60 MIN

OPTICS Introduction/
Review
Motivation
Instruction
LESSON OUTLINE

WRITTEN BY: with Practice

Luzano, Marietta S. Evaluation
Saint Vincent Institute, Maribojoc,Bohol Enrichment
Materials
Morones,Mirasol A.
St.Augustine Academy of Bayawan, Inc. Resources 1. …
2. ….
3. …
Navarro, Zolde D. 4. …
St. Anthony’s Academy of Tuburan 5.

Tomaquin,Bibiana C.
Eastside Christian Academy, Carcar City,Cebu

Content Standards
The learners demonstrate an understanding of waves and particle properties of light.

Performance Standards: The learners will create electronic picture catalog showing the day-to-day applications of Optics to Industry.

Learning Competency:
The learners:
1. describe what happens when light is reflected, refracted, transmitted, and absorbed;
2. describe how the propagation of light, reflection, and refraction are explained by the wave model and the particle model of light;

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 Specific Learning Outcomes:
The learners should be able to:
1. distinguish between the behavior and properties of light as:
a. wave
b. particle
2. identify and enumerate the properties of light;
3. describe the behavior of light as it passes through different media;
4. explain the significance of understanding properties of light in technological advancement and day-to-day activities;

INTRODUCTION (10 MINS)

The study of light is called optics. This area of physics dates to at least the third century B.C. Eyeglasses were
invented around AD 1300, and microscopes and telescopes were first developed around 1600. These applications
are based on the ability of lenses and mirrors to focus light. Light now a day has big and important contribution to
our industry specifically in the field of advanced technology.
In this lesson you are going to distinguish light as wave or as particle, identify and enumerate the properties of
light, describe the behavior and form of light as it passes through different media, explain the significance of light
in technological advancement, and to relate on the importance of light to the advance technologies which aides
our day-to-day activities. Thus, enabling you as learners to Create an electronic picture catalog showing the day-
to-day applications of Optics to Industry particularly on Technological Advancement. As we go through we will also
be guided by the following questions:
1. Is light a wave or a particle?
2. What are the properties of light which will determine that light is a wave or a
particle?
3. Are there any theories which supports that light is a wave or a particle? What are
those theories?
4. How important light is and its properties as a contributing factor in the
advancement of technologies we people are mostly using now a day?

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MOTIVATION (10 MINS)
PICTURE ANALYSIS (with processing questions)
Instruction: The teacher will present different pictures to the class which shows the properties of light (reflection,
refraction, diffraction, absorption and transmission. Some representatives in the class will answer the different
pictures/images presented. The following are the processing questions which should be used in assessing the
activity.
Processing Questions:
1. How can you say that the image shows Reflection of light?
2. How can you say that the image shows Refraction of light?
3. How can you say that the image shows absorption and transmission of light?
4. How can you say that the image shows diffraction of light?

INSTRUCTION / DELIVERY WITH PRACTICE (30 MINS)

IS LIGHT A WAVE OR A PARTICLE?

Light as a wave: Light can be described (modelled) as an electromagnetic wave. In this model, a changing
electric field creates a changing magnetic field. This changing magnetic field then creates a changing electric field
and BOOM - you have light. Unlike many other waves (sound, water waves, waves in a football stadium), light
does not need a medium to “wave” in.

Wave-Particle Duality
(Physics)
WRITTEN BY:
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Wave-particle duality, possession by physical entities (such as light and electrons) of both wavelike and particle-
like characteristics. On the basis of experimental evidence, German physicist Albert Einstein first showed (1905)
that light, which had been considered a form of electromagnetic waves, must also be thought of as particle-like,
localized in packets of discrete energy. The observations of the Compton effect (1922) by American
physicist Arthur Holly Compton could be explained only if light had a wave-particle duality. French physicist Louis
de Broglie proposed (1924) that electrons and other discrete bits of matter, which until then had been conceived
only as material particles, also have wave properties such as wavelength and frequency. Later (1927) the wave
nature of electrons was experimentally established by American physicists Clinton Davisson and Lester
Germer and independently by English physicist George Paget Thomson. An understanding of the complementary

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relation between the wave aspects and the particle aspects of the same phenomenon was announced by Danish
physicist Niels Bohr in 1928.
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Adopted from: https://www.britannica.com/science/wave-particle-duality

The reflection and refraction of light

Rays and wave fronts
Light is a very complex phenomenon, but in many situations its behavior can be understood with a simple model
based on rays and wave fronts. A ray is a thin beam of light that travels in a straight line. A wave front is the line
(not necessarily straight) or surface connecting all the light that left a source at the same time. For a source like
the Sun, rays radiate out in all directions; the wave fronts are spheres centered on the Sun. If the source is a long
way away, the wave fronts can be treated as parallel lines.
Rays and wave fronts can generally be used to represent light when the light is interacting with objects that are
much larger than the wavelength of light, which is about 500 nm. In particular, we'll use rays and wave fronts to
analyze how light interacts with mirrors and lenses.
The law of reflection
Objects can be seen by the light they emit, or, more often, by the light they reflect. Reflected light obeys the law
of reflection, that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.

