LECTURE NOTES AND LAB HANDOUTS

OBJECT OREINTED PROGRAMMING (ITEC / SENG – 321 ) WEEK. 4

IF STATEMENT
Following is the syntax of an if statement:
if(Boolean_expression) {
// Statements will execute if the Boolean expression is true
}

If the Boolean expression evaluates to true then the block of code inside the if statement will be executed. If not,
the first set of code after the end of the if statement (after the closing curly brace) will be executed.

IF-ELSE STATEMENT
Following is the syntax of an if...else statement:
if(Boolean_expression) {
// Executes when the Boolean expression is true
}
else {
// Executes when the Boolean expression is false
}
If the boolean expression evaluates to true, then the if block of code will be executed, otherwise else block of code
will be executed.

PROGRAM 1: Demonstrating basic if-else statement.

import java.util.Scanner;
class PassingGrade
{
public static void main( String [ ] args )
{
Scanner scan = new Scanner( System.in );
System.out.print( "Enter a grade > " );
int grade = scan.nextInt( );
String message;
if ( grade >= 60 )
message = "You passed";
else
message = "You failed ";
System.out.println( message ) ;
}
}

NESTED IF OR ELSE-IF STATEMENT

It is always legal to nest if-else statements which means you can use one if or else if statement inside another if or
else if statement.

The syntax for a nested if...else is as follows:

if(Boolean_expression 1) {
// Executes when the Boolean expression 1 is true
if(Boolean_expression 2) {
// Executes when the Boolean expression 2 is true
}
}

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 1/13

Institute of Information and Communication Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES AND LAB HANDOUTS
OBJECT OREINTED PROGRAMMING (ITEC / SENG – 321 ) WEEK. 4

You can nest else if...else in the similar way as we have nested if statement:
if(Boolean_expression 1)
{
// Executes when the Boolean expression 1 is true
}
//else Executes when the Boolean expression 1 is false
else if(Boolean_expression 2)
{
// Executes when the Boolean expression 2 is true
}
else
{
// Executes when the Boolean expression 2 is false
}

PROGRAM 2: Demonstrating if-else-if statements.

import java.util.Scanner;
class LetterGrade
{
public static void main( String [] args )
{
Scanner scan = new Scanner( System.in );
char grade;
System.out.print( "Enter your test grade: " );
int score = scan.nextInt( );
if ( score >= 90 )
grade = 'A';
else if ( score >= 80 )
grade = 'B';
else if ( score >= 70 )
grade = 'C';
else if ( score >= 60 )
grade = 'D';
else // grade fits none of the conditions
grade = 'F';
System.out.println("Your test score "+score+" has "+grade+" Grade" );
}
}

PROGRAM 3: Demonstrating if-else-if statements.

class IfElse {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int month = 4; // April
String season;
if(month == 12 || month == 1 || month == 2)
season = "Winter";
else if(month == 3 || month == 4 || month == 5)
season = "Spring";

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 2/13

Institute of Information and Communication Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES AND LAB HANDOUTS
OBJECT OREINTED PROGRAMMING (ITEC / SENG – 321 ) WEEK. 4

else if(month == 6 || month == 7 || month == 8)

season = "Summer";
else if(month == 9 || month == 10 || month == 11)
season = "Autumn";
else
season = "Bogus Month";
System.out.println("April is in the " + season + ".");
}
}

GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS WITH THE RANDOM CLASS

The Random class, which is in the java.util package, uses a mathematical formula to generate a sequence of
numbers, feeding the formula a seed value, which determines where in that sequence the set of random numbers
will begin.

