NPQS

C4-20 Driven Piling

National Productivity and Quality Specifications (NPQS)

C4-20 Driven Piling

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CONTENTS
Page

1. GENERAL 3
1.1 Scope 3
1.2 Related Sections 3
1.3 Standard and Regulations 3
1.4 Trade Preambles 4
1.5 Definitions 7

2. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 8
2.1 Requirements for Design Verification 8
2.2 Performance Criteria for Piles Under Test 8
2.3 Driving Requirement 9
2.4 Permissible Damage Criteria for Existing Critical Structures or Services 9
2.5 Noise Nuisance 10

3. MATERIALS 11
3.1 Pile Sections and Pile Dimensions 11
3.2 Precast Reinforced Concrete Piles Including Spun Piles 11
3.3 Steel Piles 12
3.4 Treated Timber Piles 13
3.5 Proprietary Micropiles 15
3.6 Pile Shoes and Toes 15

4. WORKMANSHIP 16
4.1 Fabrication of Piles: Concrete Piles 16
4.2 Fabrication of Piles: Steel Piles 16
4.3 Handling and Pitching of Driven Piles 17
4.4 Installation and Driving 18
4.5 Welding 20
4.6 Damaged Piles 21
4.7 Tolerances 21
4.8 Pile Heads 21
4.9 Non-Performance of Working Piles 22
4.10 Noise and Disturbance 22

5. VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS 23

5.1 Submissions 23
5.2 Inspection and Test Certificates 24
5.3 Tests 25
5.4 Pile Testing 25
5.5 Records 26

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1. GENERAL

Read with the General Requirements section, and all other contract documents.

1.1 Scope
This section covers the requirements for the construction of driven piles, including the
use of the following pile types:
a. Precast Concrete piles including Spun Piles
b. Steel Piles
c. Treated Timber Piles
d. Composite Micro-piles
This document specifies project specific data to be read in conjunction with section
C4-20 of NPQS. All modification and additions noted in this documents take
precedence over clauses noted in NPQS.

1.2 Related Sections

Read this work section in conjunction with the relevant requirements of the other work
sections as follows:
C1-20 Condition Survey and Monitoring
C2-10 Site Investigation
C2-50 Instrumentation and Monitoring
C4-30 Pile Testing
C3-10 Concrete Construction Generally
C3-20 Reinforcement
C3-60 Precast Concrete Works
C5-10 Structural Steelwork
C5-20 Protective Works for Structural Steelwork
C8-10 Structural Timberwork

1.3 Standard and Regulations

1.3.1 Standards
Unless otherwise agreed by the SO, ensure all of the Works comply with the relevant
requirements of the Standards and Codes listed below or referenced in the body of
the Specification. Alternative Standards and Codes may be proposed for approval by
the SO, provided it can be demonstrated that the alternative Standards and Codes
comply with the requirements of the standards specified. All Standards and Codes
quoted are the current version, unless specific year references are noted.
Singapore Standards
SS 72 Treatment of timber and plywood with copper/chrome/arsenic
wood preservatives
SS 187 Qualification test for manual metal-arc welders

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SS CP 1 The use of timber in building construction

SS CP 4 Foundations
SS CP 7 Structural use of timber
SS CP 65: Part 1 Structural use of concrete. Design and Construction
SS CP 79 Safety management system for construction worksites
Other Standards
API 5L Line pipe
BS 1560-3.2 Circular flanges for pipes, valves and fittings (class designated).
Steel, cast iron and copper alloy flanges. Specification for cast
iron flanges
BS 3100 Specification for steel casting for general engineering purposes
BS EN 1011 Welding- Recommendation for welding of metallic materials
BS 6265 Specification for steel butt-welding pipe fitting for the petroleum
industry. Wrought and cast austenitic chromium nickel steel fittings
BS 7079 Preparation of steel substrate before application of paints and
related products – tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness
BS 8004 Code of practice for foundations
BS 8008 Guide to safety precautions and procedures for the construction
and descent of machine-bored shafts for piling and other purposes
BS EN 10025 Hot rolled products of non-alloy structural steels -Technical
delivery condition
BS EN 10113 Hot rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steel
BS PD 5500 Specification for unfired fusion welded pressure vessels Building
Control Regulations 1990
SIS 05 59 00 Swedish Standard. Pictorial surface preparation standards for
painting steel surfaces
In the event that the standards or Codes are revised or superseded, refer to the latest
edition or the appropriate substitution for the relevant subjects.

1.3.2 Technical References

Refer to the following technical reference for guidance in carrying out the works:
a. BRE Digest 251 (1995) Assessment of damage in low-rise building.

1.4 Trade Preambles

1.4.1 Design Verification

The piling design and details of the project are shown in the drawings. Based on the
information, engage suitably qualified personnel to carry out:
a. Design verification checks based on actual ground conditions to determine the
required length of each pile and ensure that the specified working load and
settlement criteria of the piles are achieved.

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b. Proposals to amend the design including compensating piles as necessary in the

event that for any reasons the installed piles do not perform as intended.
c. Proposals to amend the pilecap design of the building in the event that the piles
are installed out of the permitted tolerance.
d. Proposals as a response plan in the event that measures taken to control ground
movement and vibration do not perform satisfactorily.
Take into account of the design requirements as set out in Clause 2 below.
Submit the design to the SO for acceptance. Design proposals in (b) and (c) are to be
endorsed by a Singapore Professional Engineer.

