Short Circuit Analysis & Over current Relaying

Coordination of IEEE 9-Bus System

Shoaib A. Shaikh, Kundan Kumar Asif R. Solangi, Shubash Kumar Aizaz Ali Soomro,
Hamdard University FEST Indus University, Karachi NED UET, Karachi
Karachi [email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract—It is an essential and compulsory to design an empty distribution feeders for the achievement of substantial and
interrupted electrical power system network having security, quick enhancement in security, reliability and quality to the
stability and reliability in this electricity dependent era. In this
customers. Several techniques as var planning, optimization
paper Short circuit analysis and Protection relying
coordination of IEEE 9-Bus system is analyzed and designing of network, stat estimation, feeder reconfiguration, analysis
of overcurrent relaying scheme to operate the relay quickly and of fault etc. has mandated to construct distribution
disconnect the faulty section from healthy section. Electrical automation (DA) effectively [2-6].
Power system built in the industry needs appropriate protection Old-style objects engaged to secure acceptable protection
strategy for reliable operation. Undetected and sudden faults whereas controlling the system have been insufficient [7].
can become hazardous and disturb the entire system, power
The essential requirement of Power Company and utility is
devices and causes the overheating, unbalanced system
conditions, up and down of the system voltage and blackouts classified as efficient arrangement and exact forecast of
etc. Proposed designing consists of nine buses (two generator equipment age having strictness to avoid the under-usage
buses, one slack bus and six load buses), three transformers of and over-usage of existing resources. Requirements to model
100MVA at three buses Bus- 1, 2 &3, placement of transmission power system of main three categories electrical power
lines are used. The load flow and fault analysis study are carried generation, transmission and distribution has become
out before the protection design of the system. The power flow necessary for making some actual-value verdicts for capital
analysis keeps vital role due to identification of network investment and management. The factors for modeling and
capability to run with maximum load having no any effect on designing the efficient systems with the usage of analytical
the system stability. The load flow and fault analysis study are
tools comprise: augmented productivity, reduction of capital
carried out before the protection design of the system.
disbursement, decrease in inventory outdated segments,
Keywords— IEEE 9- Bus system, Load flow analysis, Short decrease in repair cost, investment reduction after first year
circuit (SC) analysis, Protection relaying coordination, OC execution and enhanced amenities etc. [8].
protection. Analysis of faults had become sophisticated and difficult in
old era but in this scientifically and technological era it has
I. INTRODUCTION
become complex and convenient as numerous fast and
Electrical Power system covers three principal parts as reliable computing methods have been introduced as
Generation, transmission and distribution systems. The main MATLAB, ETAP etc. The fast and reliable techniques for
objective of the power system is to fulfill all the segments of the different faults also require an effective and efficient fault-
system electrical energy with high possible efficiency to deliver analysis technique. The exact information of fault is not only
to users at satisfactory frequency, voltages and reliability. An acceptable for fault recognition algorithms or prototypes but
important segment is the distribution system which connects the proper protective relays operation and correct resolve of
generators and equipment used on the consumer side by different fault types [9]– [12]. The software tools for the
carrying the electricity from transmission system comprises of analysis of power system are not partial to their main
feeders, distributors and service mains with suitable protective technical characteristics though it also contains separate
and controlling devices [1]. competences for modeling, design and analysis of the
A report has been created which showed that 80% system. Key features comprise; power flow analysis, Load
interruptions are observed to the consumer side in due to flow analysis, short circuit (SC) analysis, power system
failure of distribution system. To make it an efficient system, stability, power system protection,
distribution automation is made applicable to the