PROGRAM 4: Demonstrating if-else-if statements and Random class.

import java.util.Random;
import java.util.Scanner;
class GuessANumber
{
public static void main( String [ ] args )
{
Random random = new Random( );
int secretNumber = random.nextInt( 10 ) + 1;
Scanner scan = new Scanner( System.in );
System.out.print( "I'm thinking of a number" + " between 1 and 10. What
is your guess? " );
int guess = scan.nextInt( );
if ( guess < 1 || guess > 10 )
{
System.out.println( "Well, if you're not going to try," + " I'm not
playing." );
}
else
{
if ( guess == secretNumber )
System.out.println( "Hoorah. You win!" );

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 3/13

Institute of Information and Communication Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES AND LAB HANDOUTS
OBJECT OREINTED PROGRAMMING (ITEC / SENG – 321 ) WEEK. 4

else
{
System.out.println( "The number was " + secretNumber );
if ( Math.abs( guess - secretNumber ) > 3 )
System.out.println( "You missed it by a mile!" );
else
System.out.println( "You were close." );
System.out.println( "Better luck next time." );
}
}
}
}

SWITCH STATEMENT
A switch statement allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of values. Each value is called a case,
and the variable being switched on is checked for each case.

switch(expression) {
case value :
// Statements
break; // optional

case value :
// Statements
break; // optional

// You can have any number of case statements.

default : // Optional
// Statements
}

The following rules apply to a switch statement:

 The variable used in a switch statement can only be integers, convertible integers (byte, short, char), strings
and enums.
 You can have any number of case statements within a switch. Each case is followed by the value to be compared
to and a colon.
 The value for a case must be the same data type as the variable in the switch and it must be a constant or a
literal.
 When the variable being switched on is equal to a case, the statements following that case will execute until
a break statement is reached.
 When a break statement is reached, the switch terminates, and the flow of control jumps to the next line
following the switch statement.
 Not every case needs to contain a break. If no break appears, the flow of control will fall through to subsequent
cases until a break is reached.
 A switch statement can have an optional default case, which must appear at the end of the switch. The default
case can be used for performing a task when none of the cases is true. No break is needed in the default case.

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 4/13

Institute of Information and Communication Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES AND LAB HANDOUTS
OBJECT OREINTED PROGRAMMING (ITEC / SENG – 321 ) WEEK. 4

PROGRAM 5: Demonstrating simple switch.

class SampleSwitch {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for(int i=0; i<6; i++)
switch(i) {
case 0:
System.out.println("i is zero.");
break;
case 1:
System.out.println("i is one.");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("i is two.");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("i is three.");
break;
default:
System.out.println("i is greater than 3.");
}
}
}

PROGRAM 6: Demonstrating that in a switch, break statements are optional.

class MissingBreak {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for(int i=0; i<12; i++)
switch(i) {
case 0:
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
System.out.println("i is less than 5");
break;
case 5:
case 6:
case 7:
case 8:
case 9:
System.out.println("i is less than 10");
break;
default:
System.out.println("i is 10 or more");
}
}
}

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 5/13

Institute of Information and Communication Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES AND LAB HANDOUTS
OBJECT OREINTED PROGRAMMING (ITEC / SENG – 321 ) WEEK. 4

PROGRAM 7: Demonstrating switch

class Switch {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int month = 4;
String season;
switch (month) {
case 12:
case 1:
case 2:
season = "Winter";
break;
case 3:
case 4:
case 5:
season = "Spring";
break;
case 6:
case 7:
case 8:
season = "Summer";
break;
case 9:
case 10:
case 11:
season = "Autumn";
break;
default:
season = "Bogus Month";
}
System.out.println("April is in the " + season + ".");
}
}

FOR LOOP

A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs to be executed a
specific number of times. A for loop is useful when you know how many times a task is to be repeated.

The syntax of a for loop is −

for(initialization; Boolean_expression; update) {
// Statements
}

Here is the flow of control in a for loop:

 The initialization step is executed first, and only once. This step allows you to declare and initialize any loop
control variables and this step ends with a semi colon (;).
 Next, the Boolean expression is evaluated. If it is true, the body of the loop is executed. If it is false, the
body of the loop will not be executed and control jumps to the next statement past the for loop.

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 6/13

Institute of Information and Communication Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES AND LAB HANDOUTS
OBJECT OREINTED PROGRAMMING (ITEC / SENG – 321 ) WEEK. 4

 After the body of the for loop gets executed, the control jumps back up to the update statement. This
statement allows you to update any loop control variables. This statement can be left blank with a
semicolon at the end.
 The Boolean expression is now evaluated again. If it is true, the loop executes and the process repeats
(body of loop, then update step, then Boolean expression). After the Boolean expression is false, the for
loop terminates.

