lhl."l~U~~~~
Scientist 'B' (CED), BIS

Pile and Deep Fou~~dations

Subcommittee, CED 43 : 5
I n personal capacity (Siitycr Avenrre. 2rrd Cross Street. SIIRI MURLI IYENGAR
(Cr~rtvcner)
J~rngorrolho P~rram, Veloche~v. Cherrrroi 60U043)
AFCONS Infrastructure Ltd, M u n ~ b a i SIIRI A. N. J ~ N G L E
Assoccation o f P i l ~ n gSpecialists (India), Mumbai SIKI V. T. GANPIILE
SHRI MAIJIIUKAK LODII~AVIA (Alternule)
Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee SIKI R. DIIARAMKAJI!
SIIRI A. K. SII~\RAI,I (AIterriute)
Central Public Works Department. New Dclhi SUPB~TENDMG
ESOI~TCR
(DESIGP;)
EXECUTIV~
EKC~ISEER
(DESICK DV
IS
IO
II V) (A/~LTIKI~E)
Engineer-in-Chief's Branch, New Delhi DIRESTOKGENERAL
OF WORKS

Engineers India Limited, New Delhi DR ATUL NASDA

SIIRI SAXJAYKUM,\K (.llternote)
Gamnion lndia Limited, Mumbai DR N. V. N.4YP.K
SIIRI K. K. MALIIOTK,\ (Allerrrrile)
Ground Enyineeri~ig Liniited, Ne\v Delhi SIKI ASIIOK KUMAKJnth
SIIRI NEERAI KL~MAR
JAIS (AIl~'rr101e)
Indian Geotechnical Society, New Dellii D R SATYENDRA
MITTAI.
DR K. RAJAGOPAL(Allernole)
Indian Institute o f Technology, Chennai DK S. R. GANDI~~
DR A. BHOOMIX.~TIIAK(Allernole)
Indian Institute o f Technology. Roorkee DK G. RAM.\SAMY
Indian Roads Congress. New Delhi

I T D Cenientation India Limited, Kolkata

M I S Cengrs Geoteclinical Pvt Limited, New Delhi

Ministry o f Sliipping, Road Transport and Highways,

New Delhi
National Thermal Power Corporation, Noida

Pile Foundation Constructions C o (1) Pvt Limited,

Kolkata
Research, Designs & Standards Organization. Lucknow

Simplex Infrastructures Limited, Chennai

Structural Engineering Research Centre. Chennai

TCE Consulting Engineers Limited, Mumbai

Victoria-Jubilee Technical Institute, Mumbai

Bureau of Indian Standards
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This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: CED 43 (7282).

Amendments lssued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affccted

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