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EDMONDSTOUNE DUNCAN

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 : :

ELEMENTARY

Musical Composition
IN

TEN LESSONS

BY

EDMONDSTOUNE DUNCAN
Author of "The Life of Schubert," "The Story of English Minstrf.lsv,"
"History of Music," "Melodies and how to Harmonize them,"
"The Story of the Carol," etc.

PRICE ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE.

G. SCHIRMER,
LONDON NEW YORK
18, BERNERS STREET, W. 3, EAST 43rd STREET.-
BOSTON: THE BOSTON MUSIC CO.
[Printed in England.]
 CONTENTS.

Lesson Pack

I. Rhythm as a starting-point 1

II. Cadence in Speech translated into Song 6

III. Early Harmony 9

IV. Instrumental Beginnings 16

V. Vocal Melody 20

VI. Instrumental Patterns 25

VII. Accompaniment 29

VIII. Counterpoint. An old subject new taught 36

IX. Counterpoint Continued 43

X. Free Counterpoint 48
 PREFATORY NOTE.

MUSICAL COMPOSITION is usually so laxly taught,

^'i
that a systematised group of Lessons, which have stood
the test of experience, cannot but be welcome to many
^\^a iiBFy /^j'
students who are beyond the reach of a skilled master.
*
The plan of the work embraces all the chief essentials
which a composer must vigorously attack if he intends to attain to
mastery. Far from doing away with the necessity for a teacher,

the book should prove his valuable ally. It will enable him, by
a graduated series of lessons, to develop directly the instinct of
Invention, which is the motive force of Musical Composition.
The text offers a wide scope, which must appeal to a large number
of students ; but it lies with the teacher, or, failing one, with the
student himself, to apply its lessons to suit individual cases. Guiding
lines, essential to some, to others merely irksome, are suggested
throughout these pages, always with this view in mind. If some of
the steps seem laboured, let it be remembered that the great practical
difficulty which a teacher has to consider, is the fact that even clever
students easily become disheartened unless many formidable techni-

calities zx% carefully approached. The writer has in mind a pupil who
set out with enthusiasm, describing Composition as "the dream of his

life." After a stiff course of lessons, founded upon some of the severe
methods of study, the pupil was so discouraged that he gave up his

dream. This set me to work to reconsider all my methods. The

present series of Lessons is the result.
To the Master, I would say, watch vigilantly the earliest manifest-

ations of inventive faculty in a pupil. Supplement, check, or even

diverge from the detailed system here set down as individual cases

* My scheme in its entirety comprises 100 Lessons. Here are contained the
first ten.
IV PREFATORY NOTE.

may require. A too long protracted use of any system, especially that
of the Variation form, difficult and searching in its initial application,

will only tend to produce despondency. Turn then to the lighter

studies, such as the composition of Songs, even Nursery songs,

Part-songs, Dance pieces, all of which here find a place. Above all,

keep the inventive faculty, once awakened, unceasingly employed.

To the Pupil — Never Despair. The task is formidable, but
it will yield to industry. The ability to express what is in us, of
thought, feeling, and descriptive power, comes very slowly to many.
It must be strenuously cultivated before free utterance is possible.
Everyone has some gift of Music. Some hide it in a napkin, others

put it to high usury ; the humblest of us may make it a source of

lasting gain to himself. Carefully cultivated, its harvest is of
priceless quality.

The sources of Inspiration are happily beyond an investigator's

reach ;

The soul that rises with us, our life's star

Hath had elsewhere its setting
And cometh from afar.

But if the imperial palace itself is invisible to human eye, we

need not blindly grope with fruitless, unordered steps. Therefore
it is that a sensible consideration of Method, from the very beginning,
and onwards to maturity, should be exceedingly helpful to those
who are drawn towards the imaginative field of Composition.

EDMONDSTOUNE DUNCAN.
•
Sale, Cheshire.
July, igij.
 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSmON.

LESSON I.

LESSON IN COMPOSITION.

HE fabric of Music rests upon a threefold foundation of

Rhythm, Cadence, and Harmony. Each of these gives
a starting-point for our subject. Rhythm determines the
Time, its pulsation, gravity, restraint or impetus. It per-
meates all activity and is a part of life itself. It would seem that the
human heart throbbed in obedience to some rhythmic law, synchronizing

it with health, hope and happiness. This same thing we call Rhythm
reveals itself in inanimate things ; in the ebb and flow of the sea, in

a bubbling fount of sparkling water. Forest-trees dimly sway to some

rugged rhythm which the wind calls forth. It is seen in the poet's
verse. A little child moulds it to his wish. The great orator is

helpless without it.

Its Musical definition has become of great significance. It is

therefore of the utmost importance at the outset that our sense of

rhythm be gradually developed into a clear and conscious possession.
In many young people it grows quite spontaneously, and they will name
the time-signature of, or appreciate and describe any characteristic in,

music heard for the first time, just as easily as they will scan verses of

unfamiliar poetry. Our first step is then to test the Student's

appreciation of Time and Rhythm. Where this is already well-

developed we must go further, and make our lesson one in actual

Musical Dictation. A group of well-contrasted airs, drawn from any

good national collection, will serve our purpose.
 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION

I
French Romance.

^^^ Au fond d' une som bre

-
SEEEE?Ez£
val - le - e, dans Ten-cein-te
±=:fEi

d'un bois e

V
•I r

^ -G^ S3:^=t =P=^ -F

:p — ,.
:i?-t;i::iJ^r=:t?=d
,&E
- pais, Une hum-ble chau - miere i - so - le - e each - oit Tin - no -

p^^ cence et la
-^±
paix.
-M

La
^fciS
^

vi -
?-2:

voit c'est en An - gle -

V V

ter - re, un - e
f^-=N:

me - re
-^

dont le de -
^^m^M
sir. e - toit de lais -

I I

iE
-r=F=

ser
-9

sur
m

la ter
ar

- se sa
£
fil - le
EEt
heu-reuse, et puis mou -
^1
rir.

An English Air.

m^^^ iizzti*:
The Spring
^^=^=1
is
P^^JE^EEE^
com- ing re
^
- solv'd
'-'i=-V-

to ban -
^^
ish The
V

i s$^ king of the ice with his

^
tur - bu - lent train. With
iE^
her

»-•-
>i3=t2 t^=^
fai -
p=»

ry wand she bids

^^^^^^^^
them van- ish, And welcomes the sun-shine to

-^iS=P^ ST •-p: -m — «:
=3=t±3 ^
earth a - gain. Then maid - ens fore - go the win - try kir - tie,

Lace ev-'ry bod- ice with bright green string, And twine each lat-tice with
 LESSON I. — COMPOSITION.

:E
:ts=qs;
S J—^^—J
^ J i
J
wreath of myr-tle To hon-our the ad- vent of joy - ful Spring.

Old Air.
I
*
yn fr *^
'

m ^ m m* P
1 .