978-1-5386-6594-7/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

coordination of the system, optimal power flow and and protective relays keep vital role in designing of the
reliability etc. protection system to separate and disconnect the faulty
In this paper we have worked on the short circuit analysis of section from the normal or Steady State section. CBs rated
IEEE 9-bus system with overcurrent (OC) relaying scheme in MVA are designed and selected based on the interrupting
on ETAP software by examining the normal load-flow along capacity of current by taking momentary SC current until
with fault analysis. A procedure to obtain the electrical relay cross the threshold limit. It will be better for the system
power systems steady-stat voltages at fundamental that circuit ought to be separated on interruption at the initial
frequency is named as load flow [13]. Out of nine buses, we stage otherwise CB could not be able to break it because of
have considered here two voltage-controlled buses i.e. 1 and internal CB’s arc conduction
2, one as swing bus i.e. 3 and six buses as load buses i.e. 4- [14]. The equation 1 relevant to CB is given as:
9, three transformers with a transmission line in between
them. For the protection circuit breakers have also been SSC=√3*VPRE*ISC (1)
placed with an addition of overcurrent relays. Several three
phase faults as L-G, L-L and L-L-G have been placed Where;
individually on Bus-7 and results have been recorded also. SSC= Short circuit power,
Furthermore, short circuit analysis of system is also included VPRE=System pre-fault voltage
in this paper to determine the positive (+ve), negative (-ve) ISC= short circuit current
and zero -sequence impedance of faults. Last and the main
task of our work is on the sequence of operation of relays In this paper the fault is placed on the bus-7. For the
connected on bus-7 and controlling on the relay having estimation of fault, the methodologies as base MVA and per
minimal effect should run first and so on. unit are applied here, the formulae in equation form are
given in equation 2-5.
II. OVERVIEW OF FAULTS AND FORMULAE *+,- 3./0
!"#$ = Zold + ²
In this era the electrical power system is almost *./0 3+,- … (2)
interconnected in which faults may occur and currents
flowing with a high rate must be disrupted before the 3 :;<,
Z Base = ( )
establishment of normal conditions. Several types of fault * :;<, ………………………………. (3)
occur as symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. The
classification is also depicted in fig.1. From the faults, the B CDEF
Z p. u = Z ∗ ( )
dangerous fault due to which maximum interruption arises G CDEF² …………………………. (4)
in network accessories is three phase fault or symmetrical
fault [14]. B EJ KLM∗NO⁶
I sc = R
G QDEF∗NOᵌ …………….…………… (5)
The protective relay is used for sensing the fault current
which then send the trip signal to the circuit breaker. The
proper setting of the relay is necessary for the efficient power
system. Different types of protective relays exist are selected
based on several applications as distance relays, differential
relays, overcurrent relays etc. The relay has two setting; plug
setting and time setting. The time setting is for deciding the
time of relay operation whereas plug setting decision is done
based on current required to pick up for the relay. The relay
for time setting and pick up setting is shown in fig.2

Fig. 1 Types of Fault

Fault is an undesired and sudden condition that not only

make the network stressed but also effect on the cost due to
equipment failure. Before damaging any equipment, it is
Fig. 2 Overcurrent relay
mandatory to block the high flow of current. Fault in a
distribution network is undesired situation that puts the Several mathematical models exist for the OC relays as
network into more stressed condition. The result of fault is a Inverse definite time over current relay, very inverse definite
very high current flow and it is necessary to block it before time overcurrent relay and extremely inverse time
it damages any section of network. Circuit breakers overcurrent relay are shown in equation 6-8 respectively.

 relays and in the last the results taken in the form of curves
O.NU(VWB) X in the graph.
top = …………………… (6)
YBW Z.Z[ \N
N].^(VWB) X
top = …………………………..... (7)
YBW X \N

