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Waveform
Generators and
Special function ICs
UNIT-V

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Sine wave generators(Oscillators)

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RC Phase Shift Oscillators

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Wien Bridge Oscillator

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Astable Multivibrators using

opamp

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Astable Multivibrators using

opamp

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Monostable Multivibrators using

opamp

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Monostable Multivibrators using

opamp

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Monostable Multivibrators using

opamp

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Triangular waveform generator

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Sawtooth Waveform Generator

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Sawtooth Waveform Generator

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ICL8038-Function Generator

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555 timer

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Block Diagram of 555 timer

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555 timer –Monostable Multivibrator

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555 timer –Monostable Multivibrator

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555 timer –Astable Multivibrator

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555 timer –Astable Multivibrator

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555 timer-Astable Multivibrator

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IC Voltage Regulators

 There are basically two kinds of IC voltage

regulators:
◦ Multipin type, e.g. LM723C
◦ 3-pin type, e.g. 78/79XX
 Multipin regulators are less popular but they
provide the greatest flexibility and produce the
highest quality voltage regulation
 3-pin types make regulator circuit design simple

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Classification of IC Voltage regulator

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Multipin IC Voltage Regulator

 The LM723 has an

equivalent circuit that
contains most of the
parts of the op-amp
voltage regulator
discussed earlier.
 It has an internal
voltage reference,
error amplifier, pass
transistor, and current
limiter all in one IC
LM 723C Schematic package.
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LM723 Voltage Regulator

 Can be either 14-pin DIP or 10-pin TO-100 can

 May be used for either +ve or -ve, variable or fixed
regulated voltage output
 Using the internal reference (7.15 V), it can operate
as a high-voltage regulator with output from 7.15
V to about 37 V, or as a low-voltage regulator from
2 V to 7.15 V
 Max. output current with heat sink is 150 mA
 Dropout voltage is 3 V (i.e. VCC > Vo(max) + 3)

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IC723 as a LOW voltage LOW current

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IC723 as a HIGH voltage LOW current

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IC723 as a HIGH voltage HIGH current

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Three-Terminal Fixed Voltage

Regulators
 Less flexible, but simple to use
 Come in standard TO-3 (20 W) or TO-220 (15 W)
transistor packages
 78/79XX series regulators are commonly available
with 5, 6, 8, 12, 15, 18, or 24 V output
 Max. output current with heat sink is 1 A
 Built-in thermal shutdown protection
 3-V dropout voltage; max. input of 37 V
 Regulators with lower dropout, higher in/output,
and better regulation are available.

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Basic Circuits With 78/79XX Regulators

 Both the 78XX and 79XX regulators can be used to

provide +ve or -ve output voltages
 C1 and C2 are generally optional. C1 is used to
cancel any inductance present, and C2 improves the
transient response. If used, they should preferably
be either 1 F tantalum type or 0.1 F mica type
capacitors.

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78XX Floating Regulator

It is used to obtain

an output > the Vreg
value up to a
max.of 37 V.
 R1 is chosen so that
R1  0.1 Vreg/IQ,
where IQ is the
 Vreg  quiescent
R1 (Vo current
 Vreg ) of
Vo  Vreg    I Q  R2 R2 regulator.
or the
 R1  Vreg  I Q R1

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3-Terminal Variable Regulator

 The floating regulator could be made into a

variable regulator by replacing R2 with a pot.
However, there are several disadvantages:
◦ Minimum output voltage is Vreg instead of 0 V.
◦ IQ is relatively large and varies from chip to chip.
◦ Power dissipation in R2 can in some cases be
quite large resulting in bulky and expensive
equipment.
 A variety of 3-terminal variable regulators are
available, e.g. LM317 (for +ve output) or LM 337
(for -ve output).

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Basic LM317 Variable Regulator Circuits

(a) (b)
Circuit with capacitors Circuit with protective
to improve performance diodes
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Switching Regulator

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Block Diagram of Switch-Mode

Regulator

It converts an unregulated dc input to a regulated dc

output. Switching regulators are often referred to as
dc to dc converters.
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Comparing Switch-Mode to Linear

Regulators
Advantages:
◦ 70-90% efficiency (about double that of linear
ones)
◦ can make output voltage > input voltage, if
desired
◦ can invert the input voltage
◦ considerable weight and size reductions,
especially at high output power
Disadvantages:
◦ More complex circuitry
◦ Potential EMI problems unless good shielding,
low-loss ferrite cores and chokes are used
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Monolithic Switching Regulator

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Step-Down converter

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Step-Up Converter

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Switched Capacitor Filter

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Switched Capacitor Filter-MF10

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Audio Power Amplifier

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PIN DIAGRAM AND BLOCK DIAGRAM

OF LM380

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Audio Power Amplifier-LM380

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Isolation Amplifier

 Provides a way to link a fixed ground to a floating

ground.
 Isolates the DSP from the high voltage associated
with the power amplifier.

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ISOLATION AMPLIFIER

Purposes
 To break ground to permit incompatible circuits

 to be interfaced together while reducing noise

 To amplify signals while passing only low

leakage current to prevent shock to people or

damage to equipment
 To withstand high voltage to protect people,

circuits, and equipment

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Methods

 Power Supply Isolation : battery, isolated power

 Signal Isolation : opto-isolation, capacitive

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OPTOCOUPLER
 The optocouplers provide protection and high-
speed switching

 An optocoupler, also known as an opto-isolator, is

an integral part of the opto electronics arena. It has
fast proven its utility as an electrical isolator or a
high-speed switch, and can be used in a variety of
applications.

 The basic design for optocouplers involves use of

an LED that produces a light signal to be received
by a photodiode to detect the signal. In this way,
the output current or current allowed to pass can
be varied by the intensity of light.

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Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits

Applications   
 Inter- and intra-chip optical interconnect and clock
distribution
 Fiber transceivers

 Intelligent sensors

 Smart pixel array parallel processors

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Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits

Approaches
 Conventional hybrid assembly: multi-chip modules

 Total monolithic process development

 Modular integration on ICs:

 epitaxy-on-electronics

 flip-chip bump bonding w. substrate removal

 self-assembly 

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LED –Phototransistor Optocoupler

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LED –Photodiode Optocoupler

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Optocoupler IC

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