CHAPTER 10 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

Items Definitions Terms

Is the transmittal of digital signals between two or

more Digital
1 points in a communications system. Transmission

_________ developed the first digital transmission

system for
the purpose of carrying digitally encoded analog
signals, such as human
voice, over metallic wire cables between telephone
2 offices. AT&T

The primary advantage of digital transmission over

analog
3 transmission. Noise Immunity

Digital signals are also better suited than analog

signals for
processing and combining using a technique called
4 _____. Multiplexing

Is the processing of analog signals using digital

methods and
includes bandlimiting the signal with filters, Digital Signal
amplitude equalization, and Processing
5 phase shifting. ( DSP )

Digital transmission systems are more resistant to

analog
systems to additive noise because they use ________
rather than signal Signal
6 amplification. Regeneration

Consist essentially of sampling analog information

signals and
then converting those samples into discrete pulses and
transporting the
pulses from a source to a destination over a physical Pulse
7 transmission medium. Modulation
 PWM, PPM, PAM
8 The four predominant methods of pulse modulation. and PCM

Sometimes called pulse duration modulation (PDM)

or pulse
length modulation (PLM), as the width (active portion
of the duty cycle) of a
constant amplitude pulse is varied proportional to the Pulse Width
amplitude of the Modulation
9 analog signal at the time the signal is sampled. ( PWM )

The position of a constant-width pulse within a

prescribed
time slot is varied according to the amplitude of the Pulse Position
sample of the analog Modulation
10 signal. ( PPM )

The amplitude of a constant-width, constant-position

pulse is
varied according to the amplitude of the sample of the Pulse Amplitude
11 analog signal. Modulation

The analog signal is sampled and then converted to a Pulse Code

serial Modulation
12 n-bit binary code for transmission. ( PCM )

__________ is credited with inventing PCM in 1937

while
13 working for AT&T at its Paris laboratories. Alex H. Reeves

A circuit that periodically samples the analog input

signal
and converts those samples to a multilevel PAM Sample-and-
14 signal. Hold Circuit

The transmission line ________ are placed at

prescribed
15 distances to regenerate the digital pulses. Repeaters

An integrated circuit that performs the PCM encoding

and Codec ( Coder /
16 decoding functions. Decoder )

The function of a _________ in a PCM transmitter is

17 to Sampling Circuit
 periodically sample the continually changing analog
input voltage and convert
those samples to a series of constant-amplitude pulses
that can more easily
be converted to binary PCM code.

The sampling process alters the frequency spectrum

and
18 introduces an error called _________. Aperture Error

The ________ of the capacitor is called the A/D

conversion
time because it is during this time that the ADC
converts the sample voltage
19 to a PCM code. Storage Time

If the input to the ADC is changing while it is

performing the Aperture
20 conversion, _______ results. Distortion

_________ theorem establishes the minimum

sampling rate (fs) Nyquist
21 that can be used for a given PCM system. Sampling

The binary codes used for PCM are _________,

where n may be
22 any positive integer greater than 1. N-Bit Codes

Most Significant
23 The sign bit in a sign-magnitude code. Bit ( MSB )

Is the process of converting an infinite number of

possibilities to a finite number of conditions. Is the
process of rounding
off the amplitudes of flat-top samples to a manageable
24 number of levels. Quantization

A type of code where the codes on the bottom half of

the table
are a mirror image of the codes on the top half, except Folded Binary
25 for the sign bit. Code

Quantization
Interval or
26 The magnitude difference between adjacent steps. Quantum
 If the magnitude of the sample exceeds the highest
quantization interval, ________ (also called peak Overload
27 limiting) occurs. Distortion

Any round-off errors in the transmitted signal are Quantization

reproduced Error (Qe )
when the code is converted back to analog in the Quantization
28 receiver. Noise (Qn)

Is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the

smallest
possible magnitude (other than 0V) that can be
decoded by the
29 digital-to-analog converter in the receiver. Dynamic Ratio

During times when there is no analog input signal, the

only
input to the PAM sampler is random, thermal noise
also called as __________,
that is converted to a PAM sample just as if it were a Idle Channel
30 signal. Noise

A way to reduce idle channel noise wherein the first

quantization interval is made larger in amplitude than Midtread
31 the rest of the steps. Quantization

32 Is the process of compressing and then expanding. Companding

μ-Law and A-law

33 Two methods of companding: Companding

Involves compression in the transmitter after the input

sample
has been converted to a linear PCM code and then
expansion in the receiver Digital
34 prior to PCM decoding. Companding

When digitizing speech signals only, special voice

35 encoders/decoders called _______ are often used Vacoders

A _________ coder extracts the most significant

portions of
speech information directly from the time waveform Linear
36 rather than from the Predictive
 frequency spectrum as with the channel and formant
vocoders.

_________ modulation uses a single-bit PCM code to

achieve
37 digital transmission of analog signals. Delta

Two problems associated with delta modulation that Slope Overload

do not and Granular
38 occur with conventional PCM. Subdivision

With ________, the difference in the amplitude of two

successive samples is transmitted rather than the Differential PCM
39 actual sample. ( DPCM )

40 The secondary lobes are called __________. Ringing test

_________ causes crosstalk between channels that

occupy Inter symbol
adjacent time slots in a time-division-multiplexed interference
41 carrier system. ( ISI )

Special filters called _________ are inserted in the

transmission path to “equalize” the distortion for all
frequencies, creating
uniform transmission medium reducing transmission
42 impairments. Equalizers

A ________ is simply the superposition of a series of

harmonically related sine waves with specific
amplitude and phase Pulse
43 relationships. Modulation

The decision levels for the regenerator are represented

44 by Crosshairs

The _______ has an effect on the symbol timing

(clock)
recovery circuit and, if excessive, may significantly
degrade the performance
45 of cascaded regenerative sections. Jitter