Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005

Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005

Recharge Calculation of Lahendong Geothermal Field in North Sulawesi-Indonesia

Lela Widagda and I.B. Jagranatha

Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jogjakarta - Indonesia
[email protected]

Keywords : recharge factor, rainfall, infiltration coefficient.

ABSTRACT
The research site is located 30 km south of Manado city or
west of Tondano lake at an altitude of ± 850 meters above
the sea level.

The geology of the research site is represented within a

geological map by Ganda and Sunaryo (1982). Based on the
current geological map, it may be pointed out that the
research site is defined as high terrains situated in a small
Pangolombian caldera which has collapsed in its center area
resulting in the formation of a volcanic group called
Tampusu-Linau. The stratigraphy of the area is comprised
of young volcanic sediments, which in an older to younger
sequence are: Lengkoan, Pangolombian, Kasuratan, Kasuan
and Kolovium Formation sediments.

The conceptual model of Lahendong geothermal field

consists of two reservoirs, that is a shallow reservoir having
a depth of 500 – 700 meters and a deep reservoir having a
depth above 1500 meters. From such a conceptual model
can be observed that the recharge factor holds an important
role as a mass supplier to the reservoir.

The objective of the research is to determine the amount of Figure 1: Location of Lahendong Field Map
recharge into the reservoir by means of an overlay of
geologic map, fracture density map, and fluid dynamic
map. From the overlay of the various maps, it enables the 2. GEOLOGICAL SETTING
determination of the cross sectional boundary of the The regional geology of the Lahendong Geothermal Field is
recharge area to obtain the area of research. The amount of shown in Figure 2. It shows clearly that the structure is
recharge from rainfall which infiltrates into the recharge located within a big caldera, with wide elongation of 3 km
area can be determine by the infiltration amount of rainfall encircling the Linau crater.
into the area, rainfall data and infiltration coefficient.
There are six tectonic components in the Lahendong
Based on calculations, it is determined that the amount of Geothermal Field :
recharge in the Lahendong Geothermal Field is 10.3 x 106
m3/year. • Pangolombian structure, edge side of Caldera.
• NE-SW fault, correlates with the Tondano volcanic
1. INTRODUCTION depression boundary limit.
Lahendong geothermal field is located about 30 km to the • E-W fault, indicated as lateral fault and as pivot of
south of Manado city, district of Tomohon, Minahasa, secondary magmatic intrusion.
North Sulawesi province (Figure 1). Generally, the field is • NW-SE fault, tensional type, formed big Lahendong
located between 600 – 900 m above the sea level. The main graben.
objective of this study is to predict the amount of natural • N-S fault, young tectonic activity.
“recharge” within the given area by means of an overlay of • Circular structure, interpreted as deep plutonic
the geological map, fracture density map, fluid dynamics intrusion.
map and climatologic data of the investigated area. There
have been seven wells drilled by Pertamina (Indonesian Oil The geothermal field is mainly covered by pre-caldera
and Gas Company) that is LHD-1 until LHD-7. Around formation (before the Pangolombian formation collapse)
LHD-4 to LHD-16 is being developed a cluster drilling. and post-caldera formation. Post-caldera formation is
This program is run to develop a power generator with a divided into three sub-groups.
capacity of 20 MWe owned by PLN (Indonesian Electric
Energy Company). In order to maintain a mass balance • Tampusu sub-group, in the eastern part of geothermal
within the reservoir, it is necessary to conduct a “recharge” field is indicated as a center of young volcanics.
study in the current geothermal field. • Kasuratan sub-group, between Linau lake and
Kasuratan village, is indicated as a central volcanic.

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Widagda and Jagranatha

They are correlated with the viscous extrusion of From measurement and calculation of fracture/fault on a
magmatic activity. grid (1 km2) a density fracture/grid is obtained with a
• Linau sub-group, located in central geothermal field, dimension of (m/km2). Based on numbers on each grid,
consists of volcanic breccias and pyroclastic which then a fracture density contour map is produced. This map
resulted from a recent phreatic eruption (Linau lake). is produced with an assumption that through this fracture
density rain water infiltrates into the reservoir as recharge
water. The fracture density map obtained is presented in
Figure 4.

Figure 2: Geological Map of Tondano Area

In general, the stratigraphy of older-younger sequence

within the studied area is:

• Pre Tondano, andesite, megaloclastics with sediment

intercolation. Figure 4: Fracture Density Map of
• Tondano unit, tuff and ignimbrite. LahendongGeothermal Field (m/km2)
• Pre Pangolombian formation (Post Tondano Unit),
basaltic, andesitic. 4. FLUID DYNAMIC
• Post Pangolombian formation, tuff and breccia. A fluid dynamic map of the Lahendong geothermal field is
derived by defining the amount of departure pressure of
3. FRACTURE DENSITY each well.
Fracture density analysis of Lahendong geothermal field is
conducted based on linearment analysis of the geologic
structure from aerial photograph (Figure 3).