V
^
1

M_4
ri
\m
*»
^
m
^ m
•
•
UJ-^ — —__ 1 1
mA
^ J
^ * ' m

Ov - er the moun-tains And ov - er the waves

I

* i s
I Un - der
-^
the foun- tains And un - der the
-Gt-

graves; Un-der

floods...
^^
that are
-^ I

deep
d
- est, Which
^^
Nep-lune o bey
IV

ez:

;
V=^
Ov - er

i rocks that
? ^
are
rx

steep - est Love

s will find
5
out the
-&-

way.

The airs may be sung or played, while the student decides both the
time and the rhythm. Finally, let such (or similar airs) be treated as
dictation exercises, and committed to paper. The closes (or cadences)
should be marked. As these occur systematically at the ends of each
line of poetry, it only remains for the teacher to see that a correct
definition is given. A simple method of marking such closes is seen
in the where I, V and IV respectively refer to
examples above given ;

full close, half close, and close on the subdominant. A complete

definition of rhythm must include time. A conductor's baton marks
the primary pulsations, while the numerous subdivisions, sounded (say)
by trumpets, violins, or even drums, are merely a part of the whole
scheme — an extension of the common idea. To state the same thing
rhythm describes not only the regular units in all barred
differently,
Music, but also the characteristic pulsations, or group of pulsations,
which do not necessarily recur, and often are even antagonistic to the
regular time. To render the point quite clear, a common March
movement will show the two classes of rhythm * at one, that is, they
coincide in equal notes. Our example, which may be treated in the

The word Time, however, satisfactorily distinguishes the regular pulsations,

*
which Riemann describes as Metre, a term more appropriate to Prosody.
 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION

same manner as those which preceded it, offers a Troubadour melody,

for the most part in equal notes.

S -«^

^ Such rhythmic movements

-us-

as the last given tend to

^=^
monotony, and
-Gh fl

they are therefore often brought into contrast by periodic disturbance of

the ordinary pulsations. Our next example shows a complete
departure from the natural rhythm, in the upper part.

I
^
r
^^^
F^^ "r^r^
SS
^ r ?^
^^3t=it

It may be observed that in all such cases the primary time is

invariably finally established. A few further airs are added for analysis
and dictation of the simple sort already suggested. These may of
course be supplemented or curtailed at the discretion of a master.
In the course of this lesson, the student will prove how far he is

equipped in the elementary knowledge pertaining to the writing down of

music. It may be now necessary for up a course of him to take
harmony, or at least the study of harmonization of melodies. In any
case, the early ground covered by this book may be proceeded with,
parallel with such studies.
The Stag Chase.
I

:<2 3
am a jol - ly hunts - man, My voice is shrill and

If^l
P :2±

clear, Well known to drive the

-o-

stag, And the droop-ing dogs to

m T^-

cheer, An " a hunt - ing we will go, will go, will

I,
*: i ^--
122: -<s>-

I go. And a hunt - ing

z:^:

:e will go.
I
 LESSON I. — COMPOSITION. 5
"Good Morrow."

l^E^diSg^
^u -P=F^
f= }=

Good mor - row, 'tis Saint Val - en- tine's day, All

mm^
w^^^^ in
-/

the
— S•—^ ^^^i ^=E =3^s
morn - ing piime, And I, a maid at

1 r-

|-*t
=^^=^ m=W=W i
1=^^
your win - dow, To be your Val - en - tine.

"In youth when I did love."

"I

^^^
i

^ • ^
P
d §i :p=3C

^^
In youth, when I did love, Me - thought 'twas ve - ry

i^ sweet, As time re-quires for my be - hoof,

t
for my
-<&-
P be

-¥=^ ^-
:^ 1 1 ^rrFTf=r^
hoof, Me- thinks it is not meet, me-thinks, me -thinks it is not mert.

"Why ask you?"

1

i F^=^ Spring be - guil

fe
- elh and of -
2^:

fers bright
#
flow'rs,

^ ?^E ^!
; V i :*=i
Na - tare smiles and care be-guiles, If love be ours Why ask you ?

Paul's Wharf.
n ^ 1
- 1
<
m
]/ ' -j^ ^ n IS 1 r n
Vl s
fa) ^
iprfzifc
^>
4
1

1 1
1

1
r
—J
^
1— -'
^ m
1

'

— G>
1

1 ' 1

Gai - ly step to the boat at Paul's wharf, O

f-
H f^-
-t-

--f=^
-* —EQ *- G^-

haste now, comrades, dip oars and push off. Soft tides are flow -ing,
•. ' ;• 1
r r

~^^^^^^f^f
Slow 'gainst our row-ing, So cross o'er the wa -
ter with song and with laugh.
 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

LESSON II.

CADENCE IN SPEECH TRANSLATED INTO SONG.

HE nearest way to musical composition seems to be by simply

translating Speech into Song. Such an artificial plan as the
though not put forward as the original or inevitable
following,
process of Composition, will nevertheless commend itself for
this obvious reason it immediately provokes the student's
; inventive
power and gives him definite lines on which to proceed.
Take a simple song, such as that given on page 1 of Sawyer's
Graded Song Book (Vincent), and carefully scan the verses, ignoring the
music for the time being. The result should be set down on paper.
In the first exercises of this kind mark the quantities over the words,
then give an equivalent in musical notation. Thus :

Blow thy horn, hunter, 1:2: ^

'J _ u _ w __
Come, blow thy horn on high ; :z2_

In yonder wood there lieth a doe,

In faith she will not die. Z2:

Come, blow thy horn, hunter, 22: :=]

Come, blow thy horn, jolly hunter. ^

The mark the natural rise and fall of the voice, in
next step is to
delivering such words. Most verses are sufficiently picturesque to
admit of such a process and while avoiding exaggeration or absurdity,
;

a really effective scheme may be contrived. Having constructed

a definite rhythmic scheme, place the bar-lines before the strongest
accents, and measure the music into regular lengths. This is easily

done since poetry determines such measurements in advance. Our

plan is then to move the musical notes in accordance with the vocal
 L?:SSON II.— CADENCE IN SPEECH TRANSLATED INTO SONG.

cadence, indicated by the rising and falling lines. We then get the
following result :

i ^^iv-r
w
^21
i
Blow thy horn, bun - ter, Come, blow thy horn on

m
w
-G>-

bigh; In yon - der wood there

i
lietb a doe, In

5 -S^-r

faith she will not die. Come, blow thy born,

V • f=r ^ ^
ter, Come, blow thy horn, jol - ly bun ter.

Put to a second test, the identical process yields the following,

which, crude and commonplace as it may appear beside an inspired air,

has nevertheless its origin in an intelligent appreciation of the verses

which it reproduces. (Sawyer's Song Book, p. 152).

1 S N 1 1 SN N S I

When that I was a little tiny boy.

\J SJ ^ ^ V _ W
With a heigh ! ho ! the wind and the rain, -i

A foolish thing was but a toy, 3fe=Jzz^zJ=,UJr=^

For the rain it raineth every day.

With a heigh ! ho !
— \j

the wind and the rain,

'^ — SSI 1 S 1 S S I

For the rain it raineth every day. z^^J=J^J=,W=^=i

* Tlie conventional accentuation has been purposely taken. A more rational
one would be this :

When that I was a little tiny boy.