PROGRAM 8: Demonstrate the for loop.

class ForTick {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int n;
for(n=10; n>0; n--)
System.out.println("tick " + n);
}
}

PROGRAM 9: Declare a loop control variable inside the for.

class ForTick {
public static void main(String args[]) {
// here, n is declared inside of the for loop
for(int n=10; n>0; n--)
System.out.println("tick " + n);
}
}

PROGRAM 10: Test for primes.

class FindPrime {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int num;
boolean isPrime = true;
num = 14;
for(int i=2; i <= num/i; i++) {
if((num % i) == 0) {
isPrime = false;
break;
}
}
if(isPrime) System.out.println("Prime");
else System.out.println("Not Prime");
}
}

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 7/13

Institute of Information and Communication Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES AND LAB HANDOUTS
OBJECT OREINTED PROGRAMMING (ITEC / SENG – 321 ) WEEK. 4

PROGRAM 11: Using the comma in for loop

class Comma {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int a, b;
for(a=1, b=4; a<b; a++, b--) {
System.out.println("a = " + a);
System.out.println("b = " + b);
}
}
}

PROGRAM 12: Parts of the for loop can be empty.

class ForVar {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int i;
boolean done = false;
i = 0;
for( ; !done; ) {
System.out.println("i is " + i);
if(i == 10) done = true;
i++;
}
}
}

PROGRAM 13: Nested for loop.

class Nested {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) {
for(j=i; j<10; j++)
System.out.print(".");
System.out.println();
}
}
}

WHILE LOOP
A while loop statement in Java programming language repeatedly executes a target statement as long as a given
condition is true.

The syntax of a while loop is:

while(Boolean_expression) {
// Statements
}

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 8/13

Institute of Information and Communication Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES AND LAB HANDOUTS
OBJECT OREINTED PROGRAMMING (ITEC / SENG – 321 ) WEEK. 4

PROGRAM 14: Demonstrate while loop

import java.util.Scanner;

class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
char ch = 'y';
double number, answer;
Scanner myObj = new Scanner(System.in);

while (ch == 'y')

{
System.out.println("Enter a number:");

number = myObj.nextInt();
answer = Math.sqrt(number);
System.out.println("Square root is " + answer);
System.out.println("Do you want the square root of another number?" );
System.out.println( "Press y for yes... ");
ch = myObj.next().charAt(0);
}
}
}

DO-WHILE LOOP

A do...while loop is similar to a while loop, except that a do...while loop is guaranteed to execute at least one time.

Following is the syntax of a do...while loop:

do {
// Statements
}
while(Boolean_expression);

PROGRAM 15: Demonstrate do-while loop

class DoWhile {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int n = 10;
do {
System.out.println("tick " + n);
n--;
} while(n > 0);
}
}

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 9/13

Institute of Information and Communication Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES AND LAB HANDOUTS
OBJECT OREINTED PROGRAMMING (ITEC / SENG – 321 ) WEEK. 4

THE BREAK AND CONTINUE KEYWORDS

The break statement in Java programming language has the following two usages:
 When the break statement is encountered inside a loop, the loop is immediately terminated and the
program control resumes at the next statement following the loop.
 It can be used to terminate a case in the switch statement.
 It can also be used with a label like goto statement is C language

The continue keyword can be used in any of the loop control structures. It causes the loop to immediately jump to
the next iteration of the loop.
 In a for loop, the continue keyword causes control to immediately jump to the update statement.
 In a while loop or do/while loop, control immediately jumps to the Boolean expression.
 The continue may specify a label to describe which enclosing loop to continue.