_O.O(VWB) X
top = ……………………………. (8)
YBW [ \N

Where;
PSM= I relay / PS and Plug setting= rated CT secondary x
some percentage

The primary current of CT is decided by considering the

maximum load current which CT primary must carry. Next
category is the setting of relay which involves the selection
of pick up value of the relay and operating time of the relay.
The arrangement of pick-up setting should be done such that
coordination time in between relays must guarantee fault
interruption safely and securely [15]. Pick up value of the
relay can be set by keeping in mind that relay should operate
in both conditions in normal load conditions and certain
extension of overload to be supplied. Hence the pickup value
should be greater than maximum allowable load. At the same
interval, the response of the relay should also be sensitive on
the lowest fault as well. Thus, pick up value should always
be kept lesser than the smallest value of fault current If. To
set the pickup value, a rule is depicted as below:
`a, cde < `g. h < `i, cjk
A study of protection coordination is used for governing the
trip setting of each device used in the system network so as
to get minimum interruption but maximum protection for the
faults occur in the system [16]. A relay must gain an adequate
fortuitous for protecting the system from abnormal
conditions under the primary protection. If failure occurs in
primary protection to sense and clear the fault, then the
backup protection for clearing the fault should start their Fig 3: Flow chart of the system
work to initiate the trip. Therefore, as soon as initiation of
the fault occur, it must be detected by the both protection A. Load flow analysis of IEEE 9 Bus system
primary as well as back up. Overshoot of the relay which is Load flow analysis is an essential for the designing of
due to moment of inertia is should be allowable. It is also protective equipment as CBs, CTs, and Relays etc. The
designing through computational methods has become
important that if fault occurs on any location of feeder then
OC relays must coordinate for transformer and feeder for advantageous and beneficial for the power utility companies
assuring safer as well as efficient operation of protection and protection engineers. In the old era the system used was
scheme design otherwise it may fail. The stand coordination very complicated, cost-effective and time consuming. In this
time interval is 0.2 to 0.4sec [17]. paper the first IEEE 9-Bus system is designed with different
types of buses (Generating, Swing and Load Bus),
Transformers, placement of T/L between the buses, Circuit
III. METHODOLOGY AND SIMULTAION breakers adjacent to buses with OC relays and Capacitor as
RESULTS shown in fig.4 and Fig.5.
It is an essential for any work to make a pictorial view or After designing the IEEE 9-Bus system, the load flow
flow chart which in short show the whole work in analysis is completed which shows that system is normal and
conclusion. In this research work we have designed the IEEE their parameters (active, reactive powers etc.) are within
9-Bus system in ETAP software. The input data which was permissible limits and no any fault exist. The
used in designing the system is given in the table.1-6. The input data of Generators, Buses, Transformers,
formulae also represented in the second part. The flow chart Conductor length etc. are represented in the diagrams.
in fig. 3 depicts several parts which have been done in
designing the system include: simulation of the IEEE 9-Bus B. Placement of fault on Bus-7
system, Load flow analysis, Short circuit analysis, selection After inserting the data in normal load conditions, the
of protective OC relays, relay coordination of CT and PT and unsymmetrical faults (i.e., Line-t-ground, Line-Line and
circuit breakers, calculation of currents after the setting of Line-Line-Ground faults) were placed on bus 7 one by one

as shown in fig.6. The results are recorded, and it is being C. SC Analysis
observed that the three-phase fault current is most severe Furthermore, the S.C analysis of IEEE 9-Bus system is
and greater than other faults. included for determining the fault of positive, negative and
zero-sequence impedance. The figure .8 also represent the
IEEE 9-Bus system with placement of fault.

Fig. 4 IEEE 9-Bus system

Fig. 5 Proposed system

 Fig.6 Faults

IV. RELAY OPERATION

The Load flow analysis, SC analysis has been completed with the
results in the form of tables. Now the main task of our research
work is the placement of protective relays on bus-7, CBS and their
proper operation. For this, the sequence of relay operation is
mandatory which is given in table. 7. The protective relays which
were connected to the bus-7 are checked a on their operation and
occurrence of tripping of CBs is also observed with some time
delay. The relay-5 due to the least effect of power system, energize
first and tripped the consistent circuit breaker and major part of
power system protection is observed from the SC current followed
by relay 6 and 7. The graph of the relay setting is given in the fig.
8&9 which clearly shows the operating time and the effect of
overcurrent according the desired conditions. Also, the operational
curve of the branches Cleary shows the pictorial view of the
operation of the branches and the faulty bus.

Fig 8. Operational Branches Curve

Fig 7. sequence of operation of relay

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unbalanced, overvoltage, overcurrent and blackouts, etc. In this
research work the SC analysis of IEEE 9-Bus system containing
two generator buses, one slack and six load buses has been
analyzed by putting the unsymmetrical faults and the designing
of OC relay operation with quick disconnect during the faults
has also been analyzed in ETAP software. The faults were
placed on the bus-7, relay operation is checked, and tripping of
CBs is also observed with some delay of time. The relay-5 first
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