 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION

•zzit
^^ ?2_
-N-

-&
3^
When that I was a ht - tie ti - ny boy. With a heigh ! ho ! the

I
^=1:

wind
>^

and the
m rain, A fool
g^j^^
- ish thing was but
7*=^
a toy,
i£=qsi

For the
m
-^ '
^-^ —^
-

—
'

frr^ ^— r-J -J--ih- \ IN N"

^ ^ —m — 1
1

J— i- \
—d'-r-—*
"1
1

ry day, With a

wind and the rain, For the rain it rain - eth ev - 'ry day.

It will usually be found that small developments suggest themselves.

Thus in both our examples 4-4 time is a refinement of the simple
duple upon which it is based. Then the opening of No 2 was changed
from
J rn to I

J i because of its more effective rhythm, and the

notes to the words " but a toy " gain considerably in their contracted

form

experiments
-^^
may be
-<s»- in place of

usefully carried out.

^ The Metric
A dozen such

chart may, of
course, be soon dispensed with, if the ear of the student be sufficiently
nice to discriminate without its aid. It is only the principle that
matters. Let the relative importance of the words chosen find a just
equivalent in the words and phrases must be
music. All striking
carefully reproduced in the melody. new word, however, does not A
of necessity imply a new note. It will often be found effective to let

unimportant words share the same sound. The Rhythm must be

directly derived from the words. Where students find difficulty in
defining this in their experimental efforts they may finally be referred
to the musical settings in the Sojig Book employed. In any case
comparison with music which may be assumed to be of spontaneous
growth, and which certainly is not the product of any artificial system,
cannot fail of being both interesting and instructive.
Words suitable for a continuation of the Lesson :

SAW^VER^S GRADED SCHOOL-SONG BOOK.

Page.
To all you ladies 4
FairHebe 28
From Oberon 50
Since first I saw your face ... 56
How should I your true love know 160
 LESSON III. — EARLY HARMONY.

LESSON III.

EARLY HARMONY.

HE practice of adding simple chords to well-chosen melodies

should be begun as soon as possible. It is, of course,
advantageous if a student has already mastered the elemen-
tary material of Harmony, chords and their progressions, but
it by no means indispensable. Composition may be approached
is

from a practical point of view ; that is to say, he who is engaged in

playing, reading and hearing good music, may take a nearer way to the
practice of harmony than by following the usual plan of filling up
endless figured basses. For let him
his take
text-book, C. Sir
Stanford's "National Song Book" (Boosey), where a choice collection
of some 200 airs are effectively harmonized in simple but masterly
fashion.
Our first step is to master the three common cadences, placing, in
turn, each note of the chords in the treble.

Perfect Cadences. Imperfect Cadences.

^"^=M~^~j ^ 1
i i=S=i

m A ku=
1 I L

I V I V I I V I V I

Plagal Cadences.

^ S ^ "1 r

TD
i
IV I IV I IV

The three cadences already enable us to harmonize every degree of

the scale, and further give us well-recognised harmonic progressions
from one degree of the scale to another. Their foundation is shown by
lO ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

the Roman numbers which mark the Bass notes according to their
place in the scale.
be extended and each chord-note be taken in the
If the process
Bass, harmonic possibiUties are considerably widened by the
our
admission of the Inversions. 6-3 and 6-4.

Perfect Cadence. Imperfect Cadence.

(Inversions). (Inversions).

fei
1^ ^^
Y
m tEE^E^. t 22:

6 6 6 5
4 3
V V I I V V

Plagal Cadence.
(Inversions).

Mnz^i
T
m-
6

IV
^
IV
6

I
Z2
6
4
IV
:ii

When some freedom is gained in the use of these few chords, let

them be transposed to other keys, such as the Dominant and

Subdominant, G major and F major. Then they must be transposed to
—
the tonic minor C minor, a perfectly simple process, since only the
3rd and 6th notes need be flattened.!
The Dominant Seventh (which in practice is merely a fuller
Dominant Triad) may be added to our scheme, which is completed by
the inclusion of the Supertonic and Submediant triads and their
inversions. We place these triads last, because they are less important
to our elementary material. Their place will usually be as relief chords;
that is to say, the Supertonic relieves the Dominant triad, and the
Submediant the Subdominant triad. They also belong to related minor
scales.

* These weak progressions are merely a matter of convenience.

t An experiment in setting the key-signatures will show that though three flats
are employed, one is regularly corrected to form a leading-note.
 LESSON III. — EARLY HARMONY. II

Inversions ol
Dominant Seventh. Dominant Seventh.

-G>,
—
w m^M ^tp=p:
A j:^.
m.
Pg ~r:y T2L
rr^' rir r
-y5>-
:Szi
-<s^ SEiE
-«S»-

m ^ -f^-
:qI:
i?:^:
:P2:
-f©
(S>-

12:

II VI IV

The Dominant Sevenths, neutral will be found

in themselves,
equally effective in a minor as in a major resolution. For transposition
purposes, all that is necessary, to determine the key, is a major or
minor 3rd in the Tonic chord which resolves all such chords.
Let it be premised that single chords on strong accents are usually
sufficient to determine the character of melodic or rhythmical passages,
whether these move alphabetically or by skip.

^
d=J=fd=^:
i ^_
I
-f
6
I

6
f r r

4
Handel.
Speed to your own courts my flight.

^ ^^^E^^%^
r f
The secret of this process lies in allowing the air as much freedom
as possible, and in defining all such turns as do not explain themselves,
also in avoiding any tendency to write successions of heavy chords, as
might be demanded in four-part choral harmony. By constant practice,
both in playing and hearing, a pupil will train himself by an almost
infallible method to add effective chords to any straightforward diatonic
melody. His ear will soon learn to reject the foolish mistakes, which
12 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

may be found tabulated in the Harmony books, under the heading

CoNSEcuTivES and Forbidden Progressions.

Air—" How Happy could I be with either."

*TF
it g^^^^^ ^^gC^^ ^j^
-B^

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V jg k n;?-^
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^^ ^i=f^
^^ I

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^ :g—2:

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Air *'We be Soldiers three."

fc
Ha
^^ -#« ^
^=1^
5t3C
^^ -*^

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i ii:
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^^geE§
-^
i 3z£z±

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^

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 LESSON III. — EARLY HARMONY. 13

Air "Barbara Allen."

From the above-given illustrations of rudimentary harmony, in-

tended to be played on a pianoforte, it will be seen that in the
choice of such simple chords there is plenty of room for taste and skill.
To place them properly demands a just appreciation of the natural
cadences, and also of the rhythm and expressive power of the melody.
Always aim at making the Piano part clear, of good effect, and easy
to play. Students should be encourged to experiment. For example,
passing-notes may be freely used where effective. The whole principle
of modulation, touched upon in the transposition of perfect cadences
and dominant sevenths, is already within his grasp. Witness such
a succession as the following :

Q ^
Blj C

I B A
ruazi
1
rPfrfffff^
14 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

A few melodies are added suitable for harmonic treatment of the

kind shown. These may be usefully supplemented from Sawyers Song
Book (Vincent Co.), Hullah's Song-book (Macmillan & Co.), and the
author's Minstrelsy of England (2 Vols.; Augener & Co.).