PROGRAM 16: Using break to exit a for loop.

class BreakLoop {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for(int i=0; i<100; i++) {
if(i == 10) break; // terminate loop if i is 10
System.out.println("i: " + i);
}
System.out.println("Loop complete.");
}
}

PROGRAM 17: Using break to exit a while loop.

class BreakLoop2 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int i = 0;
while(i < 100) {
if(i == 10) break; // terminate loop if i is 10
System.out.println("i: " + i);
i++;
}
System.out.println("Loop complete.");
}
}

PROGRAM 18: Using break with nested loops.

class BreakLoop3 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for(int i=0; i<3; i++) {
System.out.print("Pass " + i + ": ");
for(int j=0; j<100; j++) {
if(j == 10) break; // terminate loop if j is 10
System.out.print(j + " ");
}
System.out.println();

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 10/13

Institute of Information and Communication Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES AND LAB HANDOUTS
OBJECT OREINTED PROGRAMMING (ITEC / SENG – 321 ) WEEK. 4

}
System.out.println("Loops complete.");
}
}

PROGRAM 19: Using break as a civilized form of goto.

class Break {
public static void main(String args[]) {
boolean t = true;
first: {
second: {
third: {
System.out.println("Before the break.");
if(t) break second; // break out of second block
System.out.println("This won't execute");
}
System.out.println("This won't execute");
}
System.out.println("This is after second block.");
}
}
}

PROGRAM 20: Using break to exit from nested loops

class BreakLoop4 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
outer: for(int i=0; i<3; i++) {
System.out.print("Pass " + i + ": ");
for(int j=0; j<100; j++) {
if(j == 10) break outer; // exit both loops
System.out.print(j + " ");
}
System.out.println("This will not print");
}
System.out.println("Loops complete.");
}
}

PROGRAM 21: Demonstrate continue.

class Continue {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
System.out.print(i + " ");
if (i%2 == 0) continue;
System.out.println("");
}
}
}

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 11/13

Institute of Information and Communication Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES AND LAB HANDOUTS
OBJECT OREINTED PROGRAMMING (ITEC / SENG – 321 ) WEEK. 4

PROGRAM 22: Using continue with a label.

class ContinueLabel {
public static void main(String args[]) {
outer: for (int i=0; i<10; i++) {
for(int j=0; j<10; j++) {
if(j > i) {
System.out.println();
continue outer;
}
System.out.print(" " + (i * j));
}
}
System.out.println();
}
}

THE FOREACH LOOPS

JDK 1.5 introduced a new for loop known as foreach loop or enhanced for loop, which enables you to traverse the
complete array sequentially without using an index variable.

PROGRAM 2: Foreach Loop for array

public class TestArray {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};
// Print all the array elements
for (double element: myList) {
System.out.println(element);
}
}
}

PROGRAM 5: Displaying 2D array with foreach loop

class TestArray{
public static void main(String args[]){
//declaring and initializing 2D array
int arr[][]={{1,2,3},{2,4,5},{4,4,5}};
//printing 2D array
for(int a[] : arr){
for(int b: a ){
System.out.print(b);
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 12/13

Institute of Information and Communication Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES AND LAB HANDOUTS
OBJECT OREINTED PROGRAMMING (ITEC / SENG – 321 ) WEEK. 4

EXERSICE 1 :
Write a Java program to display the following character rhombus structure.
Input the number: 7
A
ABA
ABCBA
ABCDCBA
ABCDEDCBA
ABCDEFEDCBA
ABCDEFGFEDCBA
ABCDEFEDCBA
ABCDEDCBA
ABCDCBA
ABCBA
ABA
A

EXERSICE 2:
Create a program for Mark sheet with following requirements:
 Take input for data of 5 students in 7 different arrays like: (Roll Number, Name, Marks of 5 different subjects)
 Calculate and store the Total, Percentage and Grade of them in other 3 arrays.
 Use loops, and decision statements for the repetition and decision making.
 Then display the results as shown below
Roll No.: 2k19/SW/130
Name of Student: XYZ
English: 40
Calculus: 50
Electronics: 60
Programming: 70
Intro. To IT: 80
Total: 300
Percentage: 60%
Grade: B

Roll No.: 2K19/SW/131

N...
......

EXERCISE 3:
Write a program to input a character from user and check whether given character alphabet, digit or special
character is using if else. If user presses ENTER the program should exit.
Input character: a
'a' is alphabet
Input character: A
'A' is alphabet
Input character: #
'#' is special character
Input character: 1
'1' is a number
Input character:
Exit

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 13/13

Institute of Information and Communication Technology, University of Sindh.