1.4.2 Contractor’s Proposals

1.4.2.1 Proposals on Driving Equipment

Propose for SO’s acceptance, suitable driving equipment for the works. Take account
of the suitability, efficiency and energy of the driving equipment.
Submit calculations on proposed piles set and rebound control for SO’s acceptance.

1.4.3 Building Damage Assessment

Carry out a Building Damage Assessment on the effects of ground movement to the
neighbouring properties due to the works, for the purpose of establishing suitable
values for ‘Alert’ and “Work Suspension’ levels for monitoring. Submit to SO with
endorsement from a PE.

1.4.4 Coordination with Other Works

Co-ordinate with other contractors who may carry out other works at the same time at
the site. Take into account of site access, space occupation, safety and safeguarding
of adjoining properties and each other’s works.

1.4.5 Condition Survey

Where applicable, prior to and upon completion of the site works, carry out a
condition survey to adjacent buildings in accordance with the requirements of section
C1-20 “Condition Survey and Monitoring”. Submit all records to the SO and adjacent
property owners where directed.
Keep a copy of the survey report on site ready for inspection.

1.4.6 Instrumentation and Monitoring

Provide instrumentation to monitor the ground movement, vibration and condition of
adjacent properties. Refer to Section C2-50, Clause 3.1, and the drawings for the
schedule of instrumentation required. If necessary or as required by the authorities,
propose and provide additional instrumentation and monitoring for records.
Take cognisance of and co-ordinate with other contractors on site who may be
carrying out instrumentation and monitoring works to avoid duplication of installation
and readings.
For general requirements of the instrumentation and monitoring works refer to
Section C2-50.

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1.4.7 Upholding of Adjoining Properties

Accept responsibility for the upholding of the adjoining buildings and roads, footpaths
etc., where applicable, together with the mains and services from the time of taking
possession of the site through the duration of the works.
Adequately maintain roads and footpaths within and adjacent to the site and keep
clear of mud and debris.

1.4.8 Verification of Site Information

1.4.8.1 Site Surveys

Verify and be satisfied that the information given in the existing site survey plans
provided are accurate. If necessary, engage a registered Surveyor to carry out
additional site survey before commencing any work.

1.4.8.2 Additional site investigation

Carry out additional ground investigation where additional information is needed for
the works or when directed by the SO. Carry out the works in compliance with
Section C2-10 “Site Investigation”.
Carry out the boreholes progressively prior to commencement of the works in areas
according to the contractor’s construction programme. On completion of drilling,
backfill the boreholes with a suitable bentonite/cement mix.
Submit the location and schedule for the boreholes to SO’s acceptance prior to
carrying out the works. On completion, prepare the site investigation report and
submit to the SO for acceptance.

1.4.9 Existing Services Affected by the Works

Refer to Preliminaries and conditions of contract for the requirements to deal with
existing services affected by the works.

1.4.10 Site Protection

Protect all equipment and working area using fencing or other methods as accepted.

1.4.11 Obstructions
If any obstructions such as existing fences, structures, footings, boulders, concrete
blocks, pipes, drains, driveways or ramp are encountered during excavation, submit
proposals for their removal for the SO's acceptance.

1.4.12 Supervision of the Works

Engage a competent and suitably experienced site engineer to the SO’s acceptance,
to supervise the field works.

1.4.13 Welders' Qualifications

Engage only welders who are qualified in the accepted welding procedure in
accordance with SS 187 and have a proven record over the previous six months, or
who have attained an equivalent standard, on the Works. Provide copies of
certificates relating to welders' tests to the SO on request.

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1.4.14 Quality Control Plan

Submit and work to a quality control plan as agreed with the SO. Refer to the General
Requirements section, clause 1.4.10 for guidance.

1.4.15 Safety
Provide safety precautions to comply with all current legislation and regulations,
notably:
a. Building Control Regulations
b. Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone
c. Factories (Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction)
Regulations
d. Factories Act
e. SS CP 79 Safety management system for construction worksites
f. For works within LTA Railway Protection Zone, ensure the works comply fully with
Code of Practice for Railway Protection.
Additionally, comply also with the following:
a. BRE Digest 251 (1995) Assessment of damage in low rise building
b. BS 8008: Guide to safety precautions and procedures for the construction and
descent of machine-bored shaft for piling and other purposes

1.4.16 As-Build Pile Surveys

Employ a Licensed Surveyor who is to be responsible for surveying pile locations and
eccentricities and submit the as–build survey to the SO in format as directed within
14 days after the piles have been trimmed to the cut-off level.

1.5 Definitions
a. Pile The term ‘coating’ includes the primer and the number of other
Coating coats specified.

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2. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

2.1 Requirements for Design Verification

The required working load and sizes of the piles are indicated in the drawings,
together with an indication of the required pile penetration depth.
Based on actual ground conditions encountered as revealed by boring logs or ground
investigations, carry out design check to confirm the required pile length as to
achieve the specified working loads within the specified limits for load settlement
behaviour as indicated in Clause 2.2. Account for effects of negative skin friction
where applicable, as well as the permissible stresses in the piles and joints below.
Verify the design based on SS CP 4 unless otherwise agreed.

2.1.1 Permissible Stresses in Piles

Unless otherwise agreed, the stress in precast concrete piles due to the working load
is not to exceed 0.25 times the characteristic cube strength; For prestressed concrete
piles, the maximum compressive stress in the concrete due to the working loads and
effective prestress is not to exceed 0.25 times the characteristic cube strength.

2.1.2 Joints in Precast Reinforced Piles

Where two or more precast sections have to be joined to achieve the length of pile
required, provide full details of the method of jointing to the SO for acceptance.
Ensure that the joint is capable of generating the full axial capacity of the pile and,
where specified, the bending capacity of the section. The SO may require joint testing
to be carried out before acceptance.