Air "Ye Belles and ye Flirts."

^^^S^S^H^^^^^
*l- i^^ ^ 2^5^
-^-
^5=^^
liz^
s=*-
-0— »
~"y •'
-^

^
fe^s^ ^—^—d ^=^
_,
l^3S^
t u- ^ 1^^
.
gqgzzji IS qz=J^^z=N=i^
-^1—

pg-^.^^^]^^^^^^^^ -y—^-V:

:fc=ft=t
l=f-
^E ^^^s^
IN ^ Air— *'0 rare Turpin."

^ v^ -h-

P^^: "O' -s»-

^eS^^ i:
^-
^^1
Traditional Melody
fc
E^Ei^a
e^ Se
i^Ei^E^^E^ XZi^

fe^;^ ^E^ i«~"S-

-*---v

fc ^=^:
:*zJ:^E*:
3 rjfcifj
S^^l
 LESSON III. — EARLY HARMONY. I5

"Good Morrow, Gossip Joan."

^
Air

fBS-
iq: -H \—
ll^iE^

r- 5Ei lt'=m'=^ S§^=^^ :33

'^ :tt
—iprii:
5S
. 1_,

-^ :^^=^: ^i: ;i

Air "Babes in the Wood."

fe :fc=^
3ES^^3

^^gE^^g^te^^^JEEEg^^^^^g^^ :^
 —

i6 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

LESSON IV.

INSTRUMENTAL BEGINNINGS.

f^^^NSTRUMENTAL is a direct offshoot of Vocal music, and

in analysing essential differences we are conscious of lightly
retracing some of the steps which ages slowly developed.
Thus, before the late Troubadours of the fifteenth century,
instruments did little but reproduce measured vocal notes, rhythmless
and characterless apart from the voice. Gradually chords were broken
and little ornaments introduced the compass of individual instruments
;

was drawn upon with a view to particular expression, and vocal writing,
which had dominated the whole body of instruments, including the
Organ, was slowly superseded by a new and independent style, opposed,
in a sense, to the fabric it replaced. Two principal objects were gained
in this gradual process, namely, the birth of Rhythm and the emanci-
pation of Melody. From the simple desire of giving the instrumentalist
something appropriate to do, accompaniments grew into individuality
and expressiveness. The result naturally led to the development of
a distinct instrumental genre, and with the arrival of Monteverde,
Music was no longer the thrall of the voice.
Let us consider some of the methods by which measured notes
may be intensified and galvanised, so to speak, into rhythmical life.
By merely adding to the number of notes, ^that is, by quickening
their rhythmical value, a distinct step is taken in the direction of
increased animation. This is seen by taking a long-sustained note :

1^ iiztq:
i

which does not excite or stimulate, and comparing it with the same
length of note played tremolando :

Trent.

by a body of violinists, when it at once throbs with nervous energy

 LESSON IV. — INSTRUMENTAL BEGINNINGS. 17

and arouses attention. The principle of repeated notes* may be

applied with varying degrees of speed, allowing of every variety of
rhythm, from a gentle undulatory movement to the fiercest of fortissimos.

Lento Moderato.

Sapp^Ep^pppg^^l 3 3' 3 3'

Maestoso andante. Beethoven.

^^ 5
I

=^.tE^

Schnell. Schubert.

PV
-^^^^-^^^^^n
The powerful dramatic current of rhythm instantly set up by the
opening triplets in The Erl-King is worthy of note. Such repetitions
of chords or single notes are practicable for the purposes both of
pianofor/te and orchestral effect.

The division of chords into groups of separate notes, arpeggi,

Alberti Bass,t &c., is another fruitful source of instrumental effect.

For good examples we may turn to the Vorspiel of Parsifal^ where

there is a fine series of long-drawn harp-chords, and to the Finale of
the Moonlight Sonata^ where the second theme, which pulsates with
and expressive power, succeeds
life in spite of the Alberti Bass which
accompanies it.
By the addition of a single grace-note, or certainly by the aid of a
few passing-notes, a distinct figure may be formed having a single note
for its basis. If we go further, whole groups of notes may be formed

* Probably first employed by Dr. John Bull in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book.

t The Alberti Bass is identical with the pattern of Arpeggio given (at No. 3) above.
i8 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION

round any particular one, and fashioned to almost any device. Here
then we have the very secret of Figure making. It is ihe expansion
of a single sound into a well-shaped suggestive and lively idea.

Examples of Repetitions: —

Examples of Arpeggi, &c. :

(1)

Ornamental examples introducing an auxiliary note :

—
(7) (8)

|gjJjij7j^i
|]

(9)

~0' 6 -0- -m- -m- -m- -m- -m-

m u « m m m m «—

In the following exercises separate the chords into groups after the
pattern of each of tbe above phrases — first usmg the Repetitions, then
the Arpeggi, and finally the Ornamental phrases. Observe that where
four notes are given, one may be omitted. In such cases there is

choice of two positions, thus :

:eEIy
Or:— 3Ed^
lai
»- 3
 LESSON IV. — INSTRUMENTAL BEGINNINGS. 19

Exercise 1.

Ex. 2.

Ex. 3.

Many examples of systematic treatment by arpeggi, &c., occur in

the works of the Old Masters.* For example, compare the first Prelude
and the two Preludes in G major in Bach's 48 Preludes and Fugues.
It is perhaps just worth observing that even drum rolls, which

depend entirely upon rhythm, have become highly developed. Then

there are the Mordents, Turns, Trills, and other such graces that are
simply stereotyped figures of a sort with which this chapter is in a
degree concerned.
Nor are such things really inanimate since they come back suddenly
into life. We
need only to mention such examples as the long trills in
Beethoven's Op. iii, last movement, and the vital turn in the Love-
theme of Berlioz's Romeo and Juliet^ as also its many characteristic
uses in Wagner's Tristan.

* If it is found necessary to extend the practice of this class of exercise, (and mere
transposition into other keys is not enough), Mozart's and Beethoven's Variations Jor

Pianoforte will furnish a number of suitable figures, which may be applied to any
theme planned harmonic succession.
or well It is still better (and very much quicker)

if a pupil can be got to extemporise such developments in the teacher's presence.

20 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

LESSON V.

VOCAL MELODY.