For objects such as mirrors, with surfaces so smooth that any hills or valleys on the surface are smaller than the
wavelength of light, the law of reflection applies on a large scale. All the light travelling in one direction and
reflecting from the mirror is reflected in one direction; reflection from such objects is known as specular
reflection.
Most objects exhibit diffuse reflection, with light being reflected in all directions. All objects obey the law of
reflection on a microscopic level, but if the irregularities on the surface of an object are larger than the wavelength
of light, which is usually the case, the light reflects off in all directions.
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Adopted from: http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/Reflection.html
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Light Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission
We have previously learned that visible light waves consist of a continuous range of wavelengths or frequencies. When a light wave with a single
frequency strikes an object, a number of things could happen. The light wave could be absorbed by the object, in which case its energy is converted to
heat. The light wave could be reflected by the object. And the light wave could be transmitted by the object. Rarely however does just a single
frequency of light strike an object. While it does happen, it is more usual that visible light of many frequencies or even all frequencies is incident
towards the surface of objects. When this occurs, objects have a tendency to selectively absorb, reflect or transmit light certain frequencies. That is,
one object might reflect green light while absorbing all other frequencies of visible light. Another object might selectively transmit blue light while
absorbing all other frequencies of visible light. The manner in which visible light interacts with an object is dependent upon the frequency of the light
and the nature of the atoms of the object. In this section of Lesson 2 we will discuss how and why light of certain frequencies can be selectively
absorbed, reflected or transmitted.

Visible Light Absorption

Atoms and molecules contain electrons. It is often useful to think of these electrons as being attached to the atoms by springs. The electrons and their
attached springs have a tendency to vibrate at specific frequencies. Similar to a tuning fork or even a musical instrument, the electrons of atoms have
a natural frequency at which they tend to vibrate. When a light wave with that same natural frequency impinges upon an atom, then the electrons of
that atom will be set into vibrational motion. (This is merely another example of the resonance principle introduced in Unit 11 of The Physics Classroom
Tutorial.) If a light wave of a given frequency strikes a material with electrons having the same vibrational frequencies, then those electrons will absorb
the energy of the light wave and transform it into vibrational motion. During its vibration, the electrons interact with neighboring atoms in such a
manner as to convert its vibrational energy into thermal energy. Subsequently, the light wave with that given frequency is absorbed by the object,
never again to be released in the form of light. So the selective absorption of light by a particular material occurs because the selected frequency of the
light wave matches the frequency at which electrons in the atoms of that material vibrate. Since different atoms and molecules have different natural
frequencies of vibration, they will selectively absorb different frequencies of visible light.

Visible Light Reflection and Transmission

Reflection and transmission of light waves occur because the frequencies of the light waves do not match the natural frequencies of vibration of the
objects. When light waves of these frequencies strike an object, the electrons in the atoms of the object begin vibrating. But instead of vibrating in
resonance at large amplitude, the electrons vibrate for brief periods of time with small amplitudes of vibration; then the energy is reemitted as a light
wave. If the object is transparent, then the vibrations of the electrons are passed on to neighbouring atoms through the bulk of the material and
reemitted on the opposite side of the object. Such frequencies of light waves are said to be transmitted. If the object is opaque, then the vibrations of
the electrons are not passed from atom to atom through the bulk of the material. Rather the electrons of atoms on the material's surface vibrate for
short periods of time and then reemit the energy as a reflected light wave. Such frequencies of light are said to be reflected.
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Adopted from: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-2/Light-Absorption,-Reflection,-and-Transmission