2.2 Performance Criteria for Piles Under Test

Any of the piles, when under static or dynamic load test, is to satisfy the performance
criteria as set out below, unless otherwise specified in the PSD:
a. The maximum permitted settlement at one time the specified working load (SWL)
is to be 7mm, increased by 2.2% for every meter depth of pile length beyond
30m.
b. The maximum permitted settlement at two times SWL is to be 13mm for SWL 
65 tonnes, increasing by 0.2mm for every tonne above 65 tonnes, until maximum
25mm. For steel piles only, the maximum allowable settlement under two times
SWL may be increased further by not more than 0.15mm per metre length to
allow for the elastic shortening of the piles.
c. The maximum permitted permanent or residual settlement after removal of the
test load is 13mm.
In addition, the overall pile capacity is to have at least a factor of safety of 2.5 against
design ultimate compression and lateral loads respectively, and at least a factor of
safety of 3.0 against design ultimate tension load.
Any of the piles, when under static or dynamic load test, is to satisfy the performance
criteria as set out below:
Specified Permitted Permitted Permitted Max. Permitted
Working Load Settlement at Settlement at Settlement at Permanent
(SWL)

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(kN) 1*xSWL 1.5*xSWL 2*xSWL Settlement

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)

2.3 Driving Requirement

Provide set calculations for acceptance prior to commencing work and revise, if
necessary, in accordance with the trial drives and preliminary load test results. Take
into account the following requirements in the calculations.

2.3.1 Drop Hammer

Where a drop hammer is used, check that the mass of the hammer is not less than
half that of the pile.
For other types of hammer, ensure the energy delivered to the pile is at least
equivalent to a drop hammer of the stated mass.
Ensure that hammer drop height and hammer weight are visible at all times to
facilitate the supervision of the driven pile construction.

2.3.2 Permissible Driving Stresses in Piles

Comply with relevant legislation and regulations for pile driving. Unless otherwise
agreed or specified, limit the driving stresses for pile installation and testing to the
values below:
Table 2.3.2 Recommended permissible driving stresses in piles
Pile Type Compression Tension Stress
Stress
Steel 0.9 fy 0.9 fy
Prestressed Concrete 0.80f’c fpe
Precast Concrete 0.85f’c 0.8(f’c )½ if reinforcement < 2%
(f’c )½ if reinforcement > 2%
fy = Steel yield strength (kN/m2)
f’c= Concrete compressive strength (kN/m2)
fpe = Initial prestress (kN/m2)

2.4 Permissible Damage Criteria for Existing Critical Structures or

Services
Based on the results of the damage assessment as set out in Clause 1.4.3, propose
the allowable ground settlement and vibration limits due to the works taking into
account the vulnerability and sensitivity of the adjacent properties.
State the values for alert and work suspension levels in the submission in accordance
with the requirements of Building Control Act [Section 7(2)] Annex (BE/CP/5 OCT

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2001). Notwithstanding the above, ensure that the ground movements and vibrations
generated by the works comply with the following if more stringent:
a. Generally comply with the requirements of BS 5228 Part 1.
b. The vibration generated by the works in MRT structures not to exceed a peak
particle velocity of 15mm/s.
c. Unless otherwise directed, refer to Section C2-50, Clause 4.2.2 for general
restrictions on ground movements and vibration limits for adjacent structures
where relevant.

2.5 Noise Nuisance

Ensure compliance with restrictions from NEA and other authorities with jurisdiction
over the works.
Refer to the PSD for particular restrictions in noise control for the project if any.
Note particular restrictions in noise control for the project as follows:
a.      
b.      

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3. MATERIALS

3.1 Pile Sections and Pile Dimensions

Note that the piles sections and dimension indicated in the drawings and schedule
are the minimum acceptable dimensions.

3.2 Precast Reinforced Concrete Piles Including Spun Piles

3.2.1 Concrete
Refer to Section C3-10, clause 3.0 for general requirement of concrete.

3.2.2 Reinforcement

3.2.2.1 General
Refer to section C3-20, clause 3.0 for general requirement of reinforcement and
section C3-70, clause 3.0 for requirement of prestress elements.
Ensure all precast concrete piles supplied are reinforced in accordance to the design.
The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided is to be four in rectangular piles
and six in circular or hexagonal piles. Minimum bar size is to be 12 mm.
Total cross sectional area of reinforcement is not to be less than 1% of the cross
section of the pile. Incorporate adequate reinforcement for lifting and handling
purposes.

3.2.2.2 Joints in Reinforcement

Ensure the main longitudinal reinforcing bars in piles not exceeding 12 m in length is
in one continuous length unless otherwise agreed. In piles exceeding 12 m long,
provide laps in main longitudinal bars at 12 m nominal intervals.
Check that joints in reinforcement are such that the full strength of the bar is effective
across the joint. Provide sufficient link bars to resist eccentric forces at lap or splice
joints.

3.2.3 Spacers
Check that spacers are designed and manufactured using materials, which will not
lead to reinforcement corrosion or spalling of the concrete cover.

3.2.4 Formwork

3.2.4.1 General
Refer to Section C3-60, clause 3.1 for general requirement of precast
mould/formwork.
Ensure formwork is clean, robust and constructed such as to prevent grout loss or
loss of aggregate during casting and to ensure the production of uniform sections.
When the sides of adjacent piles are used as formwork, use an accepted method to
prevent adhesion between concrete surfaces.