LTHOUGH primarily an expression of definite words, Vocal

Melody* has in some sense an individual existence. It is not
to be regarded as a mechanical definition of verbal cadence,
though it has much in common with it. Our first experiments
tend to show us that mere reproduction of well-moulded emphasis is
not in itself sufficient. There must be some charm, some grace of
expression, an attribute of Music itself that is almost indefinable,
almost elusive. The word Style, without lending us any real help,
sums the essential conditions. Melody for its own sake, a sequence
carried out, a suggestive pattern developed : these, small aids as they
are, have something to do with the matter. The principal of evolution
is characteristic of the invention of Melody. One thing leads to
another, and though words check, guide, help, restrain, they only do
so to a limited extent. Vocal Melody not only offers us good decla-
mation, chaste rhythm, perfection of expression, it goes right to the
heart of Poetry, and reveals its inmost emotional significance. It is of
almost limitless expressive power, agile and free as the song of birds,
of infinitely greater sonority and compass, with a wide choice of rhythm
and an ever-varying degree of intensity. It knows no bounds save
those of artistic appropriateness. Its place in Music, once regarded
as paramount, is more justly co-equal with that of instrumental
melody.
Though its scope is almost limitless, good Vocal Melody deals for
the most part in well-sustained phrases of definite compass. Without
aiming at the production of actual subjects, such as those of instru-
mental music, the opening statement of a Song should as a rule be
clear, definite and expressive. Much of the character of the whole
Song is determined in these first few bars. A first practical step is

therefore the study of effective vocal openings, and the practice of

forming similar ones. The process is a valuable one, and its thorough

* Scholastic Counterpoint, considered in a later lesson, should help in the study

of vocal melodv since it deals in little else.
 —

LESSON V. — VOCAL MELODY. 21

mastery will assist in forming a quick habit of thought, by which the

words of songs may be readily cast into musical shapes. The effort

will become so natural that its very ease will forbid the student to
overrate the value of his performances. Take Purcell's well-known air,

" 1 attempt from Love's sickness " ; its beginning arrests the attention
no less because it is a well-balanced musical thought than because it

is a finely-conceived utterance of the words.

The formation of a song-opening is very like that of a rhymed

couplet in poetry. One verse is answered by another. In music, as in
verse, the lengths may be similar or contrasted. The chief considera-
tion is and form part of one texture. In the example
that they cohere
quoted a single line of poetry becomes a complete musical sentence.
The rhythmical scheme is an extremely realistic reproduction of the
poetical idea. The notes literally lend wings to verse.

^ N M I 1

attempt from Love's sickness

Dominant.
1
I
I I I
I
I

I
I
I
I I rn I
I 1

To fly in vain.

Done in the following way, it had been no less correct, but com-
paratively trite and lacking in imagination :

I at - tempt from Love's sick - ness to fly in vain.

^^=id=4#^ &c.

Careful examination of the following Song-openings, which are all of

an effective type, shows that first phrases (of two or more bars) may
22 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

Tonic character (perhaps with a veiled perfect cadence),

either maintain a
or turn in the direction of the Dominant. A few prefer the Sub-
dominant direction. Minor phrases either follow the same plan or
modulate to their relative majors. The balancing phrase, completing
the sentence, while subject to the guidance of the words, may be of
identical or contrasted length. As a common procedure it gravitates
towards the Dominant or Tonic close. Such is the stereotyped custom,
but there is no real rule, nor anything approaching to one. Let the
student, however, practise with tried weapons. He should also content
himself with from two to three notes (at the most) to any single syllable,
since modern custom is against the use of rosalias and fiorature. We
also recommend that in first analyses the rhythmical scheme of music
be placed side by side with the words, for purposes of comparison. A
few are so offered.

X2:
zzq:

God pros - per long our no - ble King, Our lives and safe -ties all.

Dominant.
Ill
J— !-<^ M
II z:^
1_|
l! p:?^
I l_ !_
1^ C^ God prosper long our noble King,

SUBDOMINANT.

J: TIJ- :,|UJ=^ :!=c^: Our lives and safeties all.

I^ ^
1^=5^=?^
4=5 i^d

Come, sweet lass, This mer - ry weath-er Let's to - geth-er ;

E -e>-

E I
Come, sweet lass, Let's play up - on the green.

Tonic

J=J: -^ Come, sweet lass,

Dominant.
S S S N
J^I-J^N^^ This merry weatlier : Let's together
 LESSON V. — VOCAL MELODY. 23

Tonic.

:J=J:
I

WL It^ Come, sweet lass,

Dominant.
N S S N
cz: Let's play upon the green.

^^-- — <^-
^^?^^
:fc^
1

Come, live with me, and be my love. And

m=^ I
&c.

we will all the plea - sures prove.

Dominant.

z?:^: i^^iut. ~^ S _?z^ Come, live with me and be my love.

Relative Major.
-J-l '
J >J- _* a'_i_ _C3
=at izazziBZizaizzii^it
1
I

And we will all the pleasures prove.

Leveridge.

fc
ii=i=fe£
Who is Syl - via ?
^^^i^
what is she. That

|^^^3^E^|^«Ei|
l*=r"

all our swain's com - mend her?

Bishop.

"^^ Tell me, my heart,

-^
why morn - ing prime.

DiBDIN.

^—• —
— 4^ ^ ^^^
^l3Ei^E§^iS?E?E^±^
A-dieu,
1

a -
^-

dieu,
"

my on - ly life.
1

My hon- our calls me from thee. &c.

1
24 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

Schubert.

m fe3
?3:
How clear
-J-^-
shine the
fc:i=t=:fc^^

stars in the
^^i
still - ness of
-«s>-

night,

P S:iJz=E=z3EZ
They oft
t^^f^
11^=*:

steal our
=1:

slum - ber
=i^^=iv
i^zzi:
a - way
^^m
by their light.

Wagner.
*t w 1^
ii:
S=M:
By si - lent hearth

I*
fe^ 'i=t -S»-

Couplets, &c., for Melodic Treatment:

How little do the landsmen know

Of what we sailors feel,
When waves do mount, and winds do blow ;

But we have hearts of steel, (p. 245).

Hail, gently, summer, to this isle,

Where Nature's fairest beauties smile.
And breathe in every plain, (p. 93).

Come, mirth, call on music ; call music on song

Come, frolic-filled fancy, bring genius along, (p. 54).

One summer eve, as Celia fair

Sat spinning in the shade, (p. 163).

Come, cheer up, my lads, to our country be firm,

As kings of the ocean we'll weather each storm, (p. 175).

The sun, like any bridegroom gay,

Rose to salute the spring, (p. 67).

Vulcan, contrive me such a cup

As Nestor us'd of old. (p. 13).

Words from the C/iotce Spin'i's ChapUt (G. A. Stevens) 1771.

 LESSON VI. — INSTRUMENTAL PATERNS. 25

LESSON VI.

INSTRUMENTAL PATTERNS.

ROUPS of notes formed upon single Principal Notes (already

briefly considered) may now be usefully strung together,
producing short melodic pieces of a definite rhythmical
pattern. The material for such work consists in a series

of vigorous and contrasted such as might be contrived foi

figures,

a Violin. In the first exercises of this kind a skeleton (or outline)

showing the Principal Notes may be employed. The exercises are to
be carried out as far as possible in accordance with the figure-pattern
selected Slight modifications, however, often become necessary, since
any one figure exactly maintained may lead to harsh, or at least,

awkward progressions. The student must, therefore, be encouraged to

modify, at the expense of strictness, all such phrases which arise.