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Interference and Diffraction
The terms "interference" and "diffraction" were originally used with the Newtonian corpuscular theory of light, but were taken over to describe the
same phenomena in the new wave theory. What is called "interference" refers to the operation of the principle of superposition: the amplitudes in two
light fields simply add, but in no way affect each other or "interfere". This is a fundamental property of the Huygens-Fresnel theory of the propagation
of light, and appears in every application of it. However, it may be useful to think of "interference" in a restricted sense as involving a countable number
of beams (often two) with the characteristic appearance of fringes, periodic spatial variations in intensity.
"Diffraction" may refer to all the phenomena observed near shadows, or may be limited to the property of waves to bend around an obstacle. If used in
this restricted sense, then the observed fringes are a result of interference of the diffracted waves with others. The apparent absence of diffraction of
light was strong evidence against a wave theory. However, diffraction of light was eventually recognized (by Grimaldi, 1665) at a remarkably late date. It
was also a prediction of Huygens' wavelet theory, invented to explain double refraction. However, there was no periodicity in Huygens' theory, and no
explanation of fringes.
Fresnel combined the periodicity of light discovered by Young with the wavelet idea of Huygens. Each point on a wavefront at a given instant is the
source of a spherical wavelet. The sum of the wavelets emitted from all points on the wavefront at an observation point P is the resultant amplitude
there, and the intensity is the square of this amplitude. This Huygens-Fresnel principle, published in 1818, is remarkably in accord with observations.
There are several reasons why diffraction phenomena are so difficult to observe that they were not recognized until Grimaldi's time. These are: lack of
coherence in the light source; insufficient intensity of the light source; and small size of the pattern. Coherence is the ability to produce interference
fringes, demanding stable phase relations both in time and space, called temporal and spatial coherence, respectively. White light, with wavelengths
between 400 and 700 nm, can produce fringes only in low orders, as in oil films or Newton's rings. Good temporal coherence demands
monochromaticity. The coherence time is roughly the reciprocal of the frequency bandwidth. Spatial coherence means that the fringes will fall at
definite locations, not smeared out over the observing screen, as happens with broad sources. They may indeed produce fringes, but they overlap and
cannot be seen. The Sun is a bright source of nearly parallel light, but not parallel enough to make diffraction fringes distinct.
Coherence can be provided by using a spectral lamp (sodium, or mercury with a filter) and a pinhole, perhaps preceded by a condensing lens. The
disadvantage, however, is a greatly reduced intensity. If the fringes to be viewed are linear, the intensity can be greatly increased by using a slit,
oriented parallel to the fringes. At the present time, a laser gives bright coherent light that will exhibit fringes around any shadow. The beam has to be
expanded by using a short-focus lens.
Diffraction phenomena seem to be properties of solutions of the wave equation, and do not depend on the nature of the wave. There are no
polarization effects in diffraction, as there are with reflection and refraction of light. The Huygens-Fresnel theory uses a complex scalar wave function
and gives good results, though we know light is an electromagnetic wave and consists of electric and magnetic vector fields. Any variation from
polarization independence is a subject of great interest, and should be investigated. Diffraction does not depend on the properties of the material of
the diffracting screen--whether it is conducting or nonconducting, reflecting or absorbing, metallic or nonmetallic.
There is no better demonstration of how much can be explained by the Huygens-Fresnel theory with very little calculation than the half-period division
of a spherical wavefront. The wavefront is divided into zones bounded by circles marking rings each a half-wavelength farther from the point of
observation P. The wavelets contributed by elements on the boundaries of a zone are 180° different in phase, and the contributions of all the wavelets
make a semicircle. For each successive zone the total contribution is slightly less than that of the zone preceding, so we have a spiral converging to a
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point at about the centre of the semicircle from the first zone. A phasor from the origin to this point represents the intensity at P due to the entire
wave. There is a difficulty here, since the sum of all the contributions lags the original wave by 90°. This is not surprising, since the contributions have to
travel a greater distance. The difficulty is overcome in the Kirchhoff diffraction theory, which provides a rigorous mathematical basis for the Huygens-
Fresnel theory, which shows that the wavelets must be advanced in phase by 90°. Of course this is not physical, but cannot be avoided in the theory,
and merely shows that the idea of each point on a wavefront's being the source of a wavelet is naive. Useful, but naive.
Fresnel knew that the amplitude of the wavelet had to depend on its direction of emission from the wavefront, since there was no back wave. He
assumed that the emission was entirely in the forward hemisphere, decreasing from a maximum along the normal to the wavefront to zero at 90° This
was inaccurate, but had no effect on the predictions of the theory. Kirchhoff showed that the correct inclination factor was -(i/2λ)(1 + cos χ), where χ is
the angle with respect to the normal.
One immediate prediction can be made of the intensity at a point P in the centre of the shadow of a circular obstacle. Now we begin the half-wave
zones at the periphery of the obstacle, and proceed as before. The prediction is that the intensity at P is exactly what would exist in the absence of the
obstacle. "Absurd!" exclaimed Poisson, who did the calculation but not the experiment. His co-adherent to the Newtonian corpuscular theory, Arago,
did the experiment and saw the bright dot in the centre of the shadow. This is only the most famous of the remarkable predictions of the theory, all of
which were confirmed, and which utterly destroyed the corpuscular theory.
It was noted that consecutive half-period zones practically annulled each other. What would happen if alternate zones were blacked out on a screen?
Surely enough, the intensity at P was immensely increased. This zone plateacted a lot like a lens. Not a very good lens, but it could image a source S into
a bright point P. Zone plates are easily made by photographing a master drawing, and printing the result on transparent plastic. This was easier to do
with emulsion photography slides than with a digital camera and computer (which I have not yet tried).
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Adopted from: http://mysite.du.edu/~etuttle/optics/ywave.htm

LET’S PRACTICE:

ENRICHMENT (30 MINS)

-The teacher will present a video clip to the class

EVALUATION (20 MINS)

1. …..
2. …..
3. …..
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4. …..
5. …..

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