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3.2.4.2 Alignment of Formwork

The head of each pile is to be square to the longitudinal axis. The corners of the head
and the corners of the pile shaft for a distance of 300 mm from the head is to be
chamfered 25 mm x 25 mm.
The point of the pile or shoe is to lie on the longitudinal axis of the pile.
Holes for toggle bolts are to be at right angles to the faces of the pile, and are lined
with steel tubes or other accepted material. Provide holes for handling and pitching
and line with steel tubes. Alternatively, provide and cast in inserts to SO’s
acceptance.

3.2.5 Inserts for Segmental Precast Piles

Fabricated steel components is to comply with BS EN10025 Grades Fe 430A or
510A.
Propose for acceptance, details of all such components, the method of incorporating
within the concrete section and the method of connecting the precast sections.

3.2.6 Square Sections

When the precast concrete section is a square, chamfer the corners.

3.2.7 Dimensional Tolerances and Weight

The head of a pile element is to lie within a tolerance of 1 in 150 to the pile axis.
The cross-sectional dimensions of the pile are not to be less than specified and not
exceed by more than 6 mm. Any face of a pile is not to deviate by more than 6 mm
from a straight edge 3 m long laid on the face, and the centroid of any cross-section
of the pile is not to deviate by more than 12 mm from the straight line connecting the
centroids of the end faces of the piles.
For piles less than 3m long the permitted deviation from straightness is reduced to
below 6mm on a pro rata basis.

3.3 Steel Piles

Refer to Section C5-10, clause 3.1 for general requirement of materials for the steel
piles.

3.3.1 Pile Coating

To supplier’s recommendations and SO’s acceptance, take into account the available
ground and water conditions.

3.3.1.1 Quality of Finished Coating

The finished coating is to be generally smooth, of a dense and uniform texture and
free from sharp protuberances or pinholes. Sags, dimpling or curtaining on up to 3%
of the surface area of each member are acceptable although sharp protuberances
are to be removed by using a carpenter's chisel laid flat on the surface;

3.3.1.2 Treatment of Damaged Coatings

For area where the coating is damaged or removed, lightly wire brush and recoat with
the original coating in accordance with agreed methods.

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3.3.2 Welding
All welding for fabrication of steel piles and accessories are to be in accordance with
section C5-10 “ Structural Steelwork”, clause 4.5.

3.3.3 Dimensional Tolerances and Weight

3.3.3.1 Standard Rolled Sections

The deviation from straightness is not to exceed 1.04 (L- 4.5) where L is in metres
and the deviation in millimetres. For proprietary sections made up from rolled
sections, the deviation from straightness is not to exceed 1/1000 of the length of the
pile.

3.3.3.2 Tubular Piles

The deviation from straightness is not to exceed 1/600 of a length up to 10 m. When
two or more lengths are joined, the deviation from straightness is not to exceed 1/960
of the completed length unless otherwise agreed. The dimension of the pile is to
comply with the following further restrictions:
For a tubular pile carrying static load by the wall of the pile or by a concrete core, the
dimensions are to comply with API 5L unless otherwise agreed.
For a tubular pile where the loads are carried by the wall of the pile and subject to
reversal of stress during or after construction, the external dimensions at any section
as measured by using a tape on the circumference are not to differ from the
theoretical dimensions by more than -1% to +1%.

3.4 Treated Timber Piles

3.4.1 General
Timber piles are to comply with SS CP 1 and SS CP 7 in terms of classification and
strength, and are to be pressure treated with approved chemical preservative in
accordance with SS 72.
The piles are to be free from defects which may affect their strength and durability.

3.4.2 Species
All square sawn timber piles are to be Kempas or Keruing unless otherwise specified
or agreed.

3.4.3 Grading
Grading is to be in accordance with Malaysian Grading Rules by qualified timber
grading agents registered with Malaysian Timber Industry Board. Comply with the
following grading limits:

3.4.3.1 Knots
The size of knots is not to exceed one-quarter the width of the face or edge on which
they appear, and not be grouped closer than one knot per 1 metre of the length of the
pile. Unsound knots are not permitted.

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3.4.3.2 Wane
Wane is to be allowed on one edge only and the total width of wane on its adjacent
faces is not to exceed:
a. 65 mm for 125 mm square piles
b. 75 mm for 150 mm square piles
c. 90 mm for 175 mm square piles

3.4.3.3 Curvature
In piles up to 6 metres in length, maximum deviation is not to exceed 25 mm, ie the
longitudinal curvature is to fall within 25 mm of the centre line of the pile. In piles over
6 metres long, maximum deviation is not to exceed 35 mm.

3.4.3.4 Borer Holes and Pin Holes

A pile is not to have holes, which exceed the following table:
Table 3.4.3.4: Grading Limits for Defective Holes of Treated Timber Pile
Type of Defective Size Limit of Defective Holes
Holes
Pin Holes Up to 1.6 mm 32 nos. over an area of 0.01 sq.
metre
Shot Holes 1.6 mm – 3.0 mm 4 nos. over an area of 0.10 sq.
metre
Borer Holes 3.0 mm – 6.0 mm 2 nos. over an area of 0.10 sq.
metre

3.4.3.5 Open Shakes and Surface Checks

A pile is not to have shakes or checks whose depth, expressed as a fraction of the
width of the face at right angles to the one on which the defects occur, exceed 0.25.

3.4.3.6 End Splits

The longest split is not to exceed 75 mm at each end.

3.4.3.7 Compression strength

The ultimate direct compressive strength of the timber is not to be less than 41.4
MN/m2.