Specimens of this modification are seen at * 4 (^), and in the

second Model. Two models, or examples of finished exercises, and
a few outlines are given below. These may, if necessary, be sup-
plemented by taking any well-defined theme, say, from Beethoven's
Variations for Pianoforte. Many of the Suite movements also lend
themselves equally well to such treatment, especially the small clear-cut
pieces of Corelli and Bach. The enterprising student will soon
dispense with such aids. He will further begin to invent figures for
himself. Every encouragement should be given to such invention.
The process itself is invaluable, since it sets up the habit of mind by

which melodic progressions may be broken up into short, effective

rhythmical figures.

PRINCIPAL NOTES. FlGURES.

{a) id) L {a)

i <&-
-«s>-
-G>-
-Gt- -^ =1: g

(3) 2. ja) id)

26 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.
3. {a)

m
4. (a) (i)

^-m-^-m-' I :i: =3-*

s|s A modification of ((^). 5. (a)

fe
P^p^^=^33^^^^fl^=^^^^^
6. (a)

P=?= i
lg^^=^ -• m-

Or C-^) Or

=1- P5 ^-
T^^^
7. («) {-5)

S3?l=t f^
i 1
-1^ <^ ^ J r^

8. (o)
^
^*—
^I^PI
9. (a) (^)

^
I !

?
10. (a) n— (^)

3=3:
11. (^) (^^)

12. (a)
^ fi^:^^ ^^^
^.ca-^
 — — — — — — — I

LESSON VI. — INSTRUMENTAL PATTERNS. 27

15. (a) (^)

^•^f^^V^ /' \

wrfffri

14. (a) /-^

T~l —^ /'

- ^1
"
^

V y

15. ((2)

•'•-ri —— I
'

\
—— 1-^ — —•—
-m
I
1-* — •— I

-•- 6 -»-m-^
^ 6 ^^ 6
^ •

16. (a) (^)

-j I A 1
1
—J 1
* n ("^ —— I
^^ J=t=Jz=izzn
i
1 1-

MODEL, (formed upon No. 2 below).

iE
-== ——— I
I I
I 1-1 — I
— 1
\ — — —— —n"'"n—^— —
i I I I s

ffl
-- 1
I
I p.1^ 1 i
I— I
1 I
I
1
—— i i
Fh"

J=p: ^ r -
^ ^*=^:
«=p:
-^
Outlines.
No. 1. ^

No. 2.

P
jp=p=
P
33 3^3 :o:
-• —^-J—J —• 0-

No. 3.

itizB:
E *i^i^
28 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

A Second MODEL.
Ex. 3, exactly in accordance with a figure given.

p^fejgi^ § ^
Modijiea.

-•-d
$
Or

^=P
i^£^=s^^
:p=s^

g=^.-^-r-g^;b ^ ^ :"Ezr: ^^^

£tr=« :p--%:

i I

f^ I
 » ^ * — —

LESSON VII. — ACCOMPANIMENT. 29

LESSON VII.

ACCOMPANIMENT.

CCOMPANIMENTS, once extemporised or filled up on the

spur of the moment, from mere basses or figured basses, are
now invariably written out in full detail, leaving nothing to
the imagination, so that an accompanist's duties, formerly of
first importance, are rendered much lighter by the composer's studied
assistance. It has already been shown (in Lesson III) that quite simple
chords effectively support clear-cut rhythmical songs. We shall now
begin to use broken chords and arpeggi as accompaniments to slow-
moving and sustained melodies. For a first experiment let us take the
following little vocal example :

*• Drink to Me only with Thine Eyes " (18th Century Version).

-V-

\ \
/^ \-\
T— ^ f 4 f J 4
1

#—
fl
f ^-—^-^ 2 f' <'

-4^

^— —
19 —« m •— —k—
m— —m —m•— «
s~, —^— k — -

f-
r ^ I
f 1 ^
> ^
? y
[
^
r
i^
7^

E i -^
J^Z5^ ;^,

s^
y ^=f=f=^
^*
^
i

^- g^^i^ :i
3^^
30 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

Here the harmonies are fairly satisfactory, but they are merely vocal
parts, and sound weak and rhythmless on a pianoforte. By the simple
expedient of breaking the chords into arpeggi, a current of rhythm is

set up, interesting in

itself, and of real support to the voice-part.
A good accompaniment should give a melody rhythmic support and
harmonic colour, while providing a real playable part for the performer.
Over-elaboration is generally a fault and in such a melody as the
;

present, would be an error of taste. The piano part must merely hint
at chaste and expressive harmonies. In composing this class of
accompaniment, a student is recommended to test his work carefully
on the pianoforte, rejecting anything which sounds ineffective. Finally,
if possible, try his work in conjunction with the voice-part.

Andante.
^^
^^^
|fc:?^=I^
-Jii=:4i
i^ 9
1fc?=
£- 3tZ^ fe^ m
Drink to me on - ly with thine eyes, And I will pledge with
Or leave a kiss with - in the cup, And I'll not ask for

SJ-m- ~m- -m- -m~ -m- -•- -•

-X -^
azzi^:
-^s-

i mine,,
wine.
=|=(:?:)rz

The
^
thirst that from the
fcd
^s
soul doth rise, Doth

p^^^,^M^^^3^^^i^g^^^^
U m v=s 1^^^F

ask a drink di - vine;. But might I of Jove's

1
t^jjgasg^Eg^sa -M— —— I

^m —I
I m

d= *
-r--- ^^ d^
'^-
 —» — ;

LESSON VII. — ACCOMPANIMENT. 31

yg f-^*— »— ^— J— ^^ ^ i=Efl
nec - tar sup, I would not change with thine.

^o-r
:s=iq^:
l=*St •- .-•- -•^-•- -0' '0- -0- • -•-> -m- -4^-4-.
;u

=^ :=f^
^r i^fl

Straightforward arpeggi suit the type of melody which demands a

flowing rhythm founded, perhaps, on few and regularly changing chords.
Such types will discover themselves by the persistent manner in which
they emphasize the Tonic or Dominant triads at the outset, and the
definite glimpses of rhythm
which they casually afford. A few
illustrations are given of such openings :

DiBDIN.
Con moto.
xt d:
fc|; X:- :t: i^^^i^i^
A - dieu, a - dieu, my on ly life, My

^=CZ^ P^=H^ iSE^ =M^=

p-=^=p= -^Xrr.^

m^ ZI

i-iJ-
I
hon - our calls me from thee

-• n
S=a
f?^ES3E3E^E^E^Efe3 ;o
&c.

a~r~''^:^ lz
^t ?
32 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.
PURCELL.

m^BEE^EEE^E^ I saw that you were

E:
grown
:E
so high.
i
4—1
EE a
i
\-
1

f
rl: -^-
-^BEES
Repeated chords are of good effect, some rhythmical
especially if

design or slight figurate relief is introduced. Both this and the former
pattern of accompaniment is apt to degenerate into monotony unless
carefully managed.
Godfrey Pringle.

13^ szc - 1 m —« \—
te^e=r=
The leaves of the for - est are fa-ding and fal - ling.