Figure 5: Fluid Dynamic Map Based on Pressure

Departure Concept of Lahendong
Geothermal Field
Figure 3: Geological Structure Linearment Analysis
Map Based on Aerial Photograph of 5. RECHARGE AREA
Lahendong Geothermal Field The definition of the recharge area is carried out by means
of an overlay of the geologic map, the fracture density map,
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 Widagda and Jagranatha

and the fluid dynamic map. The overlay of the various • Middle slope (slope = 20% - 30%), recharge
maps produces a recharge area boundary taken from the coefficient = 25%
intersection of zero contour (fluid dynamic map) with the • Lower slope and foothills elevation < 800 m (slope =
500 contour (fracture density map) and the Pangolombian 5% - 10%), recharge coefficient = 20% - 25%.
and Kasuan formation which also forms the Lahendong
reservoir. From the intersection, it is then possible to The research area is located at the middle – lower slope
calculate the area of recharge which gives a total of 20 km2 zone which is formed mainly of andesite, basalt and some
(Figure 6). pyroclastic in which all has developed fractures. In the
calculation, the applied recharge coefficient is 25%,
therefore the recharge potential of the area of research is
calculated:

R = A x PA x c
A =20 km2
PA =2060 mm/year
≈65.3 ltr/sec/km2 ≈2059301 m3/year/km2
c =25%

R = 20km2 x 2059301m3 / year/ km2 x 0.25

=10.3 x106 m3 / year

8. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

• The rocks of the Pangolombian and Kasuan formation
consist of andesitic lava, basaltic and some
pyroclastics which have developed fractures and act as
a reservoir in the Lahendong geothermal field.
.
• Based on geologic structure map analysis of aerial
Figure 6: Recharge Area Map of Lahendong
photography, a fracture density map is constructed
Geothermal Field (m/km2)
based on values between 500 – 3500 m/km2. From the
dynamic fluid map, it is shown a fluid dynamic from
6. CLIMATOLOGIC DATA positive 5 to negative 5 (high to low potential).
The climatologic data required is the annual rainfall data
from observation posts located within the Lahendong • From the overlay of the geologic map, fracture density
geothermal field. There are three rainfall observation posts map and fluid dynamic map, a recharge area of 20 km2
currently providing data within the calculation, that is: the is obtained. Mean annual rainfall obtained by rainfall
Kaskas station = 1948 mm/year situated in the eastern part observation posts around the Lahendong geothermal
of the field, the Kawangkoan station = 2479 mm/year field reach an amount of 2060 mm/year.
situated in the southeast of the field, and the Noongan
station = 1755 mm/year situated in the south of the field. • Based on the calculation, the recharge potential for an
From the calculation of the three rainfall observation posts area of 20 km2 is 10.3 x 106 m3/year.
a rainfall average of 2060 mm/year is obtained.
REFERENCES
7. RECHARGE POTENTIAL ESTIMATE Aguilera, R., 1980, Naturally Fractured Reservoir,
In order to predict an annual recharge potential of the Pennwell Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Lahendong geothermal field, the following equation is Lerner, D.N., Issar, A.S., Simmer, I., 1980, International
applied: Association of Hydrogeologists, Vol.8.

R = A x PA x c Surachman, Tandirerung, Buntaran, Robert, 1987,

Assesment of Lahendong Geothermal Field North
Sulawesi Indonesia, Proceeding of Indonesian
R = mean annual groundwater recharge (m3/year)
Petroleum Association.
A = surface area of recharge zone (km2)
PA = mean annual precipitation recharge zone (mm/year) Sudarman, Sumintadireja, Ushijima, 1996, Exploration of
c = recharge coefficient for the area (%) Geothermal Resources in Lahendong Area, North
Sulawesi, Indonesia, Memoirs of the Faculty of
The recharge coefficient value normally is determined by Engineering, Kyushu University, Vol.56.
conducting an analogy to the research of McDonald (1989)
on young volcanic sediments which have similar formations IWACO Indonesia, 1989. West Java Provincial Water
to those of the Lahendong geothermal field. They classify Sources, Master Plan for Water Supply.
the young volcanic sediments into three zones :
• Top slope (slope = 50%), recharge coefficient = 25% -
50%