3.4.3.8 Brittle Heart & Boxed Heart

Brittle heart and boxed heart are not permitted.

3.4.3.9 Sloping Grain

The slope of grain is not to exceed 1 in 10 (30 mm per 300 mm).

3.4.4 Preservative Treatment

The timber piles are to be double treated; firstly to be pressure impregnated with
approved copper-chrome-arsenate wood preservative in accordance with SS 72 at a

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pressure of not less than 15.5 kg/cm2 and with an average dry salt retention of 24
kg/m3 in the treatable volume: and secondly with creosote/fuel oil solution all in
accordance with manufacturer's recommendation.
A sample boring taken from any part of any treated pile is to demonstrate evidence of
continuous and substantially even penetration of the preservation for the full depth of
the treated zone.
Submit a treatment certificate for every consignment of piles delivered. Provide
details of charge number, average dry salt retention, and the number and sizes of
piles supplied.
All timber piles delivered to site are to bear marks from approved labs certifying the
standard attained for treatment or otherwise tested at random at SO’s direction.

3.5 Proprietary Micropiles

Refer to the PSD for proprietary system required for the project if any.
Provide the following make and size of micropile or accepted equivalent for the
project:

Make and Type Size Minimum Working Load

Provide details of material and splice connections to SO for acceptance.

3.6 Pile Shoes and Toes

Provide the first section of each pile with a pointed co-axial shoe made of either steel
or chill hardened cast iron as follows:

3.6.1 Cast Steel Shoes

To BS 3100, grade A1. Straps or other fastenings to cast pile shoes is to be of steel to
BS EN 10025, Grade S275JO, and cast into the point to form an integral part of the
shoe.

3.6.2 Cast Iron Pile Shoes

To be made from chill hardened iron as used for making grey iron castings to BS
1560-3.2, Grade 150. The chilled iron point is to be free from major blowholes and
other surface defects.

3.6.3 Steel Pile Shoes

Flat plate and welded fabricated shoes provided to steel piles is to be to BS EN
10113 Grade 43A or 50A, or to BS EN10 025 Grade Fe430A or Fe 510A.

3.6.4 Strengthening of Pile Toe

The material used for the strengthening to the toe of a pile in lieu of a shoe or the
strengthening of the head of a pile is to be made from the material of the same grade
as the pile unless otherwise agreed.

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4. WORKMANSHIP

4.1 Fabrication of Piles: Concrete Piles

4.1.1 Casting of Concrete Piles

Refer to section C3-60, clause 4.1 for general requirement.
Ensure provision of reinforcement cover to SS CP 4 and SS CP 65 unless otherwise
indicated in the drawings.
Cast all precast concrete piles on site, or at an approved yard.

4.1.1.1 Curing
Unless otherwise agreed, the piles are to be cured for the period as below.
Type of Cement Minimum Period from Time of Casting
Strike Side End of Wet Lift from Drive
Shutters Curing Casting Bed
Sulphate 12 hours 4 days 10 days 28 days
Resisting
Portland Cement
Rapid-Hardening 12 hours 3 days 7 days 10 days
Portland Cement

Do not lift piles from the casting bed until sufficient concrete strength has developed
to allow handling to take place without causing damage. Assess this on the basis of
the results of the concrete cube tests and the type of cement and admixtures used,
and provide a proposed level for acceptance.
When accelerated curing is used, the curing procedure is to SO’s acceptance and
must not cause deleterious effects to the pile. Allow not less than four hours from the
completion of casting before raising the temperature. Control rates of heating and
cooling in accordance with section C3-60, clause 4.1.5.

4.2 Fabrication of Piles: Steel Piles

For general workmanship requirements refer to section C5-10 Structural Steelwork,
clause 4.0.

4.2.1 Longitudinal Welded Piles

4.2.1.1 Welded Tube Piles

Engage automatic welding machines and method of rolling with approval.
Ensure that all welds are full penetration butt welds and, with the exception of
continuous tube-making processes, make longitudinal welds with the extension plates
at the starting and finishing points of each seam.

4.2.1.2 Welded Box Piles and Proprietary Sections

Weld box piles or proprietary sections made up from two or more hot rolled sections
in accordance with accepted methods.

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4.2.2 Butt Welding of Piles

Ensure that the root edges or root faces of lengths of piles that are to be butt welded
do not differ by more than 25% of the thickness of piles not exceeding 12 mm thick,
or by more than 3 mm for piles thicker than 12 mm. When piles of unequal thickness
are to be butt welded, the thickness of the thinner material is to be the criterion.

4.2.3 Coating Piles for Protection Against Corrosion

Where required as indicated in the PSD, provide coating for corrosion protection to
the piles. Propose suitable coating products to SO’s acceptance.
Protective coating is / is not required for the steel piles. Where required, account for
environmental exposure class of       based on BS EN ISO 12944-2

4.2.3.1 Specialist Labour

Ensure the preparation of surfaces and the application of the coats to the piles are
carried out by specialists or skilled labour to SO’s acceptance.

4.2.3.2 Protection During Coating

Undertake the preparation and coating in a weather-protected environment.

4.2.3.3 Control to Humidity During Coating

Do not apply the coatings when the humidity in the vicinity may cause condensation
on the surface.

4.2.3.4 Welded Parts

After welding, re-apply a layer of coating within 200 mm of the welded part.

4.3 Handling and Pitching of Driven Piles

4.3.1 Handling
Do not lift piles by slinging from other than accepted lifting holes or points. For each
section, clearly mark the lifting points.
Ensure that all piles within a stack are in groups of the same length and placed on
accepted supports.
Carry out handling, transporting and pitching of piles in a manner that avoid damage
to piles and their coatings.