N-N-
t^^m^E^,
gz33—-JEiHs3£3^n
f^ [^ ••• ••• ••• &c.

Wf-
How clear
Etwas geschwind.
:V—N-

shine the stars

-N—

in their soft
^
SCHUBERT.

a - zure

^
g=f^
—
-m

—
-m
9-

*-
%- *=:t ^

-«s>-
psfe E 3z:

deeps.

:rIt=*:
3^ i &c.

—
-^ ^- 4i— -^—
sfc=e £
 — —

LESSON VII. — ACCOMPANIMENT. 33

A good harmonic background is often obtained by repeating

identical chords at the distance of an octave :

^^^^ 1:2.
:^
^ -<5»,- —& iB
Gold en slum - bers kiss your eyes.

^ ^
%
Pg ^ -^
-^
ii^
pp

i^^^|E§3E|E^S ^ ^
Fed. Fed. Simile.

m^ P#
Will you hear
m^-
the Spanish
^^^^^m
la -
^^==1^

dy, How she woo' d

/-
an English-
N
:*=£
man ?

ti: f: £
P sosL

'A H^-
1^

Without attempting to exhaust the materials of pianoforte accom-

paniment by giving stereotyped phrases since here, as in every —
department of musical composition, much must be left to the
imagination —
the student may be recommended to study such examples
as are quoted, and to collect effective openings of pronounced pattern.
Some of these, like the following, are common property, and only by
skilful use can be made individual or interesting :

d2riT=
^:
^ 1^^
fe^
2:lt4
^ E5
I

&c.

% -f^—
g
34 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION

The following melodies are recommended for practice. They may

be supplemented from any good standard collection of National
melodies :
*
"Gather YE Rosebuds."

5S3!: ^;^=^
atzt S' •=i:
:^^j=M=m: S^ 19—fjr

~s :P=^
-I —
hx ~ai
^
'
— I-
'

^a
Traditional Air.

^^s^^^Mi :1^

*
^ ^^^. s—
-N-^ —
^=^=4^-4^- ^-

"There was a Jolly Miller."

^^^ E ^ :i=*: -TS-^—=1^

I
i iidzzg: -•—m-

w~r t
P ^'=E-
SEE
'w

^^s fe :?5:

"Gaily the Troubadour."

& ^^
m ^S-
^h.^.
vg- iS

-f^
:ti

-?5*h
a ^=-^
:[i-V::p: I^Zit 3= ^F=*-
^
*
Harmonised versions of most of these songs will be found in "The Minstrelsy of
England,"' Vols. 1 and 2 (Augener & Co.).
 LESSON VII. — ACCOMPANIMENT. 35

"Peaceful slumbering."

^ - s I
-F=

—m-m-
IeP^^^^^^ -m—

"Know'st thou the land.

>y-
t|:»^^^-
4r d d '
^^ »=t^^ ^ ^

=^=5^
I,
i=^=^^S -n-
g3E^E^^^I?^Ei

I,
t ^
^^^^^E:^^.^ :d=a:
i5
^ izz:
-P-

I»=
P -<s>-
q: 3Z^ i -e>-
-^
si^^ V <:>
36 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOISITON.

LESSON VIII.

COUNTERPOINT.*

OUNTERPOINT, or the art of adding melodic parts to a

given theme, underlies the whole practice of Composition.
At every turn the student is faced with the necessity for
such skill. Music does not reveal itself clad in full detail.
Just as in building a ship, vague plans are gradually brought to accurate
form, proportions and measurements have to be taken ; the keel is laid,

and the whole structure rises from small beginnings. So a musical

composition has its origin perhaps in a single theme, which needs
development, expansion, and a thousand accessories of contrapuntal
workmanship and invention before its perfect form is realised.
There are two kinds of counterpoint. The first is that which may
be seen in the works of Palestrina, Bach, Beethoven and Wagner. The
— —
second is of the Schools Scholastic and serves the purpose of leading
strings to all young beginners. It teaches self-restraint, since it deals

only in diatonic progressions, definite texture, set patterns, and is

exclusive of all manner of harsh or extravagant intervals. It enforces

the best use of limited opportunities, and its practice is essential to

every musician.
In connection with our scheme of Lessons, the following plan is

recommended. Work example each day, or not less than one

a single
in every two days. Keep up such disciplinary exercises for upwards
of twelve months.
Work each Canto Fermo first in four-part first species. Make it a
rule that this preliminary example shall be in strong, well-knit harmony.
It will further be found useful to attempt several versions' of the same
Canto Fermo in this species, since they afford clues to successful
workings in the advanced combinations. Introduce the several species
gradually, occasionally returning to three-part and even two-part
counterpoint.

*There are so many excellent treatises that it seems almost unnecessary to name
Dr. C. W. Pearce's volumes on Counterpoint, Strict and Free (Vincent Music Co.);
Sir F. Bridge's Primer (Novello) Dr. Prout's "Counterpoint," Augener
; or ;

Cherubini's great volume any of which may be employed.

;
 LESSON VIII. — COUNTERPOINT. 37
C.F,
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38 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

C.F.
Q- -«9-
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1st Species.

.^_q?i._if!-r-^_^
:^ :p=iz:^ ^-* zj:
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3rd Species.

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G»
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".q:
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* "Whilst it is preferable that the first note of the Counterpoint shall make a
perfect concord, the use of the 3rd of the chord is not considered to be an offence." —
(Memorandum on Strict Counterpoint. I. S. M.).
 — —•

LESSON VIII. — COUNTERPOINT. 39

6th Species.
-p ^-
i W=i^
:q:
:t=:

1st Species.
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During the gradual introduction of the several species in individual

parts, it can scarcely fail to be noticed how the early four-part
harmonizations prove helpful. A few further examples are given
illustrating the process :

C.F.
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40 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

C.F.
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 —

LESSON VIII. — COUNTERPOINT. 41

C.F.

t^ -^2: 1^
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42 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

-^=^=^
5th Si'fx'ies.

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1st Si'ecies.
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Keep the counterpoint and pure.

strict Freedom in a wise restraint
is its very essence. Let there be no harsh tritones or foolish intervals.
The parts must be made Mere arpeggi have no place in
to tell.

counterpoint. move with definite purpose. Orna-

Passing notes must
ments and change-notes should be sparingly used. Above all, the
harmonic structure must be good. In the fifth species, a vigorous
movement should be aimed at. Remember that a few examples
thoroughly done are worth twenty times the number carelessly worked.
With such considerations kept constantly in view, and plenty of
practice, the student cannot fail to set up good and useful methods of
thought, which will readily serve him in other and widely different
branches of composition, which in due course we shall hope to explore.
 —

1.ESS0N IX. — COUNTERPOINT. 43

LESSON IX.