4.3.1.1 Precast Concrete Piles

Do not subject the piles to loading, including its own weight, which will induce a
compressive stress in the concrete exceeding 0.33 of its strength.

4.3.2 Pitching
Before the commencement of driving, check each pile and the leaders or guides of
the pile frame for correct rake or plumb and maintain the rake or plumb during driving.
During the driving operation ensure the centre of the monkey or hydraulic ram does
not deviate more than 40 mm off the centre of the pile being driven.

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4.3.3 Marking and Storing

Mark all piles at intervals of 1 metre along their length prior to pitching.

4.3.3.1 Steel Piles

Mark to show grade of steel, length and identification number. Store the piles above
the ground surface and above standing water. Ensure that the piles are nested with
flanges vertical and stored on adequate numbers of timber blocks to avoid bending.

4.3.3.2 Precast Concrete Piles

Mark to show their identification number, length and date of casting. Provide
adequate facilities for supporting and aligning the lengths of pile.

4.4 Installation and Driving

4.4.1 General
Install each pile to a penetration as indicated in the drawings or as adjusted as a
result of the design verification check supported by accepted set records.
Ensure the equipment set up and installation procedures are in conformance with SS
CP 4.

4.4.2 Length of Piles

Unless otherwise agreed, provide lengths of pile so as to minimise the number of
joints within the expected penetration. Set up pile lengths so that the differences in
the lengths of the sections are as even as possible.

4.4.2.1 Matching of Pile Lengths for Tubular Piles

Arrange the piles such that the longitudinal seam welds and spiral seam welds of the
different lengths are evenly staggered. If, in order to obtain an acceptable match of
the ends of the piles or the specified straightness, these seam welds are brought to
close alignment at the joint, then ensure they are staggered by at least 100 mm.

4.4.3 Driving and Re-drive Checks

4.4.3.1 Strength of Piles

Do not drive piles until there are evidence indicating that the pile has achieved the
specified strength.

4.4.3.2 Depth
Drive each pile continuously until the specified depth or accepted set has been
reached. Acceptable set is indicated in the PSD. Do not suspend driving without
approval. Demonstrate that the rate of penetration prior to the cessation of driving will
be substantially re-established on its resumption.
Drive each pile continuously until the specified depth or a set of not more than      
mm per last 10 hammer blows has been achieved. Set to be confirmed during
preliminary pile tests.

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4.4.3.3 Pile head protection

a. Helmet cushion: Ensure the helmet cushion used during driving is in accordance
to the manufacturer specification. The Hammer system and cushions used for
installation of working piles are to be the same as those used successfully for the
preliminary piles.
b. Anti-Splitting Plates: Fit the piles with an approved anti-splitting plate at the butt
and toe to protect against brooming or splitting during driving.

4.4.3.4 Follower / Dolly

Do not use a follower/dolly unless agreed, in which case revise the set to take into
account the reduction in the effectiveness of the hammer blow.

4.4.3.5 Splicing of piles

When not shown in the design drawings, propose and provide suitable splicing
connections to SO’ acceptance to enable the continued driving of the piles.
Before splicing proceeds, accurately position the extension pile true to line and
vertical with the driven pile. Ensure full contact over the full cross section of the
butting pile surfaces.

4.4.3.6 Driving Resistance

Inform the SO immediately and take detailed record of the driving resistance if an
unexpected change in driving characteristics is noted. Take a similar detailed record
of the driving resistance over the full length of the next nearest pile for comparison if
available.

4.4.3.7 Ground Conditions

Report to the SO immediately any apparent variance in the ground conditions from
those reported or might have been inferred from reports.

4.4.3.8 Obstruction
In the event of encountering obstructions below ground level during piling operations,
inform the SO immediately for further directions.

4.4.3.9 Repair and Lengthening of Piles

Carry out any repairs necessary to the pile head to enable driving to the final level to
be completed. If lengthening is required, provide details of proposed methods to be
used to ensure that the extended pile is capable of withstanding safely stresses
imposed during driving and under load.
Do not complete driving after repair or lengthening until there are sufficient evidence
indicating that the required pile strength has been achieved.

4.4.3.10 Final Set

When a final set is being measured, check that the following requirements are met:
a. The exposed part of the pile is to be in good condition without damage or
distortion.

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b. The dolly and packing, if any, is to be in sound condition. Set taken by dolly is to
be correlated with load test results.
c. The hammer blow is to be in line with the pile axis and the impact surfaces are to
be flat and at right angles to the pile and hammer axis.
d. The hammer is to be in good condition and operating correctly.
e. The temporary compression of the pile is to be recorded as directed.

4.4.3.11 Re-drive Checks

Carry out if required to an accepted procedure.

4.4.3.12 Installation of Micro-piles

Install strictly to manufacturer’s recommendation and methods and procedures as
accepted.

4.4.4 Driving Sequence and Risen Piles

Drive piles in an accepted sequence to minimise the detrimental effects of heave and
lateral displacement of the ground so that the final position of each pile is within the
specified tolerances.
When required, take levels and measurements to determine the movement of the
ground or any pile resulting from the driving process.
When a pile has risen as a result of adjacent piles being driven, submit proposals to
the SO for correcting this by re-driving to the required set, and for avoiding such
situations in subsequent driving.

4.4.5 Leaders and Trestles

During driving and until incorporation in the structure, provide adequate support and
restrain to the piles by means of leaders, trestles, temporary supports or other
arrangements, such as to maintain position and alignment and to prevent buckling
and damage to the piles.

4.4.6 Preboring
Adopt pre-boring to assist pile installation only with permission.
Pitch the pile into a hole pre-bored to the depth and diameter as agreed with the SO.
Record the details of the pre-boring depth and diameter.

4.4.7 Jetting
Adopt jetting to assist pile installation only with permission. Propose details for the
jetting operations to SO’s acceptance before commencing. Do not carry out jetting
over the last 3m of penetration.

4.5 Welding
All welding are to conform to the requirement in section C5-10 “Structural Steelwork”,
clause 4.5. Ensure that all welding are carried out by a certified welder.

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When welding the splice joints during driving, allow a minimum cooling time of 30
minutes for welds before continuing any driving work.

4.6 Damaged Piles

Unless otherwise agreed, provide compensating piles for any piles damaged due to
internal defects or due to improper handling or driving.

4.7 Tolerances

4.7.1 Setting Out

Establish all lines, levels and be responsible for the correct positions of all piles. Set
out from the main grid lines of the proposed structure. Immediately before installation
of the pile, mark the pile position with suitable identifiable pins or markers.
4.7.2 Position
The maximum permitted deviation at the cut off level of the pile at centre is to be 75
mm in any direction.

4.7.3 Verticality
For vertical piles, the maximum permitted deviation of the finished pile from the
vertical is 1 in 75.

4.7.4 Rake
For raked piles, set and maintain the piling rig to attain the required rake. The
maximum permitted deviation of the finished pile from the specified rake is 1 in 25.

4.8 Pile Heads

4.8.1 Steel Pile Heads

If a steel superstructure is to be welded to steel piles, cut the piles square and to
within 5mm of the levels shown on the Drawings.
If piles are to be encased in concrete, cut them square and to within 20 mm of the
levels shown on the Drawings, and remove protective coatings from the surface of
the pile heads down to a level 100 mm above the soffit of the concrete.

4.8.2 Precast Concrete Pile Heads

On completion of installation of piles, cut off the piles to the required level as shown
on the drawings to a tolerance of 20 mm unless otherwise agreed.
Expose the main reinforcement and leave reasonably straight for bonding into the pile
cap. The minimum length of the main reinforcement to be exposed is as follows:
Grade of Pile Cap Concrete 30 40 or more
High Tensile Steel 37D 32D
(fy = 460 N/mm2)
Mild Steel 30D 25D
(fy = 250 N/mm2)
D = nominal diameter of bar.

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In stripping pile heads, strip the concrete to a level such that the remaining concrete
will project 75 mm into the pile cap.
Where a pile has been formed below the required cut-off level, build it up with
concrete of at least the same grade and ensure that the reinforcement projects for
such length as above.
Provide details of the proposed method of cutting the pile heads.
Take care to avoid shattering or damaging the rest of the pile. Cut away any cracked
or defective concrete and made good with new concrete properly bonded to the old to
provide a full and sound section to the cut-off level.

4.8.3 Timber Pile Heads

Saw off the piles at the cut-off levels. Apply two coats of approved preservatives (20%
M/V) to SS 72 to the cut-off pile heads, allow one hour between applications to allow
each application to soak into the end grain completely. Immediately after the
preservative solution has dried, coat the pile head with an approved bituminous
compound for the whole depth that the pile will be encased in the pile cap.

4.9 Non-Performance of Working Piles

Notify the SO if the performance of any pile is expected to be less than that of a
similar pile whose test behaviour has been accepted.

4.10 Noise and Disturbance

Carry out the work in such a manner as to minimise noise, vibration and other
disturbance.
Comply with all current regulations and environmental controls.

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5. VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS

5.1 Submissions

5.1.1 Submission at Tender

Submit the following details with the tender:
a. Proposals to deal with noise and vibration, and an assessment of vibration
characteristics for the different piling operations.
b. Details of method of achieving penetration of the piles, as well as through
obstructions.
c. Details of method of avoidance of critical services.
d. Work programme indicating the anticipated time required for installation of the
piles from commencement to completion.
e. Track records showing evidence of experience of this type of work.
f. General methods for control of the piling works.
g. Confirm that the ground investigation information provided is adequate for the
piling works and design verification. Raise any concerns in the tender.

5.1.2 Method Statement

Prior to commencement of piling works, submit a method statement for the proposed
method of installation to achieve the required performance including:
a. All relevant details of the methods proposed during tender.
b. Methods to achieve the permitted verticality of pile. Method of checking the
verticality and corrective actions to be taken if the deviation exceeds the limits.
c. All details of proposed pile driving equipment and machineries.
d. All details of proposed monitoring equipment.
e. Details of inserts for segmental precast pile.
f. Method of cutting off pile head
g. Details of the Quality Management System.
h. Details of the equipment to determine the depth and verticality of the installation.
i. Typical pile record sheets, including also details such as unusual driving
conditions, interruption or delays and other information deemed essential.
j. Methods to control alignment including pile batter and vertical plumbness, and the
rotation about longitudinal centreline of the web for steel piles.
k. Full details of the welding procedures and electrodes with drawings and
schedules as may be necessary.

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5.1.3 Schedule of Pile Lengths

Before the commencement of installation of the working piles, provide the SO with a
schedule showing the sizes and segment lengths of the working piles, taking into
consideration the intended penetration depth and ground conditions.

5.1.4 Piling Programme

Submit to SO’s acceptance the sequence and programme of working pile installation.
Inform the SO of the piling programme scheduled for the following day and give
adequate notice of any intention to work outside normal hours and at weekends.