COUNTERPOINT (co?itinued).

g'g^',g OUR-PART florid scholastic Counterpoint depends upon

and independence. Owing to the free movement
contrast
of the three added parts, restricted only by the movement
of the canto fermo and the ordinary limitations which have
already received illustration, simple four-part harmonizations, though
still of use, can only serve as the roughest sketches, which must often

be widely varied.
The plan most serviceable in mastering florid additions is as
follows :
— Let
fermo be treated in two parts the 5th
each canto —
species being added above and below then let it serve as a Bass
;

adding two upper parts. Our next step is to place the canto fermo
in the middle; finally adding three florid parts. By this scheme,
some five or six varieties of each example are successively worked.
It is far better than hurrying to new exercises, since each theme has
its possibilities thoroughly tested.
An example is given of this method of study :

When a pupil feels the strain upon his inventive faculty, he should be encouraged
to play through one of the inimitable fugues of Bach. He will return to his task
with new promote emulation while
vigour, since Bach's Counterpoint never fails to
up a true standard of taste. For this purpose we recommend
it assists in building

•5uch Fugues as Nos. 13, 17, and 30, of the Forty-eight Preludes and Fugues, and
ithe whole of the Choral Preludes for Organ.

One canto fermo carried through this five-fold process each week
'Until proficiency is attained, should serve our purpose.
C.F.
44 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

&. e^- :q: -e^- 1

^p:te ie>-
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re=
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sometimes chances that a well-written contrapuntal part may be

It

inverted exactly as it stands. More commonly, however, small

modifications become necessary. In the example just given, we can
invert every note ; but as the 5ths at " A " and " B " by this process
will become 4ths, slight alterations are advisable, thus :

A B
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4th 4th &c.

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B
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The Same, modified. &c.

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 —

LESSON IX. — COUNTERPOINT. 45

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:q: -«^- 'q:

I

Observe that in the three foregoing examples the Sequence in the

canto fermo is reproduced in the Counterpoint. Our next example
gives the canto fermo in the middle part, transposed for convenience ;

fc -&*-
. 1
I I J- ir^i: -<S>-
|i9Hb:
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p .

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46 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

:§: -«^- m: #
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 — p —

LESSON IX.— COUNTERPOINT. 47

A
-litr^wzii^^iiijis.
f^f— ^- ^^ -G>-

-<S>-
r-r r~f _i:2_ 'j^-
f^
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a— -f^« s •-
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pHE 12:
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* Alternative
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ic^:
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tr r
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&c.

_o_
'srz^ <S>- -S>-
f?(S» h
-P-^
T"

In our last be seen that the three added parts are

example, it will

of equal importance, contrasted and independent. Though the flat

seventh is used in the second half, the example is correct without its
aid. An alternative for the last five bars, offers a more vigorous
rhythm in the upper part.

JHIUmntmmiUiHnnurmFMmtmmMmr.
48 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

LESSON X.

FREE COUNTERPOINT.

T ishigh time that a thoroughly free order of Counterpoint be

admitted in Enghsh practice; a kind which allows of the
'*99 9^w9^d.
use of chromatic chords and passing-notes, at the same
time admitting a broader rhythmic scheme, so that the
whole system tends to bridge over the gulf fixed between scholastic
counterpoint and practical composition, while it also assists in counter-
acting the tendency of an obsolete system in the direction of cramped
and rigid authority.

We recommend the following scheme :

1st Species, as before, admitting, however, ckromafic h3irmony B.nd

modulation.

2nd Species, as before, with the addition of chromatic passing-

notes and harmony.

3rd Species, as before, but admitting chromatic passing-notes and

harmony.
4th Species, as before, but with the chromatic system behind it.

5th Species, complete freedom, merely stipulating that the parts

shall be of definite number, and the Instrument — Piano, Organ,
Strings — or Voices declared.
Let one such exercise be worked after a group of the regular formal
exercises. Our first experiments serve to show that ordinary canti fermi
(though tonally much restricted) will serve for this preliminary practice.
Then the teacher should draw upon the chorales Bach so commonly
used.
As the object of this kind of exercise is to train the imagination and
temporarily relieve the mind of such restraint as former contrapuntal
studies may have induced, especially the feeling which students so
commonly have that strict counterpoint does not offer fair scope and is
merely of arbitrary value, every possible chord or melodic passage may
now be admitted. At first sight one might imagine that mere chaos
would result. But far from this being the case, though thrown upon
his own resources, the student will still find that he has to justify first
 —

LESSON X. — FREE COUNTERPOINT. 49

to himself and afterwards to his teacher, progressions of harmony and

melody which though no longer judged by scholastic standards are
nevertheless subject to the laws of Taste, logic and common-sense.

1st Spfxies, Free Harmonies.

C.F. _
<s-

Organ.
r-
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:q:
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iq: ^>-
q:

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i7c?
I r:r

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-S>-
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2nd Species in Two Inner Parts ; 1st Species Bass.

C.F.
-(S>
IIZZZ-Q L^-
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w -o- :p
r-
-o-
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Organ.
j_ j_ A 4 U
:22: :q: 22:
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-s> P-
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"q: G> :q:

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1221

-S>-
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GSP
f^"=^ P" -S> L_

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50 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

C.F.

^i
Organ. 3rdSp. '
1
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^
,

2nd Sp. -QL „ J

-«^- Z5:
2nd Sp.

i -<S>-
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Experience proves that it is both excellent discipline and good

practical procedure to work out definite species in FREE Counterpoint,
preserving a consistent texture of crotchets and minims according to a
precise scheme. Bach, in his Choral Preludes, has further shown that
much beautiful music may be constructed on this artificial plan. Our
quotation is from the short organ Prelude on £^s ist das Heil uns
kommen /^^r (Augener's edition, Vol. 17, p. 1006): —
Theme

2nd Species.
 — — — — —

LESSON X. — FREE COUNTERPOINT. SI

m St3-*
*t^
*r-pi-"

&c.

f-i
-5^^4f ^-P—
s p— • ^
•
^ —r
1

,
1

r —^— 1
'

F
I P=|«
P 1

— 2
f

Our last quotation shows that arpeggios, if short and characteristic,

may be admitted. The Counterpoint is principally of the 3rd Species
for the two inner parts; and 2nd Species, occasionally broadening
into the ist Species, for the Bass :

C.F.
t--£

^ -W~i
pft

SiBEE
?^

The Choral is entitled Herr Jesic Christ (Vol. 17, p. 979). Such
Chorales as the following will serve for preliminary practice :

GOUDIMEL.

*4= ^E^Ea- -«5>-

icz:
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dzq:

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 52 ELEMENTARY MUSICAL COMPOSITION.

Vater unser im Himmklreich.

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FUKK NATUS IN BeTHLEHEM.

^ ^=0
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F=—
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Z2: -e?- -e>-
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The aim is themes in exchange for the old Cantos,

to take musical
which resemble mosaics and have little or nothing in common with
modern work. Nearly all the old Chorales (especially the Lutheran)
are ready to hand, and while being in long measured notes they also
possess something of the emotional qualities which modern art requires.
Where the themes are too long, take one or two hnes: The added
Counterpoint need not be too elaborate. Three parts will often serve
as well as four. Chromatics, though admitted, should only be intro-
duced for effect. Though we aim so far at producing merely a musical
EXERCISE, the student cannot be too ambitious in a good sense.
We shall hope to continue the subject at some future time.
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