5.1.5 Monitoring of Adjacent Structures

Provide proposals for surveys and monitoring of movement and vibration in adjacent
structures and services before work commences.

5.1.6 As-Built Details

Engage a licensed Surveyor to carry out a survey of the eccentricity of each pile and
the pile group. Submit the results to the SO within time as directed after the piles
have been trimmed to the cut-off level. Include the following information:
a. Final setting out plan, pile depths, pile sizes, pile capacities, pile eccentricities,
and cut-off levels.
b. Location of piles, which have been discarded or not in use, e.g. abandoned piles,
unused existing foundation, rejected piles and preliminary test piles.
c. Location and type of pile load tests.

5.1.7 Quality Control Plan

Prepare and submit the quality control plan for SO’s acceptance prior to starting work.

5.2 Inspection and Test Certificates

5.2.1 General
Provide the SO with test certificates, analysis and mill certificates. Ensure that
adequate notice is given to the SO to inspect the process or test.

5.2.2 Inspection of Coatings

Check the completed coating for thickness and continuity by an accepted magnetic
thickness gauge and Holiday detector. Apply additional treatment to areas where the
thickness is less than specified.
Check the completed coating also for adhesion by driving a sharp carpenter's chisel
laid almost flat through the coating and along the surface of the steel. A coating
adhesion is acceptable if no separation is apparent between coats and if it can be
seen to be adhering in the depressions on the exposed metal surface. Test once for
each 20 m2 of surface. Provide additional coats to areas where the adhesion is not
accepted. Ensure the coating for the piles are accepted before pitching and driving.

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5.2.3 Uplift of Piles

Check the uplift of working piles at least weekly during the piling works and submit
the results to the SO.

5.2.4 Final Set

Record the final set of each pile either as the penetration in millimetres per 10 blows
or as the number of blows required to produce a penetration of 25 mm.

5.3 Tests

5.3.1 Compliance Testing of Concrete and Reinforcement

Refer to requirements as set out in sections C3-10, clause 5.1 and section C3-20,
clause 5.0.

5.3.2 Weld Testing

Refer to section C5-10, clause 5.4 for general requirement and procedures on
welding test.

5.3.2.1 Weld Check on Longitudinal Welded Piles

Unless otherwise directed, during production of longitudinally welded tube piles, take
at least one radiograph approximately 300 mm long on each completed length as a
spot check on weld quality. Take on a circumferential or longitudinal weld at position
agreed.

5.3.2.2 Radiographs of Welds

The acceptance standard for radiographs of steel pile welds is to be in accordance
with BS PD 5500.
For a pile where the loads will be static and where the pile will receive lateral support,
or where the load will be carried by a concrete core, radiographs will not be required
unless specified, but ensure that welds are capable of withstanding handling, driving
and design load stresses.

5.4 Pile Testing

For general requirement and procedures of the pile load tests refer to Section C4-30
“Pile Testing”, clause 4.0.

5.4.1 Trial Drives

Carry out trial drives on selected driving wakes in accordance with the quantity and
locations indicated in PSD, before the installation of contract piles. Perform Pile
Driving Analyser (PDA) during the driving trials and carry out Case Pile Wave
Analysis Programme (CAPWAP) analysis.
Provide trial drives as follows before the installation of contract piles:
Location Pile size & depth Nos.

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5.4.2 Preliminary Piles

Refer to section C4-30, clause 4.1 for requirements of the preliminary pile(s). Agree
locations with the SO.

5.4.2.1 Acceptance of Follower

Verify the set required by preliminary pile test where a follower/dolly is to be used.

5.4.3 Working Pile Testing

Refer to section C4-30, clause 4.1 for the requirement of working pile tests.

5.4.4 Remedial measures

5.4.4.1 Piles Carrying Gravity Loads

For each pile test that has failed, propose and provide one or more substitute
compensating piles for acceptance by the SO. If, in the opinion of the SO, it is
impractical or inadvisable to install substitute piles in place of a failed pile, submit
proposals to rectify the defect. The proposal is subject to the acceptance of the SO.

5.4.4.2 Piles Carrying Lateral Loads

In the event that a pile fails a lateral working load test, carry out remedial measures
as follows:
a. Carry out a structural assessment to ensure the pile is structurally sound.
b. Excavation of all materials for a distance of not less than 5 metres from pile face
around the entire pile to minimum 1m below the level of the pile cap soffit. The
width of excavation is to be the same on all sides of the pile.
c. Backfilling and compaction of the excavation hard against the pile and testing and
re-testing as appropriate. Finally, completion of backfilling and compaction to the
level of the top of the pile cap.
Alternative remedial measures such as compensating piles may be proposed subject
to the acceptance of the SO. Carry out additional load tests as directed by the SO.

5.5 Records
Keep piling records with the following information and submit copies as directed in
good time to the SO. Note any unexpected boring conditions in the record.
a. Contract and site information
b. Pile reference number (location)
c. Pile type
d. Nominal cross-sectional dimensions or diameter
e. Hammer weight
f. Hammer drop height
g. Temporary Compression
h. Re-drives Achieved
i. Final Set Achieved
j. Length of preformed pile

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k. Date and time of installation

l. Date of pile casting
m. Length and details of reinforcement
n. Concrete mix
o. Ground level at commencement of installation of pile
p. Cut off level
q. Depth from Cut off level to pile toe
r. Toe level
s. Depth from working level to Cut off level
t. All information regarding obstructions/delays and other Interruptions to the
sequence of work

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